JAMB UTME - History - 2020

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Imperialism is the economic control and exploitation of foreign lands arising from necessity to reverse the impediment to the accumulation of capital. Imperialism is a system in which a more powerful country extends its economic and political control over other countries or territories. It often involves the use of military force to acquire and maintain control of foreign lands, resources, and markets. Imperialism arose as a necessity for capitalist countries to find new markets for their products and new sources of raw materials to fuel their industries. Imperialism is often characterized by the exploitation of the labor and resources of the colonized people for the benefit of the imperial power.

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The trans-Atlantic slave trade was replaced with a search for raw materials by the British due to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, brought about a massive increase in the demand for raw materials to fuel the growth of new industries. The British, who were at the forefront of this economic transformation, began to look for new sources of raw materials to feed their growing factories. This led to a shift away from the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which had been a major source of labor for British colonies in the Americas, and towards the search for raw materials in other parts of the world. This change had a profound impact on the global economy and shaped the course of world history in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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The panic that emigration might decline civilization is not a gearing factor towards the Great Trek. The Great Trek was a movement of Boers (Dutch-speaking farmers) who migrated from the British-controlled Cape Colony in South Africa during the 1830s and 1840s. The Boers had a number of reasons for undertaking the Great Trek, including a desire for freedom from British domination, the restoration of their economic, cultural, and political independence, and a fear of conflict on the eastern frontier of South Africa. The Boers believed that the British were encroaching on their way of life and that they needed to establish their own independent republics in order to preserve their culture and traditions. The fear that emigration might decline civilization was not a factor that motivated the Boers to undertake the Great Trek.

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Most Omanis belong to the Ibadhi Muslim faith and are regarded as the followers of Abdullah Ibn Ibad. Ibadism is a branch of Islam that emerged in the early Islamic period and is distinct from the more widely known Sunni and Shia branches. Ibadis believe in the importance of consensus and consultation in matters of governance, and they reject the use of violence in religious disputes. Abdullah Ibn Ibad was a scholar who lived in the early Islamic period and is considered the founder of the Ibadhi branch of Islam. The majority of Oman's population is Ibadhi, and the country has a long history of tolerance and coexistence between different religious communities.

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The establishment of "Lagos Daily News" by Herbert Macaulay helped to fast-track the activity of nationalists in Nigeria. Herbert Macaulay was a prominent Nigerian nationalist who played a crucial role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule. In 1925, he founded the Lagos Daily News, a newspaper that served as a platform for the expression of nationalist ideals and the dissemination of information on political developments in Nigeria. The Lagos Daily News provided a voice for the Nigerian nationalist movement and was instrumental in rallying public support for the cause of independence. It also helped to mobilize the masses and raise awareness of the issues facing the country. Through the Lagos Daily News, Macaulay was able to champion the cause of Nigerian nationalism and promote the political aspirations of his people. The newspaper was a powerful tool for political activism and played a significant role in the eventual attainment of independence for Nigeria in 1960. In summary, the establishment of the Lagos Daily News by Herbert Macaulay helped to fast-track the activity of nationalists in Nigeria by providing a voice for the nationalist movement and serving as a platform for the expression of political ideals and the dissemination of information on political developments.

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The person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates was Flora Shaw. She was a British journalist and writer who was married to Lord Lugard, the first Governor-General of Nigeria. In 1914, Lord Lugard oversaw the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates, which created the country now known as Nigeria. Flora Shaw, who was then a colonial correspondent for The Times newspaper, suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory. The name "Nigeria" was derived from the Niger River, which flows through the country, and was suggested by Flora Shaw in an article she wrote for The Times. The name quickly gained acceptance and was adopted as the official name of the country after its amalgamation. In summary, Flora Shaw was the person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates. She suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory, and the name was quickly adopted and became the official name of the country.

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Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years. Nelson Mandela was a leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and an opponent of the apartheid system in South Africa. He was arrested in 1962 and charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government. He was sentenced to life in prison and was incarcerated for 27 years, most of which was spent on Robben Island. Despite his long imprisonment, Nelson Mandela remained a symbol of resistance against apartheid and a powerful voice for equality and justice. His release in 1990 was a major turning point in the struggle against apartheid, and he went on to become the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

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The main party against apartheid in South Africa was the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was a political party founded in 1912 that fought against the apartheid system, which was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. The ANC led many peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, as well as armed resistance, in an effort to end apartheid and achieve equal rights for all South Africans, regardless of race. The ANC's efforts eventually led to the end of apartheid in the 1990s and the election of Nelson Mandela as the country's first black president in 1994.

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The first African to be ordained bishop by the Christian missionary school and consecrated as bishop of the Niger territory is Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a Yoruba man from western Nigeria who was captured as a slave when he was a child and taken to Sierra Leone. There, he was rescued by Christian missionaries and educated at the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, where he became a teacher and a Christian missionary. In 1843, Crowther was selected to be part of the Niger expedition, which aimed to explore and open up the River Niger for trade and missionary work. Crowther played a key role in the expedition, acting as an interpreter and mediator between the expedition members and the local communities they encountered. After the expedition, Crowther continued his work as a missionary and was ordained as a deacon in 1847 and later as a priest in 1852. In 1864, he was consecrated as the first African bishop of the Niger territory, which covered the area now known as Nigeria. Crowther is recognized as a pioneer in the spread of Christianity in Nigeria and played a key role in the translation of the Bible into Yoruba and other Nigerian languages. He is also remembered as a symbol of the resilience and determination of Africans in the face of slavery and colonialism.

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The Scramble of Africans by Europeans in 1884/85 Berlin Conference made Nigeria a British West Africa colony. In the late 1800s, European countries were rushing to colonize and control as much of Africa as they could. They did this through a process known as the "Scramble for Africa". At the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885, European countries met and divided up Africa among themselves, with each country claiming certain territories. As a result of this scramble, Nigeria became a British colony in West Africa. The British ruled Nigeria until 1960, when the country gained its independence.

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The Efik serve as middlemen between the white traders on the coast and the inland tribes of Cross River. This means that they act as intermediaries or go-betweens who facilitate trade and communication between these two groups. The Efik were skilled traders who were able to navigate the complex trade networks of the region, and they played an important role in the exchange of goods and services between the coast and the interior. They were also able to use their knowledge of the region and its people to negotiate fair deals and resolve disputes, making them valuable helpers and mediators in the trade process.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is considered a landmark in Nigerian history because it made way for the elective principle. This meant that for the first time, people were able to directly elect some of their representatives to the legislative council. Prior to this, all members of the legislative council were appointed by the governor. The introduction of the elective principle marked a significant step towards greater democratic representation and participation in the governance of the country.

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The United Nations Organization emerged as a result of the collapse of the League of Nations (LON). The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I with the aim of promoting peace and cooperation between nations. However, it failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the failures of the League of Nations, the United Nations was established in 1945 to replace it. The United Nations is an international organization consisting of 193 member states and is dedicated to promoting peace, security, and development around the world. Unlike the League of Nations, the United Nations has been successful in maintaining international peace and stability through diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peacekeeping efforts.

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The Abacha regime adopted a confrontational posture with international organizations. This means that they were aggressive and uncooperative in their interactions with these organizations. They were more likely to challenge and resist the organizations' demands or requests, rather than complying with them. This confrontational approach may have been driven by a desire to assert their sovereignty or protect their interests, or simply a distrust of these international organizations.

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The correct answer is "Queen mother, Magira," as she played a prominent role in the government of the Kanem-Borno empire. The Kanem-Borno empire was a pre-colonial state located in what is now northeastern Nigeria and eastern Chad. It was known for its powerful military and extensive trade networks, and it controlled a large area of the Sahel region of Africa. Queen mother Magira was a key figure in the Kanem-Borno empire's government, serving as an advisor to the king and playing an important role in the selection of his successors. She was also responsible for overseeing the education and training of young princes, helping to ensure that they were prepared to take on the responsibilities of ruling the empire. Magira's position as queen mother gave her a great deal of influence and power within the empire, and her role in governance was widely recognized and respected. Her contributions to the Kanem-Borno empire's political and cultural life have been recognized by historians and scholars, making her a significant figure in the history of Africa.

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Illegal West Africa aliens living in Nigeria were expelled during the Buhari/Idiagbon era. In 1983, General Muhammadu Buhari became the military head of state of Nigeria after a military coup. He appointed Major-General Tunde Idiagbon as his deputy. During their regime, a policy was put in place to expel illegal immigrants who were mostly from West Africa, particularly Ghana. The policy was known as the "Aliens Compliance Order" and it gave illegal immigrants a two-week ultimatum to leave the country or face deportation. The policy was part of the government's effort to tackle economic challenges, including high unemployment and a shortage of resources, which were exacerbated by the presence of illegal immigrants. The government also believed that illegal immigrants were responsible for criminal activities and other social problems in the country. As a result of the policy, an estimated two million immigrants, mostly Ghanaians, were forced to leave Nigeria. The move was widely criticized by the international community and human rights groups, who accused the government of violating the rights of the immigrants. However, the Buhari/Idiagbon regime defended the policy, arguing that it was necessary to protect the interests of Nigerians and maintain law and order in the country.

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The Mahdist rebellion against the Egyptian authority was successful due to widespread support. The Mahdist rebellion was a religious and political movement that began in the late 19th century in Sudan. The movement was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who claimed to be the Mahdi or savior of Islam. The Mahdi and his followers were opposed to the Egyptian authorities, who were seen as corrupt and oppressive. One of the main reasons for the success of the Mahdist rebellion was the widespread support it received from the Sudanese people. The Mahdi was able to mobilize large numbers of people by appealing to their religious beliefs and promising to overthrow the Egyptian authorities and establish a just and fair Islamic state. The Mahdi's message resonated with many Sudanese who were unhappy with the Egyptian authorities and saw the Mahdi as a legitimate leader who could bring about positive change. In addition to the support of the people, the Mahdi's forces were also successful in military engagements with the Egyptian authorities. The Mahdi and his followers were able to defeat Egyptian armies in several battles, which further strengthened their position and weakened the authority of the Egyptian government. While the leadership skills of Gordon, the British Governor-General of Sudan, have been questioned in the aftermath of the rebellion, it is important to note that the rebellion was largely a result of popular dissatisfaction with the Egyptian authorities and their policies in Sudan.

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Major General Philip Effiong was the minister of defence staff of the Republic of Biafra and formally renounced the existence of the state in 1970. The Republic of Biafra was a short-lived state in southeastern Nigeria that existed from 1967 to 1970, during the Nigerian Civil War. Major General Philip Effiong was the last head of state of Biafra and served as the minister of defence staff during the war. In 1970, after a long and bloody conflict, Effiong formally renounced the existence of the Republic of Biafra, effectively bringing the war to an end and reuniting Nigeria. Effiong's decision was a significant moment in the history of Nigeria and helped to lay the foundations for the country's ongoing unity and stability.

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Exploitation is not a social development under colonial rule. Under colonial rule, exploitation was a means for the colonizers to extract resources and labor from the colonized people. This often led to the oppression and marginalization of the colonized people, rather than a social development. Trade relations, the establishment of a common legal system, and the emergence of the press are all social developments that occurred under colonial rule. Trade relations led to the exchange of goods and ideas between different regions and cultures, while the establishment of a common legal system provided a framework for resolving disputes and enforcing laws. The emergence of the press allowed for the dissemination of information and the formation of public opinion.

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Due to colonialism, the new day Nigeria now has English as her official language. Nigeria was colonized by the British from the late 19th century until it gained its independence in 1960. During the period of British colonial rule, the English language was introduced and used as the official language for administrative purposes. After independence, English continued to be used as the official language for governance, education, business, and other formal communication. Today, English is spoken by the majority of Nigerians and serves as a unifying language for the country's diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. While Pidgin and Hausa are widely spoken in Nigeria, they are not official languages. French, on the other hand, was not introduced by the colonial authorities in Nigeria since Nigeria was not colonized by the French.