JAMB UTME - History - 2024

Mohammed Ali's economic reforms in Egypt included

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Mohammed Ali, who is sometimes referred to as the modern founder of Egypt, implemented significant economic reforms during the early 19th century. These reforms were mainly aimed at transforming Egypt into a powerful and self-sufficient state. One of the key components of his economic reforms was the establishment of state monopolies over key industries.

Here's a breakdown of what this entailed:

• State Monopolies: Mohammed Ali established state-controlled monopolies over various industries, which included textile manufacturing, sugar production, and tobacco. By controlling these industries, the state could regulate production, control prices, and maximize revenue. This approach helped reduce dependency on imports and enabled the state to capitalize on domestic resources.
• Industrialization: Encouraging industrialization was a significant aspect of his reforms. This was achieved by investing in sectors like shipbuilding and setting up arms factories, thereby reducing dependency on foreign-made goods and creating a more self-reliant economy.
• Agricultural Reforms: While he did not reduce agricultural production, Mohammed Ali prioritized the development of agriculture by modernizing farming techniques. He aimed to boost agricultural output to support industrialization and generate exports that could earn foreign currency.

In summary, Mohammed Ali’s reforms focused on creating a strong, centrally-controlled state economy with state monopolies over key industries to ensure economic independence and promote industrial growth. This contrasts with ideas like a free market economy and privatization, which advocate for less government control and more private sector involvement. Instead, Mohammed Ali's approach was about empowering the state to guide and sustain economic development.

Which Islamic reform leader established the Massina Empire in present-day Mali?

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The Islamic reform leader who established the **Massina Empire** in present-day Mali was **Ahmad Lobbo**. He was a prominent Muslim scholar and military leader in the 19th century. Ahmad Lobbo led a movement to spread and enforce Islamic practices within the region. The Massina Empire emerged as part of a series of 19th-century Islamic states in West Africa, and it was particularly known for its strict adherence to the principles of the **Maliki School** of Islamic jurisprudence. Lobbo's leadership and religious reforms had a significant impact on the socio-political landscape of the area, promoting Islamic values and governance.

The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War was exacerbated by

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The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War, often referred to as the Biafran War, was primarily exacerbated by a blockade imposed by the Nigerian government on Biafra. This war, which lasted from 1967 to 1970, was marked by severe humanitarian suffering, especially in the Biafran region.

Here is why the blockade was a significant factor:

• Supply Restrictions: The Nigerian government enforced a blockade that seriously restricted the supply of essential goods, including food, medicine, and relief materials, to the Biafran region. This isolation led to widespread starvation and health crises as the Biafran population could not access the necessary resources to sustain themselves.
• Economic Strangulation: The blockade aimed to economically choke Biafra into submission by cutting off trade and supplies, leading to a collapse of their economy and creating dire living conditions for civilians.
• Exacerbation of Famine: Due to the blockade, a severe famine ensued, known as the Biafran Famine. Images of malnourished children with protruding bellies became a symbol of the humanitarian disaster, prompting international attention and relief efforts.
• International Response: While there was an international effort to provide aid, the blockade severely limited access to those in need, complicating relief operations and prolonging the suffering.

While other factors like the destruction of infrastructure and international sanctions played roles in the conflict, it was the blockade imposed by the Nigerian government that most acutely amplified the humanitarian crisis.

One major effect of the establishment of Native Authorities was

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The establishment of Native Authorities had a significant effect on the empowerment of traditional rulers within the colonial administration. During the colonial era, European powers sought ways to administer their colonies efficiently and with minimal resistance. One approach they adopted was the system of indirect rule, where local traditional rulers were incorporated into the colonial governance structure. This meant that these rulers were given roles and responsibilities within the colonial administration, hence they were empowered in several ways.

Firstly, traditional rulers were entrusted with enforcing colonial laws and collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government. This increased their influence and authority within their communities.

Secondly, they played an intermediary role by acting as a link between the colonial authorities and the local people, thus gaining some level of political significance.

Lastly, while the empowerment of traditional rulers helped the colonial administration maintain control, it also meant that these rulers were sometimes restricted in their actions and had to balance their traditional roles with their new administrative duties.

In summary, the establishment of Native Authorities led to the **empowerment** of traditional rulers within the colonial framework, enabling them to play substantial roles in governance under the indirect rule system.

The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in 1973 declaring apartheid as a

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In 1973, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that declared apartheid as a crime against humanity. This was a significant international stance against the apartheid policies that were being practiced in South Africa at the time, which involved systemic racial segregation and discrimination primarily against non-white populations. By labeling it as a crime against humanity, the UN emphasized the severe human rights violations and the global responsibility to combat and end such practices.

The declaration was not merely directed at South Africa's domestic policy or its legal system, but rather it was a strong condemnation of the **injustice and inhumane treatment** that apartheid represented on a broader, universal level. The term crime against humanity signifies that apartheid's effects go beyond local or national boundaries, recognizing it as a moral and ethical issue that should concern everyone around the world.

Which Nigerian leader led the resistance against British colonization in the Aba Women's War of 1929?

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The Aba Women's War of 1929, also known as the "Aba Women's Riots," was a significant event in Nigeria's colonial history where women mobilized to protest against the colonial policies imposed by the British. The leader associated with this resistance was Ikonna Nwanyi. She was one of the female leaders who played a crucial role in organizing and guiding the women during this protest.

This uprising was primarily triggered by the colonial administration's attempt to impose direct taxation on the women of southeastern Nigeria and the oppression they suffered under the colonial government. The women were particularly displeased about the plans to tax them and the disrespect shown by warrant chiefs, who were native officials selected by the British.

The women used the protest as an opportunity to articulate their grievances against the colonial system, demanding an end to unfair taxation, better representation, and the removal of corrupt chiefs. Although many women were involved in the riots, Ikonna Nwanyi's leadership symbolized the collective strength and resilience of Nigerian women confronting colonial powers. The Aba Women's War stands as an important demonstration of early resistance to colonial rule in Nigeria.

Nigeria's involvement in which UN agency has been crucial in addressing global health issues?

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Nigeria's involvement in the World Health Organization (WHO) has been crucial in addressing global health issues. WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its main objectives include promoting health, keeping the world safe, and serving the vulnerable. Nigeria's participation in WHO involves collaboration on various health-related projects and initiatives.

Some key areas of Nigeria's involvement with WHO include:

• Polio Eradication: Nigeria has worked closely with WHO in efforts to eradicate polio. Significant progress has been made through mass immunization campaigns and health infrastructure development.
• HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment: WHO supports Nigeria in implementing strategies to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic, providing guidance, resources, and technical assistance to improve prevention and treatment services.
• Epidemic Preparedness and Response: WHO collaborates with Nigeria to strengthen the country's capacity to detect, prevent, and respond to outbreaks of diseases such as Ebola and cholera.
• Strengthening Health Systems: Through WHO's support, Nigeria works on enhancing its healthcare system, ensuring that it is robust and capable of delivering essential health services to all parts of the population.

Overall, Nigeria's involvement in WHO is pivotal for addressing and managing public health challenges not only within the country but also contributing to global health security and sustainability.

The infamous Middle Passage refers to

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The infamous Middle Passage refers to the journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It wa
a horrific and inhumane voyage that resulted in immense suffering and loss of life among the enslaved population.

The major policy direction of the Obasanjo administration following the death of Murtala Mohammed was

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Following the death of Murtala Mohammed in 1976, General Olusegun Obasanjo assumed leadership of Nigeria. Under his administration, the major policy direction was focused on preparing the country for a transition to civilian rule and democratic elections. This was a significant period in Nigeria's history, as it marked a transition from military to civilian governance.

Obasanjo, respecting Murtala Mohammed's vision and plans, committed to returning the country to civilian rule. His administration worked towards creating a new constitution, which was a critical step in ensuring political stability and setting the framework for a democratic government. This transition culminated in the 1979 general elections, which led to the handover of power to a civilian government under President Shehu Shagari.

The policy of transitioning to civilian rule involved several key components:

• Drafting a New Constitution: A constituent assembly was formed to draft a new constitution that would facilitate the return to democratic governance.
• Political Party Formation: The administration encouraged the formation of political parties, leading to a multiparty system that was essential for democratic elections.
• Election Preparation: Systems were put in place to ensure fair and free elections, ensuring that the electorate's voice was heard and respected during the transition process.

Obasanjo's priority on a civilian transition distinguished his administration from other possible paths, such as strengthening military alliances, increasing military spending, or focusing aggressively on land reforms. The transition set the stage for the establishment of the Second Republic in Nigeria and was instrumental in shaping the nation's political landscape.

The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to

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The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to the control of trans-Saharan trade routes. The location of the Kanem-Borno Empire was strategic as it was situated in a region that connected the North African trade networks with Sub-Saharan Africa. This allowed the empire to become a critical hub for traders passing through these routes. Through controlling these trade routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire was able to collect taxes and tariffs, accumulating wealth that was crucial for its growth and stability.

The trans-Saharan trade routes facilitated the exchange of valuable goods such as salt, gold, and slaves. These goods were in high demand, making the trade routes highly valuable. By dominating these routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire could ensure they benefited economically, which contributed significantly to their power and influence in the region.

The wealth generated from this trade was used to strengthen and expand the empire's infrastructure, military, and influence. This, in turn, allowed for the sustained growth of the empire and enabled it to engage in further diplomatic relations and sometimes conquests, contributing to its overall prominence and durability throughout history.

Which constitution laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria?

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The constitution that laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria is the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954. This constitution was significant because it introduced a formal federal structure in the country. Prior to this, Nigeria operated under a unitary system where powers and authority were centralized.

The Lyttleton Constitution achieved several things:

• It clearly divided powers and responsibilities between the central government and regional governments. For the first time, regions were given the autonomy to manage their own affairs to a certain extent.
• This decentralization created a structure where the regions could legislate on specific matters independently of the central government, fostering diversity and regional governance.
• It included provisions for a central government that exercised authority over matters of national interest while regions retained control over regional issues.

Overall, the Lyttleton Constitution was a clear departure from the centralized systems of governance that preceded it and laid an essential groundwork for the development of a federal system in Nigeria.

The primary destination of the Voortrekkers during the Great Trek was

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The primary destination of the Voortrekkers during the Great Trek was the interior regions of modern-day South Africa, particularly the areas known as the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Voortrekkers were Boer (Afrikaner) pioneers who left the Cape Colony in search of independence and land where they could establish their own communities.

Through the Great Trek, which occurred in the 1830s and 1840s, they ventured into the hinterlands of what is now South Africa. Their movement was driven by the desire to escape British rule in the Cape Colony and to seek new areas where they could live according to their own values and systems of governance.

The Transvaal and the Orange Free State became key regions where the Voortrekkers established semi-autonomous Boer republics, forming communities that maintained their cultural and political independence for a significant period.

The Islamic reform movement led by Al-Hajj Umar Tall was characterized by

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The Islamic reform movement led by Al-Hajj Umar Tall is best characterized by the establishment of a theocratic state in Senegal and the western Sudan.

Al-Hajj Umar Tall, a prominent West African scholar and religious leader, sought to reform Islam in the region. His movement was part of a broader Islamic revival during the 19th century, aimed at purifying the practice of Islam and ruling based on religious principles. To achieve this, he implemented a system of governance grounded in Islamic law, thereby establishing a theocratic state. This state was governed by religious leaders who sought to ensure that laws and social norms were aligned with Islamic teachings.

On the other hand, his movement was not primarily focused on introducing Western education or technology, nor was it characterized by alliances with European colonial powers, who were often seen as adversaries. Additionally, while trade may have been a factor in the region's economy, the chief goal of Al-Hajj Umar Tall was religious reform and the administration of a state guided by Islamic principles.

The primary impact of the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan on Ethiopia was

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The Mahdist Revolt in Sudan had a significant impact on neighboring countries, including Ethiopia. The most profound effect on Ethiopia was the **diversion of British and Italian resources away from Ethiopia.**

The Mahdist Revolt was a prolonged conflict involving the Sudanese Mahdist forces against Egyptian, British, and later, Italian attempts to control the region. With much of the attention and resources of both the British and Italian forces being redirected towards dealing with the Mahdist uprisings, Ethiopia experienced less direct **foreign military pressure.** This allowed Ethiopian rulers more autonomy and time to consolidate their power without intense external interference.

Contrary to forming a **political union** or a formal **alliance** between Ethiopian rulers and the Mahdists, the main advantage for Ethiopia was that the conflict drew away the European powers' focus, enabling Ethiopia to maintain relative stability during that period. Therefore, the key impact was the **reallocation of military resources and attention**, which indirectly benefited Ethiopia by reducing immediate foreign threats. This allowed Ethiopia to focus on its internal affairs and strengthen its sovereignty.

The Battle of Blood River in 1838 was fought between the Boers and which indigenous group?

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The Battle of Blood River, which took place on December 16, 1838, was fought between the Boers, who were Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa, and the Zulus, a powerful indigenous group in the region. The Boers, led by Andries Pretorius, were a part of the Great Trek, which was a movement of settlers who left the Cape Colony in search of land and independence.

The Zulus were a dominant military power in the area under the leadership of their king, Dingane. Conflict arose due to tensions over land and resources as the Boers encroached on territories traditionally inhabited by the Zulus. The battle was notable for the use of laager tactics by the Boers, who formed a defensive circle with their wagons to fend off the Zulu warriors.

The Boers' strategic formation and superior firepower led to their victory. The event is considered significant in South African history, as it marked a turning point in the country's colonial dynamics, with the Boers gaining influence and territory.

Thus, the indigenous group involved in the Battle of Blood River with the Boers was the Zulus.

The concept of "The White Man's Burden," which justified European imperialism, was popularized by which British writer?

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The concept of "The White Man's Burden" was popularized by the British writer Rudyard Kipling. This phrase comes from his poem titled "The White Man's Burden," published in 1899.

In this poem, Kipling urged the United States to take up the role of imperial powers, similar to European countries, by colonizing and governing other nations to bring them civilization and progress. Kipling presented the idea as a moral obligation or 'burden' of the white man to govern less developed nations for their own benefit. Essentially, it was an attempt to justify European imperialism during that era.

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. It was a standoff between which two superpowers?

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The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was a dramatic 13-day confrontation during which the world came perilously close to nuclear war. It was a standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. This crisis stemmed from the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was only 90 miles from the U.S. coast.

To understand the importance of this event, it's crucial to note the global context at the time. The world was in the middle of the Cold War, a period of intense rivalry and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, who were the two superpowers leading massive military blocs. During this era, both nations amassed large stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and their ideological conflict had significant global implications.

The crisis began when the United States, under President John F. Kennedy's leadership, identified that the Soviet Union had secretly installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. These missiles had the capacity to strike major U.S. cities, posing a direct threat to national security.

After a tense period of negotiation, President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reached an agreement. The Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba and later removing U.S. missiles from Turkey.

The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis is seen as a pivotal moment in history because it prevented the escalation into a full-scale nuclear war. This event highlighted the need for clear communication and established direct communication lines between the two superpowers, leading to future arms control agreements.

In summary, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a critical standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union, and its resolution helped avert a potential nuclear catastrophe.

Which of the following was a major export commodity of the Oyo Empire during the pre-colonial period?

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During the pre-colonial period, the Oyo Empire, which was one of the largest and most influential states in what is today Nigeria, was known for exporting kola nuts. Kola nuts are seeds from the kola tree and were highly prized in trading activities across West Africa due to their stimulating properties. They were often used in social and cultural rituals, as well as for their caffeine content, which made them valuable in trade.

While other commodities such as ivory, salt, and gold were significant in various African trade networks, kola nuts were distinctive as they were considered quite important in the domestic and regional trade of the Oyo Empire. The demand for kola nuts was strong, making them a major export of this empire during that time.

Which of the following cash crops became highly significant in Nigeria during the colonial period?

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During the colonial period in Nigeria, cocoa became highly significant as a cash crop. Cocoa was introduced to Nigeria by the British, and its cultivation spread notably in the southwestern regions, primarily in areas like the Western and Midwestern states. This was due to the suitable climate and fertile soil found in these regions, which are conducive for growing cocoa.

Cocoa quickly became an essential crop for a number of reasons:

• Economic Value: Cocoa was in high demand globally, especially in European markets. The sale of cocoa contributed significantly to Nigeria's economy, making it a major export commodity.
• Development of Infrastructure: The colonial government invested in infrastructure such as railways and roads to facilitate the transportation of cocoa and other exports. This development, in turn, boosted local economies in cocoa-producing areas.
• Employment Opportunities: The cultivation of cocoa provided employment opportunities for many Nigerian farmers, thereby improving livelihoods and supporting communities.

Overall, the significance of cocoa during the colonial period was primarily due to its high economic value, which helped establish Nigeria as a major cocoa producer on the global stage.

The impact of the Mfecane on trade in Southern Africa was

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The impact of the Mfecane on trade in Southern Africa was the disruption of existing trade routes and the establishment of new ones. The conflicts during the Mfecane led to the reorganization of trade networks in the region.

The capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire moved from Kanem to Borno primarily due to

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The capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire moved from Kanem to Borno primarily due to external invasions. Here’s a simple explanation:

The Kanem-Borno Empire, composed of the regions of Kanem and Borno, was once a powerful empire in central Africa. The original capital was in Kanem, located northeast of Lake Chad. Over time, the empire faced numerous pressures, notably from external attacks. These invasions, primarily by external forces like the Sahelian nomadic groups, placed significant strain on Kanem.

As these external threats intensified, it became increasingly difficult to maintain political and military stability in Kanem. The constant invasions threatened the security and prosperity of the capital, making it a less viable location for the empire's seat of power. Consequently, the leaders decided to relocate the capital to Borno, situated southwest of Lake Chad. This new location in Borno offered a safer and more defensible position against external threats, helping to ensure the continued growth and stability of the Kanem-Borno Empire.

By moving to Borno, the empire could better protect itself from invasions and maintain its influence and power in the region.

Which ECOWAS protocol allows for the free movement of persons, goods, and services within member states?

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an organization that aims to promote economic integration and cooperation among its member countries. One of its significant goals is to facilitate easy interactions among its member states. The protocol responsible for allowing the free movement of persons, goods, and services within the member states is known as the Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence, and Establishment.

This protocol was designed to ensure that citizens of ECOWAS states can travel freely, trade, and reside within other member states without facing numerous immigration restrictions. In simpler terms, it's similar to having an open door policy among friends, where goods and people can move freely without much hassle.

Implemented in phases, this protocol allows for visa-free entry for citizens of member states into other member countries for up to 90 days. Furthermore, it supports the right of residence and the right to establish businesses, ensuring that individuals and businesses from member states can operate more smoothly across borders.

Thus, the Protocol on Free Movement essentially aims to promote open borders within the region, encouraging economic growth, cultural exchange, and stronger ties among the countries of the ECOWAS community.

The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by

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The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by a lack of experienced administrative personnel and leadership.

When many African countries gained independence in the mid-20th century, they faced the colossal task of establishing new political structures. However, this process was hindered by a shortage of individuals who had experience in running administrative and governmental functions. During the colonial period, most of the key administrative roles were held by the colonial powers, and the native population was often excluded from high-level decision-making positions. This resulted in a significant gap in expertise and skills necessary to manage new state institutions effectively.

Furthermore, leadership was crucial to steer nations through the complexities of political transition. Many newly independent states struggled to find leaders who had both the vision and the experience needed to forge national unity while establishing stable governance systems. This lack of experienced leadership often led to political instability and weakened governance.

As a result, without the foundation of seasoned administrative and leadership skills, newly independent African states faced numerous challenges in building political institutions that were capable of fostering democracy, development, and national cohesion.

One of Gowon's major achievements was the hosting of which international event in Lagos in 1973?

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One of Gowon's major achievements was the hosting of the All-Africa Games in Lagos in 1973. This event was significant as it was the second edition of the All-Africa Games, which is a continental multi-sport event held every four years. Organized by the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa, it follows a format similar to the Olympic Games but is focused on bringing together athletes from across Africa.

The successful hosting of the games showcased Nigeria's capability to facilitate a major international sporting event. It helped in promoting unity among African countries and provided a platform for African athletes to demonstrate their talents. The occasion was particularly momentous for Nigeria, as it not only highlighted the country's growing influence and leadership on the African continent but also fostered a spirit of continental camaraderie.

Overall, hosting the All-Africa Games was a milestone in Gowon's administration, reflecting Nigeria's prominence in the African sporting arena during that era.

Benin's military campaigns often targeted which neighboring ethnic group?

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The military campaigns of the Kingdom of Benin often targeted the **Yoruba** people. The Kingdom of Benin, which is located in what is now southern Nigeria, engaged in these campaigns during its period of expansion. The Yoruba people, living to the west of Benin, became a significant focus due to their proximity, wealth, and valuable resources. The Benin Kingdom sought to expand its influence and control over trade routes and territories, leading to these campaigns against the Yoruba.

One of the key factors that led to military intervention in Nigeria's First Republic was

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One of the key factors that led to military intervention in Nigeria's First Republic was widespread corruption and political instability. During this period, there were significant levels of corruption within the government, leading to a loss of trust among the citizens and creating tension between different ethnic and political groups.

The political instability was further exacerbated by disputed elections and uneven distribution of power among the regions, which led to constant political unrest and violence. This environment made it difficult for the government to function effectively and maintain order, creating an opportunity for the military to step in as a stabilizing force.

The perception that civilian leaders were ineffective in handling national issues and ensuring fair governance led to dissatisfaction among the people and within the military ranks. As a result, the military viewed intervention as necessary to restore order and integrity in governance.

In summary, the combination of widespread corruption and political instability created a situation where the military felt compelled to intervene in Nigeria's First Republic to bring about peace and reform.

The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of which commodity?

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The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of gold. The Ashanti Empire, located in the region that is now modern-day Ghana, was rich in gold resources. This abundance of gold was a significant asset that attracted trade and commerce with various groups and empires, including the Europeans. The wealth generated from gold trade contributed to the growth of political power, military strength, and economic prosperity of the Ashanti Empire, making it one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during its peak.

Which of these leaders succeeded Usman dan Fodio as the head of the Sokoto Caliphate?

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The leader who succeeded Usman dan Fodio as the head of the Sokoto Caliphate was Muhammadu Bello. Usman dan Fodio was a prominent Islamic scholar and founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century in what is now northern Nigeria. After his leadership, his son, Muhammadu Bello, took over the reins of the caliphate.

Muhammadu Bello was instrumental in consolidating the achievements of his father and further expanding the territory and influence of the Sokoto Caliphate. He was known for his administrative skills and efforts to develop the caliphate into a region with strong Islamic governance.

To further clarify:

• Umar Tall was a West African leader, but he was associated with the Toucouleur Empire, not the Sokoto Caliphate.
• Al-Kanemi was a leader in Borno and opposed the Sokoto forces, not a successor in the Sokoto Caliphate.
• Muhammad al-Amin is another historical figure associated with the Borno region, not the Sokoto Caliphate.

The Sokoto Caliphate's relations with the British colonial powers in the 19th century were

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The Sokoto Caliphate's relations with the British colonial powers in the 19th century were based on treaties and trade agreements leading to mutual cooperation. This cooperation was evident in various agreements and interactions between the Caliphate and the British authorities during that period.

The introduction of the 1946 Richards Constitution in Nigeria was significant because

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The introduction of the 1946 Richards Constitution in Nigeria was significant because it marked the first significant step towards self-government and regional representation.

Before the Richards Constitution, Nigeria was governed centrally and did not have much involvement from Nigerians in the legislative process. This constitution was an attempt by the British colonial authorities to allow for more African participation and was a response to growing nationalist pressures. It divided Nigeria into three regions: the North, West, and East, allowing for regional governments and a Central Legislative Council. This structure laid the foundation for federalism which later shaped Nigeria's political framework.

Although it did not give equal representation for all ethnic groups or lead to complete independence (which came in 1960), the Richards Constitution was critical as it introduced the idea of regional governance, emphasized representation, and began the process of involving Nigerians in their governance.

The rise of nationalist movements in Nigeria was significantly influenced by

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The rise of nationalist movements in Nigeria was significantly influenced by World War II and the Atlantic Charter. Before World War II, Nigeria was a British colony, and the colonial system limited the political and economic rights of the Nigerian people. However, during and after World War II, several factors contributed to the growth of nationalism in Nigeria.

First, World War II exposed Nigerians to ideas of freedom and self-determination as many Nigerians served in the war alongside British forces. They became aware of the universal aspirations for freedom and were inspired to seek similar liberties for themselves at home. The experiences during the war helped many Nigerians realize the disparities in treatment and rights between themselves and their colonial rulers, leading to an increased desire for independence.

Furthermore, the Atlantic Charter, a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II by the United States and the United Kingdom, advocated for the rights of all people to self-determination. Although initially aimed at nations opposing Axis powers, the principles of the Charter resonated with colonized people worldwide, including Nigerians. They seized upon the ideals of self-governance and equality as an impetus to challenge colonial rule and to demand political and economic autonomy.

Consequently, the combination of wartime experiences and the principles espoused in the Atlantic Charter propelled Nigerian leaders and the general population to organize and push for independence from British control, leading to the rise of nationalist movements in the country.

The primary role of the Executive Council in colonial Nigeria was to

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In colonial Nigeria, the primary function of the Executive Council was to advise the Governor-General on policy matters. This council acted as a crucial body to ensure that the Governor-General's decisions and policies aligned with the interests of the British administration and, to some extent, the needs of the local populace. Their role was primarily advisory, providing suggestions, feedback, and expertise that helped shape the policies enacted by the colonial government. This setup was part of the structure that allowed for the administration of the colony in line with British interests while attempting to maintain order and control. Therefore, the main purpose of the Executive Council was advisory in nature, focusing on guiding the overall governance of the colony through strategic policy advice.

Which Omani Sultan moved the capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in the 19th century?

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The Omani Sultan who moved the capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in the 19th century was Sa'id bin Sultan.

Here's a simple explanation:

Sa'id bin Sultan was an influential sultan of Oman in the 19th century. During his reign, he expanded Omani influence along the East African coast, including the region of Zanzibar. Recognizing Zanzibar's strategic importance and its lucrative trade opportunities, especially in spices and slaves, he decided to shift the capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. This move allowed the Sultanate to exert greater control over trade routes and expand its influence in Eastern Africa. As a result, Zanzibar prospered under his rule, becoming a significant center of trade and culture.

The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan was primarily a response to

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The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan was primarily a response to **Egyptian and Ottoman control**.

This movement emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against the political domination and social strain imposed by the Egyptian rulers who were under the influence and authority of the Ottoman Empire. The local Sudanese population experienced heavy taxation and social injustice under this regime, and there was a sense of nationalistic and religious fervor to liberate Sudan from foreign rule.

The leader of this movement, Muhammad Ahmad, proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the "Guided One," believed to be an Islamic messianic figure. His declaration and guidance were rooted in the belief that he would restore justice, reform Islam, and remove foreign imperialism and corrupt local practices.

Thus, the Mahdiyya Movement was fundamentally driven by **the desire to overthrow the existing control of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire**, intending to establish a self-governed state based on Islamic principles and Sudanese national identity.

The Abacha regime is known for instituting which economic policy aimed at centralizing control of Nigeria's oil revenue?

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The Abacha regime was known for instituting the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) as an economic policy aimed at centralizing control of Nigeria's oil revenue. This policy was established to manage and utilize funds generated from the increase in petroleum prices, ensuring that these funds were directed towards various developmental projects across the country. The PTF was specifically structured to promote national development by investing in critical sectors such as education, infrastructure, healthcare, and transportation, thereby enhancing the overall economic growth and welfare of the nation.

Which of the following best describes the main cause of the Mfecane?

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The main cause of the Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa during the early 19th century, can be best described as competition over scarce resources.

During this time, various African communities were facing significant pressures due to several factors, including population growth and environmental changes. These pressures led to increased competition for land, water, and grazing resources, essential for the subsistence and expansion of communities. As different groups sought to expand their territories and access these vital resources, conflicts arose. These conflicts often resulted in migration, warfare, and social upheaval as groups sought to secure their survival and dominance.

While the spread of Christianity, European colonization, and internal trade disputes played roles in the broader historical context of the region, they were not the primary drivers of the Mfecane. Instead, the competition over scarce resources was the fundamental factor that triggered the extensive migrations and conflicts characteristic of this period.

Which economic factor was a major influence behind the 1914 amalgamation?

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The desire to unify currency systems was a major economic factor behind the 1914 amalgamation of Nigeria. The British colonial administration aimed to streamline economic policies and governance by unifying the currency systems in the region.

The creation of the Mid-Western Region in 1963 was primarily a response to

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The creation of the Mid-Western Region in **1963** was primarily a response to address the **demands of the minority groups in the Niger Delta**. At that time, Nigeria was divided into three major regions: the Northern, Eastern, and Western Regions. Each of these regions was dominated by a major ethnic group, which often led to the **marginalization of smaller ethnic groups** or minorities within these regions.

The creation of a separate region was meant to acknowledge these minority groups in the Western Region, like the Urhobo, Itsekiri, and Isoko peoples, who felt their interests were not being adequately represented. By forming the Mid-Western Region, the government aimed to provide opportunities for these groups to have **greater political representation and control over their resources**. This move was seen as a step towards promoting **unity** and reducing ethnic tensions by recognizing the diversity within the Nigerian state.

In summary, the Mid-Western Region was created largely in response to the **demand for political autonomy** and **representation** by the minority groups in the Niger Delta, addressing their concerns of marginalization within the Western Region.

The role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in post-apartheid South Africa was to

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The role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in post-apartheid South Africa was primarily to investigate human rights violations and promote national healing. Established in 1995 after the end of apartheid, the TRC's main objective was to help South Africans come to terms with their past by uncovering the truth about the atrocities committed during apartheid. This process involved listening to the testimonies of victims and perpetrators of human rights abuses and documenting these events to ensure that they were acknowledged and addressed.

By focusing on truth-telling and acknowledgment, the TRC aimed to facilitate a process of national healing and reconciliation. It provided a platform where victims could share their experiences and perpetrators could confess their actions, sometimes in exchange for amnesty. This helped to foster understanding and forgiveness among South Africans and sought to prevent such violations from happening again. The TRC's efforts were crucial in building a more unified and peaceful society, allowing South Africa to transition from a divided apartheid state to a democratic nation.

The primary aim of the Ekumeku Movement in the Asaba hinterland was to

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The Ekumeku Movement in the Asaba hinterland primarily aimed to resist British taxation and land policies. When the British colonial administration began imposing new taxes and altering land ownership systems, the local communities felt their traditional governance and way of life were under threat. The movement was a form of organized resistance against these coercive measures, which many indigenous people saw as unfair and exploitative. The Ekumeku fighters employed guerrilla tactics, using the dense forests to their advantage, in an effort to preserve their land rights and maintain economic autonomy. Essentially, this movement was a defense of their sovereignty and cultural identity against colonial incursion.