JAMB UTME - Geography - 2023

Rocks are said to be crystalline when the atoms forming them are

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Crystalline rocks are rocks that;
-do not contain fossils
-do not occur in layers i.e they are non-stratified

When weathering occurs on hill slopes, rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form

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When weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form **scrree**. Scree is a deposition of loose rock fragments that have accumulated at the base of a steep slope or cliff. It is formed as a result of the continuous process of weathering, erosion, and gravity. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by natural processes, such as wind, water, and temperature changes. This causes rocks to become smaller and more fragmented over time. Erosion is the process of transporting the fragmented rock material down the slope. Gravity plays a significant role in moving the loose rock fragments towards the bottom of the hill slope. As the weathered rock fragments accumulate at the base of the slope, they form a pile of loose debris called scree. Scree can range in size from small pebbles to larger rocks. It is usually found on steep slopes or cliffs where the force of gravity pulls the loose rock down and accumulates it at the bottom. In conclusion, when weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris piles up at the bottom to form scree.

Which of the following is not a problem militating against political and economic integration in West Africa?

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Political and economic integration can be hindered by powerful colonial ties, religion and political instability but currency should not be an obstacle because there should be an established exchange rate.

The main reason for which most manufacturing industries in West Africa are concentrated in cities and towns along the coast is that they have

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This is due to the fact that there is a large number of warehouses in these regions. These warehouses are storage facilities where the goods are kept prior or after shipping.

Under the Greek system of climate classification, the world is divided into

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The world is divided into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones under the Greek system of climate classification. 1. Torrid Zone: This zone is the closest to the equator and is known for its hot and humid climate. It experiences high temperatures throughout the year with minimal variations. The torrid zone is characterized by tropical rainforests, savannas, and deserts. 2. Temperate Zone: The temperate zone is situated between the torrid and frigid zones. It has a moderate climate with distinct seasons. The temperatures in this zone vary significantly throughout the year, with warm summers and cool winters. This zone is known for its diverse vegetation, including deciduous forests and grasslands. 3. Frigid Zone: The frigid zone is located in the extreme north and south of the Earth, near the poles. It is known for its extremely cold temperatures, especially during the winter season. The frigid zone is covered with ice, and only a few plants and animals can survive in this harsh environment. In summary, the Greek system of climate classification divides the world into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones, depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation.

A tremendous pressure or temperature change may lead to the formation of

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Gnesis is a metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks which have been changed as a result of great heat and pressure

Barchan dunes move

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A barchan is a cresentic or moon-shaped structure. A barchan is formed when an obstacle like rocks impedes or prevents the movement of wind

The most common form of migration experienced in countries of Tropical Africa is

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The most common form of migration experienced in countries of Tropical Africa is **rural-urban migration**. This refers to the movement of people from rural areas, such as villages and small towns, to urban areas, such as cities and towns. There are various reasons why rural-urban migration is prevalent in Tropical Africa. One of the main factors is the search for better economic opportunities. Urban areas tend to offer more job opportunities, higher wages, and better living conditions compared to rural areas. Many people from rural communities migrate to cities in hopes of finding better employment and improving their standard of living. Another important factor contributing to rural-urban migration is the availability of social amenities and services in urban areas. Cities often have better access to education, healthcare, infrastructure, and recreational facilities. People may migrate to urban centers to access these services and provide better opportunities for their families. Moreover, urban areas serve as economic and cultural hubs, attracting people from rural areas seeking to benefit from the diversity and dynamism of city life. Cities offer a wide range of social and cultural activities, entertainment options, and opportunities for networking and socializing. However, it is important to note that rural-urban migration also presents some challenges. The rapid influx of people into cities can lead to overcrowding, strain on infrastructure, and increased competition for resources and jobs. Additionally, migration can have an impact on rural communities as they may experience a loss of human capital and skills. In summary, rural-urban migration is the most common form of migration in countries of Tropical Africa due to the search for better economic opportunities, access to social amenities, and the attraction of urban culture and lifestyle. While it brings benefits to individuals and urban areas, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable development.

Buying and selling of goods and services within a country is termed as

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The buying and selling of goods and services within a country is known as internal trade.

Internal trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between individuals, businesses, and organizations within the borders of a country. It involves the transfer of goods and services from producers to consumers or from one business to another within the same country.

For example, when you go to a local store to buy groceries or when a company sells its products to customers within the country, it is considered internal trade.

Internal trade is an essential part of a country's economy as it enables the circulation of goods and services within the country, stimulates economic growth, creates job opportunities, and fulfills the needs and wants of the people.

International trade, on the other hand, refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Barter is a system of trade where goods or services are exchanged directly without the use of money. Foreign trade specifically refers to the trade between different countries or the import and export activities of a country.

Therefore, in this context, the correct term for the buying and selling of goods and services within a country is internal trade.

What is the temperature around an aeroplane flying at an altitude of 4000metres if the temperature on the earth's surface is 40ºc $\mathrm{<br>}$?

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Lapse rate is simply described as 0.65°C per 100m of ascent or 6.5ºC per 1000m of ascent.
Therefore 4000m of ascent= 6.5ºC x 4000m/1000m=26.0ºC
Then, the temperature around the aeroplane is = 40ºC - 26ºC = 14°C

Quartz, fieldspar and mica are three principal mineral that can easily be seen in

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Quartz, feldspar, and mica are three principal minerals that can easily be seen in granite. Granite is a type of igneous rock, which means it is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. It is composed mainly of three minerals: quartz, feldspar, and mica. - **Quartz:** Quartz is a hard and durable mineral that is commonly found in granite. It appears as small or large grains and has a glassy or translucent appearance. It comes in different colors, including clear, white, pink, and gray. - **Feldspar:** Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in granite. It is a group of minerals that have a specific crystal structure. Feldspar can be recognized by its white, pink, or gray color. It often appears as large, elongated grains in granite. - **Mica:** Mica is another mineral commonly found in granite. It has a distinct layered structure and can be easily split into thin, flexible sheets. Mica is often shiny and comes in various colors such as brown, black, or green. When you look at granite, you may see specks or grains of quartz, larger grains of feldspar, and thin layers or flakes of mica. These minerals give granite its characteristic appearance and make it a popular choice for countertops, flooring, and construction materials. It's worth noting that while quartz, feldspar, and mica are the three principal minerals in granite, other minerals may also be present in smaller amounts. However, it is the abundance of these three minerals that gives granite its distinctive texture and appearance.

Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as

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Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as "intermountain plateaus." Intermountain plateaus are large, elevated flat lands that are found between different mountain ranges. These plateaus are typically formed when tectonic forces cause the Earth's crust to buckle and fold, creating fold mountains. As these mountains rise, the surrounding areas are also uplifted, resulting in the formation of plateaus. Unlike regular plateaus, intermountain plateaus are not as deeply dissected by erosion. This means that they generally have a more even and flat topography compared to other types of plateaus. However, they still exhibit some degree of ruggedness due to the uplift and folding processes that occurred during their formation. Overall, intermountain plateaus are important features of the Earth's landscape. They provide a transitional zone between mountainous regions and the lower-lying areas beyond, and they often serve as essential water catchment areas, playing a crucial role in supplying water to rivers and streams. Their relatively flat terrain also makes them suitable for human activities such as agriculture and transportation.

Which of the following is not true of the North Atlantic sea route?

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The North Atlantic sea route is the busiest sea route in the world. It links North America with Europe and Nigeria with Western Europe. Goods carried on this route do not include graius.

Great Britain and Germany are trading partners of west African countries from

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Great Britain and Germany are trading partners of West African countries from Western Europe. Western Europe refers to the region that is located in the western part of the European continent. It includes countries such as the United Kingdom (which includes Great Britain) and Germany. Trading partners are countries that engage in the exchange of goods and services with each other. In this case, West African countries have established trading relationships with Great Britain and Germany. This means that West African countries import goods and services from Great Britain and Germany, and they also export their own goods and services to these countries. The trading partnership between West African countries and Great Britain and Germany is mutually beneficial. West African countries can access a wider range of products from Great Britain and Germany, providing opportunities for economic growth and development. On the other hand, Great Britain and Germany can access valuable resources and markets in West Africa. Overall, the trading relationship between Great Britain, Germany, and West African countries helps to facilitate economic cooperation, promote regional development, and enhance international trade between these regions.

The land-use activities which can be considered responsible for soil erosion in the tropics are

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Industrial activities such as production, construction etc, monoculture and lumbering are responsible for erosion in the tropics

The table above shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of station Z. Study and use it to answer the question.

What is the annual range of temperature for station Z

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The annual range of temperature is calculated by subtracting the lowest temperature of the year from the highest temperature of the year. From the table, the highest temperature is 32oC (in April) and the lowest is 22oC (in January). Therefore, the annual range of temperature is 32 - 22 = 10oC.

Which of the following criteria is used to classify settlements into rural or urban?

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The criteria used to classify settlements into rural or urban are: 1. **Function:** This refers to the activities and services that are available within the settlement. In urban settlements, there tends to be a larger variety of economic, educational, and recreational services. These can include industries, offices, schools, hospitals, shopping centers, and entertainment facilities. In contrast, rural settlements mostly have agricultural activities as their main function, with limited services and amenities. 2. **Site:** Site refers to the physical characteristics of the settlement, including its natural features and topography. Urban settlements are commonly found in locations with favorable geographic conditions such as access to transportation routes, water sources, and fertile land. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are often situated in areas with more agricultural potential, like fertile soil and access to water for irrigation. 3. **Location:** Location refers to the position of the settlement relative to other settlements and urban centers. Urban settlements are usually located in more densely populated areas, with close proximity to other urban areas and transportation networks. They tend to be the economic and administrative centers of a region. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are typically found in more sparsely populated areas, characterized by agricultural or natural landscapes, with greater distances between each settlement. In summary, the three criteria used to classify settlements into rural or urban are function, site, and location. Function relates to the activities and services available, site refers to the physical characteristics of the settlement, and location considers the position in relation to other settlements and urban centers.

Countries in the northern hemisphere experience shorter days and longer nights when the sun is overhead on the

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On June 21, the sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, resulting in June or summer scistics

Which of the following sources of power supply is renewable?

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Solar energy is the energy gotten from the sun. The sun is the largest (star and its also the ultimate source of light and energy to all the planets. Coal, gas and Nuclear energy are hot renewable(i.e they cannot be reused when exhausted)

In which erosional plain is an inselberg commonly found

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Inselberg is formed from the existence of extensive old plateau

Kossou Dam is located on river

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Lake Kossou is Cote d'ivores largest lake. It lies on the Bandama river in the center of the country. It is an artificial lake, created in 1973 by damming the Badama river at kossou

The sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa can be traced to all of the following except

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The sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa can be traced to all of the following except the concentration of industries.

1. Inter-ethnic war: Conflict between different ethnic groups can cause displacement and hinder population growth in the affected areas. It leads to a disruption in the social fabric and discourages people from settling in these regions.

2. Tsetse fly infestation: The presence of tsetse flies, which are carriers of the sleeping sickness disease, can greatly affect human habitation. These flies are notorious for their bites which can transmit the disease to humans and livestock. The presence of tsetse flies in the middle belt of West Africa makes it difficult for people to inhabit the area due to health risks.

3. Arab slave trade in the North: The Arab slave trade, which took place predominantly in North Africa, resulted in the forced migration and enslavement of many African populations. This historic slave trade did not have a direct impact on the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa.

4. Concentration of industries: The concentration of industries usually leads to urbanization and increased population in certain areas. This option does not contribute to the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa.

Therefore, the correct answer is that the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa cannot be traced to the concentration of industries.

River regime is best described as the

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The river regime generally describes the character of the typical fluctuations of a flow of a river, but can also refer to the mathematical relationship between the river discharge and its width, depth and slope

Urban type of settlement is best described as

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An urban settlement is where displaced population settle within agglomeration such as a town or city. People are mainly involved in secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and construction. Additionally, dispersed settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern used to classify rural settlement.

The coastal regions of Sierra Leone record an annual rainfall of over

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Annual rainfall in Sierra Leone coastal regions is over 4,800m, which makes it the wettest country in West Africa.

The major crop grown in the El juf Basin of Mali is

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The major crop grown in the El Juf Basin of Mali is cotton. Cotton is a plant that is mainly grown for its fiber, which is used to make fabrics and textiles. The El Juf Basin in Mali has favorable conditions for growing cotton, such as a warm climate and fertile soil.
Cotton plants require a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and a moderate amount of rainfall. The El Juf Basin receives sufficient rainfall and has an irrigation system in place to ensure that the cotton plants are well-watered.
Cotton cultivation in the El Juf Basin provides a significant source of income for the local farmers and contributes to the economy of Mali. Cotton farms in this region employ many people and support the livelihoods of the local communities.
In summary, the major crop grown in the El Juf Basin of Mali is cotton due to its suitability to the region's climate and soil conditions.

A block mountain is formed as a result of

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A block mountain is formed as a result of faulting, specifically a type of fault called a normal fault.
When the Earth's crust experiences stress, it can cause rocks to break along fault lines. In the case of a normal fault, the rocks on one side of the fault move downward relative to the rocks on the other side. This downward movement creates a step-like feature on the Earth's surface, with one side lower than the other. This step-like feature is what we call a block mountain.
As time goes on, the forces of erosion, such as wind, water, and glaciers, start to wear away at the block mountain. However, the harder and more resistant rocks that make up the mountain are less easily eroded compared to the softer surrounding rocks. This causes the block mountain to stand out even more as a prominent and elevated feature in the landscape.
So, to summarize, a block mountain is formed when the Earth's crust experiences faulting, specifically a normal fault. The downward movement of rocks on one side of the fault creates a step-like feature on the Earth's surface, which we call a block mountain. Erosion then works to shape and define the mountain's features over time.

"An open forest with evergreen, thick leathery leaves and woody stems with deep roots" is known as

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Mediterranean vegetation consists largely of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs having woody stems with thick roots.

The coastal regions of Sierra Leone record an annual rainfall of over

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The annual rainfall in sierra leone coastal regions is over 4,800m, which makes it the wettest country in West Africa

A settlement where two rivers meet is called a

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A settlement where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. This term is used to describe a place where two rivers merge or come together. It is also known as a river confluence or simply a confluence. In a confluence town, the two rivers join and flow as one. This merging of rivers creates a unique geographical feature and often leads to the formation of a settlement. The rivers may flow side by side before merging, or one river may flow into the other. The confluence point can be visible as a distinct meeting point or an area where the waters mix. Confluence towns have been historically significant because they often provided essential resources and transportation routes. The availability of water from two rivers made these settlements ideal for various activities such as fishing, trade, and agriculture. The confluence also facilitated transportation and trade routes as it served as a natural meeting point for people traveling along the rivers. These settlements tend to develop into vibrant communities, attracting people for their economic advantages and accessibility. Over time, confluence towns may grow and expand, becoming important centers of commerce, culture, and administration. In summary, a settlement where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. It is a place where two rivers merge or come together, offering valuable resources and opportunities for economic and social development.

The difference in time between two longitudes is approximately

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The difference in time between two longitudes is approximately 4 minutes.
To understand this, let's first understand what longitudes are. Longitudes are imaginary lines that run vertically around the Earth, from the North Pole to the South Pole. They help to identify specific locations on the Earth's surface.
Now, the Earth takes 24 hours to complete one full rotation around its axis. This rotation results in the sun appearing to rise and set in different parts of the world at different times. This is what gives us our concept of time zones.
By convention, the Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each covering approximately 15 degrees of longitude. Each time zone represents an hour of difference in time.
So, if we do the math, we can calculate that with 360 degrees (the full circumference of the Earth) divided by 24 time zones, each time zone covers 15 degrees of longitude. This means that for every 15 degrees of longitude you travel east or west, there is a time difference of about one hour.
Since each time zone represents one hour and there are 60 minutes in an hour, we can calculate that the time difference for every 1 degree of longitude is approximately 4 minutes (60 minutes divided by 15 degrees).
Therefore, the correct answer is 4 minutes

The table above shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of station Z. Study and use it to answer the question. Which month of the year has the highest temperature

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To determine which month of the year has the highest temperature in station Z, we should analyze the data given in the table.
Looking at the table, we can see that the **temperature values** are given in the column labeled "Temperature (°C)". We need to find the month with the highest temperature value.
By examining the temperature values for each month, we can observe the following:
- In **April**, the temperature is 27°C - In **May**, the temperature is 30°C - In **June**, the temperature is 32°C - In **August**, the temperature is 29°C
From this information, we can clearly see that the month with the **highest temperature** in station Z is **June**, with a temperature of **32°C**.
Therefore, the answer to the question is that **June** is the month of the year with the highest temperature in station Z, as evidenced by the table.

Which of the following is a wind deposited land form?

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A wind-deposited landform refers to a geological feature that is created or shaped by the action of wind carrying and depositing sediments. In this context, out of the four options given, the one that is a wind-deposited landform is **loess**. Loess is a specific type of sediment that is composed of fine particles of silt and clay that have been blown by wind over long distances and eventually deposited. It is typically pale yellow or light brown in color and has a very fine texture. Loess deposits often form in regions with strong and consistent winds, such as dry deserts or the margins of glacial systems. These sediments accumulate over time, often in thick layers, creating distinct landforms. One characteristic feature associated with loess is its ability to be easily eroded by wind and water. This erosion gives rise to unique landforms, such as **yardangs** and **deflation hollows**, which are also mentioned in the given options. A yardang is a ridge of rock that has been carved and streamlined by wind erosion. The wind scours away the loose sediment, leaving behind elongated ridges that run parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Yardangs can vary in size from a few meters to several kilometers long. A deflation hollow, on the other hand, is a depression in the landscape that forms when loose sediments are eroded away by wind, leaving behind a lowered area. These hollows can occur individually or in groups, and their size and shape depend on the intensity and duration of wind erosion. While both yardangs and deflation hollows are features associated with wind erosion, they are not technically wind-deposited landforms since they are created by the removal of sediment rather than the deposition of sediment. In summary, out of the options given, the wind-deposited landform is **loess**. It is a type of fine sediment made of silt and clay particles that are transported and deposited by the wind. Yardangs and deflation hollows, although associated with wind erosion, are not specifically wind-deposited landforms.

The type of energy that is most environmentally friendly is

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The most environmentally friendly type of energy is solar energy. Solar energy refers to the energy that is derived from the sun's rays. Here's why solar energy is considered to be the most environmentally friendly option:
1. Renewable: Solar energy is a renewable source of energy. The sun is constantly shining, making solar energy an abundant and inexhaustible resource. As long as the sun exists, we will continue to have solar energy available to us.
2. Zero Emissions: Solar energy produces zero emissions during its operation. Unlike other energy sources like fossil fuels (such as coal or natural gas) that release harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases when burned, solar energy is clean and does not contribute to air pollution or climate change.
3. No Noise Pollution: Solar energy systems operate silently, unlike some other energy sources like thermal or nuclear power plants that can generate noise pollution. This makes solar energy a favorable option, particularly for residential areas.
4. Low Maintenance: Solar panels require minimal maintenance once installed. Regular cleaning to keep them free from dust and debris is usually sufficient. This reduces the need for ongoing maintenance and associated environmental impacts.
5. Modularity and Scalability: Solar energy systems can be easily scaled up or down depending on the energy requirements. They can range from small individual rooftop installations to vast solar farms. This flexibility makes solar energy a versatile option for different settings and energy demands.
6. Local Generation: Solar energy can be generated locally, reducing the need for extensive transmission networks and energy loss during distribution. Local generation can enhance energy independence, reduce reliance on centralized power systems, and result in more resilient and sustainable energy supply.
In conclusion, solar energy is the most environmentally friendly option due to its renewable nature, zero emissions, lack of noise pollution, low maintenance requirements, modularity and scalability, as well as its ability to generate energy locally. It is a sustainable and clean source of energy that has the potential to reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Which of the following stations is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate?

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**Bombay (Mumbai)** is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate. Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year, with distinctive wet and dry seasons. In this climate, the wet season is associated with the monsoon winds, which bring abundant rainfall. The dry season, on the other hand, is characterized by little to no rainfall. Mumbai experiences this type of climate due to its location on the western coast of India. The Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats mountain range to the east influence the city's climate. The monsoon winds blow from the southwest during the wet season (June to September), bringing intense rainfall to the region. Mumbai receives a significant amount of rainfall during this period, accounting for a large portion of its annual precipitation. During the dry season (October to May), Mumbai experiences less rainfall, but the temperatures remain relatively high. The average temperature ranges from 25 to 35 degrees Celsius (77 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout the year. In summary, Mumbai (Bombay) is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate due to its location on the western coast of India, which experiences high temperatures and heavy rainfall during the wet season, and relatively lower rainfall during the dry season.

Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at

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Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan. Abidjan is the largest and busiest port in West Africa, located in Cote d'Ivoire. It is strategically positioned along the Gulf of Guinea, making it an ideal gateway for trade in the region. Mali is a landlocked country, which means it does not have direct access to the sea. Therefore, to transport their goods internationally, Mali relies heavily on neighboring countries' ports. Among the given options, Abidjan is the closest and most accessible port for Mali. Abidjan offers excellent shipping facilities, infrastructure, and connections to major shipping lines. It has a well-developed road network that connects it to Mali and other landlocked Sahelian countries, making it a convenient and efficient route for transporting goods. In summary, due to its proximity, connectivity, and efficiency, the sea port at Abidjan is the most likely entry point for Mali's exports.

Which of the following pairs of landforms can be found in the desert areas?

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Zeugens: These are tabular masses with a layer of soft rock lying beneath layer of hard rock
Rock pedestals: It consist of horizontal layer of hard and soft rocks

The type of agriculture in which water is conserved in a year so that crops can be grown in succeeding years by ploughing, mulching or harrowing is known as

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The type of agriculture described here is called dry farming.
Dry farming is a method of agriculture that focuses on conserving water in areas where water supply is limited. It is commonly used in regions with arid or semi-arid climates where rainfall is scarce and unreliable.
In dry farming, the goal is to maximize the use of available moisture in the soil and minimize water loss through evaporation. This is achieved through various practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing.
Ploughing helps to break up the soil surface and create furrows or ridges, which helps to trap and retain moisture in the soil. This prevents excessive evaporation and allows the soil to hold water for a longer period of time.
Mulching involves covering the soil with a layer of organic materials such as straw, leaves, or crop residues. This helps to reduce evaporation by shading the soil surface and slows down moisture loss. Mulch also helps to improve soil structure, retain water, and suppress weed growth.
Harrowing is the process of loosening the top layer of soil after ploughing or planting. It helps to create a fine, crumbly soil structure that reduces water runoff and allows rain or irrigation water to penetrate deeper into the soil.
By practicing these techniques, dry farmers are able to conserve water and create favorable conditions for crop growth even in areas with limited rainfall. This allows them to sustain crop production in successive years without relying heavily on external sources of water.
In summary, dry farming is a method of agriculture that conserves water in arid or semi-arid regions by employing practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing. These techniques help to retain moisture in the soil, reduce water loss, and enable crop production in successive years.

Soil erosion by action of rain can be caused by all of the following except

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Soil erosion by rain can occur when the force of raindrops and the resulting surface runoff remove the top layer of soil. This process can be harmful and lead to the loss of fertile soil needed for growing crops and plant growth. There are several factors that can contribute to soil erosion by rain, but one of the options mentioned does not cause it. Let's analyze each option:

Tropical rainstorms: Tropical rainstorms are often associated with heavy rainfall and intense precipitation. The large amount of rainwater can create powerful runoff that can wash away soil particles and contribute to erosion. Therefore, tropical rainstorms can indeed cause soil erosion by rain.

Scanty vegetation: Vegetation, such as plants and trees, plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. The roots of plants help hold the soil together, reducing the impact of raindrops and preventing excessive runoff. When vegetation is sparse or absent, there are no roots to anchor the soil, making it more vulnerable to erosion. So, scanty vegetation can contribute to soil erosion by rain.

Steep slopes: Steep slopes can accelerate the process of soil erosion by rain. When rainwater flows down a steep slope, it gains momentum and power, increasing the force with which it hits the soil. This force can dislodge soil particles and carry them away, leading to erosion. Therefore, steep slopes can cause soil erosion by rain.

Aridity: Aridity refers to dryness or a lack of moisture. In arid regions, rainfall is limited, and the soil may be dry and less prone to erosion caused by rain. The lack of significant rainfall reduces the chances of soil particles being dislodged by raindrops or carried away by runoff, making aridity a factor that does not cause soil erosion by rain.

In conclusion, all the options except aridity can contribute to soil erosion by rain. Tropical rainstorms, scanty vegetation, and steep slopes can all increase the likelihood of soil erosion. However, in arid regions where there is a lack of moisture, the risk of soil erosion caused by rain is reduced.

A major function performed by rural settlement is

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**A major function performed by rural settlements is agriculture.** Rural settlements are areas where people live in small towns or villages, often located outside of cities. These settlements are mainly involved in agricultural activities, which means they are focused on farming and cultivating crops. Agriculture is an essential function of rural settlements because it provides food and other resources for the people living there. Farmers grow various crops such as wheat, rice, corn, and vegetables, which are then consumed by the community or sold to nearby towns and cities. In addition to crops, rural settlements may also have livestock like cows, sheep, or chickens, which provide meat, eggs, and dairy products. Agriculture is not only important for providing food, but it also contributes to the local economy. When farmers sell their products, it generates income for the community, allowing them to purchase other necessities and services. Furthermore, agriculture helps to sustain the environment in rural areas. Farmers often practice sustainable farming techniques, such as crop rotation and the use of organic fertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and prevent the depletion of natural resources. Overall, agriculture is a vital function of rural settlements as it supports the livelihoods of the residents, provides food and resources, contributes to the local economy, and helps sustain the environment.