JAMB UTME - Geography - 2023

The most common form of migration experienced in countries of Tropical Africa is **rural-urban migration**. This refers to the movement of people from rural areas, such as villages and small towns, to urban areas, such as cities and towns. There are various reasons why rural-urban migration is prevalent in Tropical Africa. One of the main factors is the search for better economic opportunities. Urban areas tend to offer more job opportunities, higher wages, and better living conditions compared to rural areas. Many people from rural communities migrate to cities in hopes of finding better employment and improving their standard of living. Another important factor contributing to rural-urban migration is the availability of social amenities and services in urban areas. Cities often have better access to education, healthcare, infrastructure, and recreational facilities. People may migrate to urban centers to access these services and provide better opportunities for their families. Moreover, urban areas serve as economic and cultural hubs, attracting people from rural areas seeking to benefit from the diversity and dynamism of city life. Cities offer a wide range of social and cultural activities, entertainment options, and opportunities for networking and socializing. However, it is important to note that rural-urban migration also presents some challenges. The rapid influx of people into cities can lead to overcrowding, strain on infrastructure, and increased competition for resources and jobs. Additionally, migration can have an impact on rural communities as they may experience a loss of human capital and skills. In summary, rural-urban migration is the most common form of migration in countries of Tropical Africa due to the search for better economic opportunities, access to social amenities, and the attraction of urban culture and lifestyle. While it brings benefits to individuals and urban areas, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable development.

The instrument used to measure relative humidity is called a hygrometer.
A hygrometer is a device that helps us determine the amount of moisture or water vapor present in the air. It measures the relative humidity, which is the percentage of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature.
There are different types of hygrometers, but one common type is the "dry and wet bulb" hygrometer. It consists of two thermometers: one thermometer with a dry bulb and another with a wet bulb.
To measure relative humidity, the wet bulb thermometer is wrapped with a moistened cloth. As the moisture on the cloth evaporates, it causes the wet bulb temperature to decrease. The dry bulb thermometer remains unaffected.
By comparing the temperatures of the dry and wet bulbs, we can calculate the relative humidity using a formula. The difference between the two temperatures helps us understand how much moisture is in the air.
So, in summary, a hygrometer is used to measure relative humidity by comparing the temperatures of a dry bulb and a wet bulb thermometer. It helps us understand how much water vapor is present in the air.

Zeugens: These are tabular masses with a layer of soft rock lying beneath layer of hard rock
Rock pedestals: It consist of horizontal layer of hard and soft rocks

The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean. It covers the most extensive area compared to the other options listed. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the western coast of North and South America to the eastern coast of Asia and Australia. It is so vast that it is larger than the landmass of all the continents combined.
Its immense size is due to the tectonic plate boundaries that surround it. The Pacific Ocean is bordered by the Ring of Fire, a region that experiences frequent volcanic activity and earthquakes. This constant reshaping of the seafloor has allowed the Pacific Ocean to expand and dominate the Earth's surface.
With an area of approximately 63 million square miles, the Pacific Ocean is home to numerous islands, including Hawaii, Tahiti, and Fiji. It is also famous for its deep trenches, like the Mariana Trench, which is the deepest point in the world's oceans.
The Pacific Ocean plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. It absorbs much of the sun's heat, helping to distribute warmth across the planet. This ocean is also crucial for global transportation and trade, serving as a major marine highway between the Americas, Asia, and Oceania.
In summary, the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world, encompassing a vast area and serving as a vital component of Earth's climate and global connectivity.

When weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form **scrree**. Scree is a deposition of loose rock fragments that have accumulated at the base of a steep slope or cliff. It is formed as a result of the continuous process of weathering, erosion, and gravity. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by natural processes, such as wind, water, and temperature changes. This causes rocks to become smaller and more fragmented over time. Erosion is the process of transporting the fragmented rock material down the slope. Gravity plays a significant role in moving the loose rock fragments towards the bottom of the hill slope. As the weathered rock fragments accumulate at the base of the slope, they form a pile of loose debris called scree. Scree can range in size from small pebbles to larger rocks. It is usually found on steep slopes or cliffs where the force of gravity pulls the loose rock down and accumulates it at the bottom. In conclusion, when weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris piles up at the bottom to form scree.

Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan. Abidjan is the **largest port in West Africa** and is strategically located on the Gulf of Guinea. It has extensive infrastructure, including deep-water berths and modern cargo handling equipment, making it capable of handling large volumes of goods. Mali is a landlocked country, meaning it does not have direct access to the sea. Therefore, to export its goods, Mali needs to rely on neighboring countries with access to the sea. Abidjan, located in Ivory Coast, is the **most convenient sea port for Mali**. It is relatively close in proximity to Mali and has well-developed road and rail connections, making it an ideal choice for transporting goods from Mali to the port. Furthermore, Abidjan offers a wide range of services to facilitate trade, including customs clearance, storage facilities, and efficient cargo handling. It is also a hub for international shipping, with connections to various ports worldwide, enabling Mali to access global markets for its exports. In summary, due to its geographical proximity, well-developed infrastructure, and convenient transportation links, exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan.

A settlement where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. This term is used to describe a place where two rivers merge or come together. It is also known as a river confluence or simply a confluence. In a confluence town, the two rivers join and flow as one. This merging of rivers creates a unique geographical feature and often leads to the formation of a settlement. The rivers may flow side by side before merging, or one river may flow into the other. The confluence point can be visible as a distinct meeting point or an area where the waters mix. Confluence towns have been historically significant because they often provided essential resources and transportation routes. The availability of water from two rivers made these settlements ideal for various activities such as fishing, trade, and agriculture. The confluence also facilitated transportation and trade routes as it served as a natural meeting point for people traveling along the rivers. These settlements tend to develop into vibrant communities, attracting people for their economic advantages and accessibility. Over time, confluence towns may grow and expand, becoming important centers of commerce, culture, and administration. In summary, a settlement where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. It is a place where two rivers merge or come together, offering valuable resources and opportunities for economic and social development.

A wind-deposited landform refers to a geological feature that is created or shaped by the action of wind carrying and depositing sediments. In this context, out of the four options given, the one that is a wind-deposited landform is **loess**. Loess is a specific type of sediment that is composed of fine particles of silt and clay that have been blown by wind over long distances and eventually deposited. It is typically pale yellow or light brown in color and has a very fine texture. Loess deposits often form in regions with strong and consistent winds, such as dry deserts or the margins of glacial systems. These sediments accumulate over time, often in thick layers, creating distinct landforms. One characteristic feature associated with loess is its ability to be easily eroded by wind and water. This erosion gives rise to unique landforms, such as **yardangs** and **deflation hollows**, which are also mentioned in the given options. A yardang is a ridge of rock that has been carved and streamlined by wind erosion. The wind scours away the loose sediment, leaving behind elongated ridges that run parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Yardangs can vary in size from a few meters to several kilometers long. A deflation hollow, on the other hand, is a depression in the landscape that forms when loose sediments are eroded away by wind, leaving behind a lowered area. These hollows can occur individually or in groups, and their size and shape depend on the intensity and duration of wind erosion. While both yardangs and deflation hollows are features associated with wind erosion, they are not technically wind-deposited landforms since they are created by the removal of sediment rather than the deposition of sediment. In summary, out of the options given, the wind-deposited landform is **loess**. It is a type of fine sediment made of silt and clay particles that are transported and deposited by the wind. Yardangs and deflation hollows, although associated with wind erosion, are not specifically wind-deposited landforms.

Crystalline rocks are rocks that;
-do not contain fossils
-do not occur in layers i.e they are non-stratified

The most environmentally friendly type of energy is solar energy. Solar energy refers to the energy that is derived from the sun's rays. Here's why solar energy is considered to be the most environmentally friendly option:
1. Renewable: Solar energy is a renewable source of energy. The sun is constantly shining, making solar energy an abundant and inexhaustible resource. As long as the sun exists, we will continue to have solar energy available to us.
2. Zero Emissions: Solar energy produces zero emissions during its operation. Unlike other energy sources like fossil fuels (such as coal or natural gas) that release harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases when burned, solar energy is clean and does not contribute to air pollution or climate change.
3. No Noise Pollution: Solar energy systems operate silently, unlike some other energy sources like thermal or nuclear power plants that can generate noise pollution. This makes solar energy a favorable option, particularly for residential areas.
4. Low Maintenance: Solar panels require minimal maintenance once installed. Regular cleaning to keep them free from dust and debris is usually sufficient. This reduces the need for ongoing maintenance and associated environmental impacts.
5. Modularity and Scalability: Solar energy systems can be easily scaled up or down depending on the energy requirements. They can range from small individual rooftop installations to vast solar farms. This flexibility makes solar energy a versatile option for different settings and energy demands.
6. Local Generation: Solar energy can be generated locally, reducing the need for extensive transmission networks and energy loss during distribution. Local generation can enhance energy independence, reduce reliance on centralized power systems, and result in more resilient and sustainable energy supply.
In conclusion, solar energy is the most environmentally friendly option due to its renewable nature, zero emissions, lack of noise pollution, low maintenance requirements, modularity and scalability, as well as its ability to generate energy locally. It is a sustainable and clean source of energy that has the potential to reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Evidence of the earth's sphericity
-circumarigation of the earth
-lunar eclipse(eclipse of the moon)
-sunrise and sunset
-ship visibility
-the circular horizon

To calculate the population density of a country, we need to divide the total population of the country by its total land area. In this case, we are given that the total population of the country is 140,000,000 and the total land area is 500,000 km². To find the population density, we divide the population by the land area: Population density = Total population / Total land area Population density = 140,000,000 / 500,000 = 280 persons per km². Therefore, the correct answer is **280 persons per km²**.

The broad-leafed evergreen and dense equatorial forest of the Amazon basin is called selvas. Selvas is a term used to describe the lush, vibrant rainforest found in the Amazon.
These forests are characterized by their tall trees with large, broad leaves that can capture as much sunlight as possible. The leaves of these trees stay green all year round, giving the forest a constant appearance of being "evergreen."
The Amazon rainforest is also known for its incredible biodiversity, with a wide variety of plant and animal species living in this habitat. This is due to the constant warm and humid climate, as well as the diverse range of ecosystems within the region.
The dense and thick vegetation in the selvas plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of our planet. It serves as a carbon sink, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. Additionally, the Amazon rainforest is often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth" because of its significant contribution to global oxygen production.
In conclusion, the broad-leafed evergreen and dense equatorial forest of the Amazon basin is known as selvas. It is a unique and important ecosystem with immense biodiversity and crucial ecological functions.

The type of agriculture described here is called dry farming.
Dry farming is a method of agriculture that focuses on conserving water in areas where water supply is limited. It is commonly used in regions with arid or semi-arid climates where rainfall is scarce and unreliable.
In dry farming, the goal is to maximize the use of available moisture in the soil and minimize water loss through evaporation. This is achieved through various practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing.
Ploughing helps to break up the soil surface and create furrows or ridges, which helps to trap and retain moisture in the soil. This prevents excessive evaporation and allows the soil to hold water for a longer period of time.
Mulching involves covering the soil with a layer of organic materials such as straw, leaves, or crop residues. This helps to reduce evaporation by shading the soil surface and slows down moisture loss. Mulch also helps to improve soil structure, retain water, and suppress weed growth.
Harrowing is the process of loosening the top layer of soil after ploughing or planting. It helps to create a fine, crumbly soil structure that reduces water runoff and allows rain or irrigation water to penetrate deeper into the soil.
By practicing these techniques, dry farmers are able to conserve water and create favorable conditions for crop growth even in areas with limited rainfall. This allows them to sustain crop production in successive years without relying heavily on external sources of water.
In summary, dry farming is a method of agriculture that conserves water in arid or semi-arid regions by employing practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing. These techniques help to retain moisture in the soil, reduce water loss, and enable crop production in successive years.

The world is divided into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones under the Greek system of climate classification. 1. Torrid Zone: This zone is the closest to the equator and is known for its hot and humid climate. It experiences high temperatures throughout the year with minimal variations. The torrid zone is characterized by tropical rainforests, savannas, and deserts. 2. Temperate Zone: The temperate zone is situated between the torrid and frigid zones. It has a moderate climate with distinct seasons. The temperatures in this zone vary significantly throughout the year, with warm summers and cool winters. This zone is known for its diverse vegetation, including deciduous forests and grasslands. 3. Frigid Zone: The frigid zone is located in the extreme north and south of the Earth, near the poles. It is known for its extremely cold temperatures, especially during the winter season. The frigid zone is covered with ice, and only a few plants and animals can survive in this harsh environment. In summary, the Greek system of climate classification divides the world into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones, depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation.

The sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa can be traced to all of the following except the concentration of industries.

1. Inter-ethnic war: Conflict between different ethnic groups can cause displacement and hinder population growth in the affected areas. It leads to a disruption in the social fabric and discourages people from settling in these regions.

2. Tsetse fly infestation: The presence of tsetse flies, which are carriers of the sleeping sickness disease, can greatly affect human habitation. These flies are notorious for their bites which can transmit the disease to humans and livestock. The presence of tsetse flies in the middle belt of West Africa makes it difficult for people to inhabit the area due to health risks.

3. Arab slave trade in the North: The Arab slave trade, which took place predominantly in North Africa, resulted in the forced migration and enslavement of many African populations. This historic slave trade did not have a direct impact on the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa.

4. Concentration of industries: The concentration of industries usually leads to urbanization and increased population in certain areas. This option does not contribute to the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa.

Therefore, the correct answer is that the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa cannot be traced to the concentration of industries.

The part of the earth's crust covered by water bodies is known as the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere includes all the water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and even groundwater and atmospheric water vapor.
The hydrosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. It provides habitats for a wide range of organisms and helps regulate the planet's climate. The hydrosphere is also a vital source of freshwater, which is essential for drinking, agriculture, and various other human activities.
The term "sial" refers to the upper part of the earth's crust, which is made up of lighter rocks like granite and makes up the continents. Therefore, it is not the correct answer for this question.
The stratosphere, on the other hand, is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere located above the troposphere. It extends from about 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) to 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the Earth's surface. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which helps protect the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. However, it is not related to the crust or water bodies, so it is not the correct answer either.
In summary, the correct answer is the hydrosphere, which refers to the part of the Earth's crust covered by water bodies.

A feature of heavy industries is that they are capital-intensive. This means that they require a significant amount of investment in machinery, equipment, and infrastructure to operate efficiently. Unlike light industries, which typically involve smaller-scale operations, heavy industries involve large factories or plants that are designed to produce goods on a larger scale. The term "heavy" in heavy industries refers to the nature of the products being manufactured, such as machinery, steel, chemicals, and automobiles. These products often require heavy machinery and specialized equipment to produce. Due to their large-scale operations and the need for substantial capital investment, heavy industries usually have a longer payback period for their investments. Some examples of heavy industries include manufacturing plants for automobiles, oil refineries, steel mills, and chemical production facilities. These industries usually have a higher production capacity and require a significant amount of resources and manpower to operate. In summary, heavy industries are characterized by their capital-intensive nature, large-scale operations, and production of goods that require heavy machinery. These industries play a crucial role in the economy by producing essential products and contributing to employment opportunities.

A slope is said to be even when the contours are **equally placed**. This means that the contours are evenly spaced apart from each other. When the contours are evenly spaced, it indicates that the slope of the land is relatively consistent throughout the area. Imagine looking at a map or a cross-section of a hill or mountain. Contours are the lines on the map that connect points of the same elevation. They give us a visual representation of how steep or gentle the slope is at any given point. When the contours are evenly spaced, it means that the difference in elevation between each contour line is consistent. This indicates that the slope is gradual and not too steep. For example, if we have contour lines that are evenly spaced apart by 10 meters, it means that the slope of the land is changing by approximately 10 meters in height with each contour line. On the other hand, if the contours are irregularly spaced, it means that the slope is varying more dramatically. This can indicate areas of steep cliffs or sudden changes in elevation. In summary, an even slope is characterized by **equally placed** contours, indicating a gradual and consistent change in elevation.

A great circle is a type of circle that can be formed on the Earth's surface. It is called "great" because it has the same radius as the Earth. Let's go through each statement and determine which one is not correct: 1. The statement says that the Equator is a Great Circle among the latitudes. This statement is **correct**. The Equator is indeed a great circle because it is a circle that cuts the Earth in half, dividing it into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. 2. The statement says that the Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line are the only lines of latitude forming a Great Circle. This statement is **not correct**. The Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line are not lines of latitude; they are lines of longitude. A great circle can be formed by any line of latitude, not just the Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line. 3. The statement says that the Great Circle divides the Earth into two equal spheres. This statement is **not correct**. The Great Circle does divide the Earth, but not into equal spheres. Instead, it divides the Earth into two hemispheres, which are halves of the Earth. 4. The statement says that the center of the Great Circle is also the center of the Earth. This statement is **not correct**. The center of a great circle does not necessarily coincide with the center of the Earth. The center of a great circle is simply the midpoint of the circle, which can be anywhere on the Earth's surface. To summarize: - Statement 1 is correct. - Statement 2 is not correct. - Statement 3 is not correct. - Statement 4 is not correct. Therefore, the statement that is not correct about the great circle is statement 2, which claims that the Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line are the only lines of latitude forming a Great Circle.

The buying and selling of goods and services within a country is known as internal trade.

Internal trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between individuals, businesses, and organizations within the borders of a country. It involves the transfer of goods and services from producers to consumers or from one business to another within the same country.

For example, when you go to a local store to buy groceries or when a company sells its products to customers within the country, it is considered internal trade.

Internal trade is an essential part of a country's economy as it enables the circulation of goods and services within the country, stimulates economic growth, creates job opportunities, and fulfills the needs and wants of the people.

International trade, on the other hand, refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Barter is a system of trade where goods or services are exchanged directly without the use of money. Foreign trade specifically refers to the trade between different countries or the import and export activities of a country.

Therefore, in this context, the correct term for the buying and selling of goods and services within a country is internal trade.

Water vapour is turned into water droplets by the process of **condensation**. Condensation occurs when water vapor, which is in the gaseous state, comes into contact with a cool surface or cool air. When the temperature of the water vapor decreases, the water molecules slow down and move closer together. This causes the water vapor to transform into liquid water, forming water droplets. To understand this process better, think of a glass of cold water on a warm day. As the warm air comes into contact with the cold surface of the glass, the water vapor in the air loses heat energy and condenses into water droplets on the outside of the glass. This is why you observe water droplets forming on the glass. Similarly, when warm, moist air rises and comes into contact with cooler air in the atmosphere, or when it encounters cool surfaces such as windows, mirrors, or grass in the early morning, condensation occurs, and water droplets are formed. In summary, condensation is the process where water vapor changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state by cooling down, resulting in the formation of water droplets.

**A major function performed by rural settlements is agriculture.** Rural settlements are areas where people live in small towns or villages, often located outside of cities. These settlements are mainly involved in agricultural activities, which means they are focused on farming and cultivating crops. Agriculture is an essential function of rural settlements because it provides food and other resources for the people living there. Farmers grow various crops such as wheat, rice, corn, and vegetables, which are then consumed by the community or sold to nearby towns and cities. In addition to crops, rural settlements may also have livestock like cows, sheep, or chickens, which provide meat, eggs, and dairy products. Agriculture is not only important for providing food, but it also contributes to the local economy. When farmers sell their products, it generates income for the community, allowing them to purchase other necessities and services. Furthermore, agriculture helps to sustain the environment in rural areas. Farmers often practice sustainable farming techniques, such as crop rotation and the use of organic fertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and prevent the depletion of natural resources. Overall, agriculture is a vital function of rural settlements as it supports the livelihoods of the residents, provides food and resources, contributes to the local economy, and helps sustain the environment.