JAMB UTME - Government - 2018

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The operation of the rule of law can be abused by the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities. The rule of law is a principle that ensures that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and abide by the law. This means that everyone is equal under the law and no one is above it. However, the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities can undermine the rule of law. Administrative tribunals are independent bodies that make decisions on administrative matters, but they often have the power to bypass the regular legal system. Special immunities are privileges granted to certain individuals or institutions, such as government officials, that allow them to avoid being held accountable for their actions under the law. When these mechanisms are misused, they can allow individuals or institutions to escape accountability for their actions and undermine the rule of law. This can lead to corruption, abuse of power, and a lack of trust in the government and legal system.

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The Alaafin was a constitutional monarch because his powers were constantly checked by the Oyomesi.

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The transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union was spearheaded by Thabo Mbeki, a South African politician who served as the second President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008. Mbeki played a key role in the formation of the African Union, which was established in 2002 to replace the Organization of African Unity. The African Union aims to promote greater unity and cooperation among African countries and to address the continent's social, economic, and political challenges.

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An unwritten constitution is a constitution not embodied in a single document but based chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decisions. It means that a state or country does not have a single written law functioning as a constitution. In such states, the customs and values, which are expressed in statutes provide the organic and fundamental law of such state.

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In a democratic government, franchise is given to all adult citizens. This means that if you are a citizen of a country and are above the age of 18 or whatever the legal age for voting in that country is, you have the right to vote in elections and have a say in who represents you in government. Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a member of a particular country, and the term "adult" generally refers to anyone who is 18 years or older. Therefore, it is only fair and just in a democracy that all adult citizens are granted the right to vote and participate in the democratic process. Franchise or the right to vote is an essential part of any democracy, as it allows citizens to choose their leaders, hold them accountable, and have a say in the policies that affect their lives. This is why it is important for all adult citizens to exercise their right to vote and participate in the democratic process.

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Individual ministerial responsibility is a constitutional convention that makes government ministers responsible for not only their own actions, but also for those of their department. It is not to be confused with collective cabinet responsibility, which states that cabinet members must approve publicly of its collective decisions or resign.

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The correct answer is "Oligarchy." Oligarchy is a form of government where a small group of people, often wealthy or powerful individuals, have control and power over the entire country or society. These individuals make decisions that benefit themselves, rather than considering the needs and interests of the broader population. In other words, an oligarchy is a government controlled by a few people for their own interests, which may not align with the interests of the rest of the population. The word "oligarchy" comes from the Greek words "oligos," meaning "few," and "arkhein," meaning "to rule."

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The first executive president of Nigeria was actually not any of the options listed. Nigeria's first executive president was Shehu Shagari. He served as president from 1979 to 1983, after winning the presidential election as the candidate of the National Party of Nigeria. Prior to his presidency, he had also served as the Minister of Economic Affairs and as the Minister of Finance in previous Nigerian governments. During his presidency, he focused on improving the economy and reducing corruption, but was unfortunately overthrown in a military coup in 1983.

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A political manifesto is a document which outlines a political party's programme, their goals, objectives and plans for the future if they were to be elected into power. It includes their policy positions on various issues such as the economy, education, health care, national security, and social welfare. Essentially, a manifesto is a public statement of a political party's intentions and priorities, and it is used to communicate their ideas and policies to voters before an election. The purpose of a political manifesto is to provide a clear and concise outline of what a political party stands for, and what they plan to achieve if elected, so that voters can make an informed choice at the ballot box.

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Venezuela is a founding member of OPEC. OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a group of countries that work together to regulate the supply and price of oil on the global market. It was established in 1960 by five founding members, including Venezuela, along with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. The purpose of the organization was to unify and coordinate the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic, and regular supply of petroleum to consumers. Over time, OPEC has grown to include several more member countries, but Venezuela remains one of the original and founding members of the organization.

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The first Head of Government in Nigeria after independence was Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Nigerian statesman who was a key figure in Nigeria's struggle for independence from Britain and was the country's first prime minister after independence was achieved in 1960. Balewa was a charismatic and influential leader who played a key role in shaping the course of Nigeria's early years as an independent nation. He worked to build a strong and united Nigeria, and his leadership helped to lay the foundation for the country's continued growth and development.

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Public opinion is the view expressed by the majority of the members of a society. It represents the collective opinion of a group of individuals on a particular topic, issue or event. Public opinion can be shaped by various factors such as personal experiences, cultural values, media influence, and political ideology. It is often measured through surveys, polls, and other forms of social research. Public opinion can have a significant impact on government policies, social norms, and cultural values.

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Nigeria is a member of ECOWAS, the OAU (now known as the African Union), and the UNO (now known as the United Nations). ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) is a regional organization consisting of 15 West African countries, with a mandate to promote economic integration and development in the region. Nigeria is one of the founding members of ECOWAS, and it plays a significant role in the organization's affairs. The OAU (Organization of African Unity) was established in 1963 to promote unity and solidarity among African states and to work towards the decolonization of the continent. The OAU has since been replaced by the African Union, which is a similar organization with a broader mandate. Nigeria was one of the founding members of the OAU and continues to be an active member of the African Union. The UNO (United Nations Organization) is an international organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and maintain international peace and security. Nigeria is a member of the UN and has been actively involved in its affairs since gaining independence in 1960. Nigeria is not a member of NATO, the Commonwealth of Nations, or the OAS (Organization of American States). It is, however, a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), which is a group of 13 oil-producing countries that coordinate their petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure a regular supply of petroleum to consumers.

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. Bye-laws are regulations made by local councils, government departments or other bodies that have been given the power to make them by a higher authority, usually an Act of Parliament. These bye-laws set out specific rules and regulations for a particular area or issue, and help to ensure that the policies set out by the higher authority are carried out effectively at a local level. Bye-laws can cover a wide range of topics, from parking regulations to waste management. They are an important tool for ensuring that the law is applied in a way that is appropriate to local circumstances and needs.

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A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.

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In pursuing the goal of regional economic cooperation and development, Nigeria helped create ECOWAS, which seeks to harmonise trade and investment practices for its 16 West African member countries and ultimately to achieve a full customs union.

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Citizenship of a country can be acquired through two main ways: birth and naturalization. Birthright citizenship is the most common way of acquiring citizenship, where a person automatically becomes a citizen of a country if they are born within its territorial boundaries or if their parents are citizens of that country. This means that a person can acquire citizenship by simply being born in a particular country or by being born to parents who are citizens of that country. On the other hand, naturalization is the process by which a person who is not a citizen of a country can become one. Naturalization requirements vary by country, but typically involve a period of legal residency, a demonstrated understanding of the country's language, history, and government, and passing a citizenship test. Once these requirements are met, an individual can apply to become a citizen and, if approved, will be granted citizenship. While parliamentary legislation or presidential proclamation can also be used to confer citizenship in certain circumstances, they are not as commonly used as birthright citizenship and naturalization. Registration and arbitration, on the other hand, do not typically confer citizenship on an individual but may be used to resolve disputes related to citizenship.

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The body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms was the local government council. The 1976 local government reforms in Nigeria aimed to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people by creating more autonomous local government areas. As part of this reform, the local government council was established as the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments. The local government council was made up of elected representatives who were responsible for the management and administration of their respective local government areas. They had the power to make laws, levy taxes, and provide essential services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation. In contrast, the other options listed are not accurate descriptions of the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms. The local government commission was created to oversee the establishment and operation of local governments, while the local government committee was responsible for conducting elections and supervising the activities of the local government councils. The committee of chairmen and supervisory councilors was not a recognized body in the 1976 local government reforms.

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The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws. In other words, it is the role of the judiciary to determine the meaning and understand the intent behind the laws that have been enacted by the legislative branch of government. The judiciary acts as an independent and impartial body that resolves legal disputes and ensures that the laws are applied fairly and consistently. This helps to maintain a stable and just society by providing a fair and impartial system for resolving disputes and interpreting the law.

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Political socialization is a lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values. The family, educational system, peer groups, and the mass media all play a role.

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In the old Oyo Empire, the Ajele was responsible for ensuring good governance of the districts. The Ajele was a high-ranking official appointed by the Alaafin (the king) to oversee the administration of a particular district. The Ajele acted as the king's representative and ensured that the people in the district were following the king's laws and policies. The Ajele also collected taxes, resolved disputes, and maintained peace and order in the district. While the Oyo Empire had a standing army, the Ajele did not typically have direct responsibility for mobilizing or commanding military forces. The Oyo Empire was known for its robust trade networks, but the Ajele's responsibilities did not specifically include ensuring the safety of trade routes.

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The major difference between a state and a nation is that the latter presupposes a homogeneous population. A state is an organized political entity with a defined territory, a government, and a population. On the other hand, a nation is a group of people who share common cultural, linguistic, or historical characteristics. A nation may or may not have a defined territory, a government, or a state. The key characteristic that distinguishes a nation from a state is the homogeneity of its population. A nation is typically composed of people who share a common language, history, religion, or cultural heritage. In contrast, a state may have a diverse population with different languages, religions, or cultures. For example, the United States is a state with a diverse population, including people of different races, religions, and ethnic backgrounds. In contrast, Japan is a nation with a relatively homogeneous population that shares a common language, culture, and history. Therefore, the concept of a nation presupposes a homogeneous population, whereas a state may or may not have a homogeneous population.

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The highest decision-making body in Nigeria under the Buhari military regime was the Supreme Military Council (SMC). The SMC was the highest military authority in Nigeria and had the power to make decisions on all matters of national significance, including the country's political, economic, and social affairs. The SMC was made up of the top military officers in Nigeria, including the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff, and other key military leaders. The SMC was responsible for making all major policy decisions in Nigeria during Buhari's military regime, and its decisions were binding on all other government institutions.

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OPEC is an economic body formed to meet the interests of petroleum exporting countries in which African nation states are involved and easily influenced by its policies as they are regarded as third world countries.

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The following are the key rights of Nigerian citizens:
- Right to life
- Right to dignity
- Right to personal liberty
- Right to fair hearing
- Right to privacy
- Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
- Right to freedom of expression
- Right to freedom of assembly and association
- Right to freedom of movement
- Right to freedom from discrimination
- Right to own property

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A state that is ruled by an elected citizen is called a republic. In a republic, the citizens have the power to elect their leaders, who are then responsible for governing the country. This is different from a monarchy, where the ruler is usually a hereditary monarch, and an empire, which is typically ruled by an emperor who has seized power through force. In a plutocracy, the country is ruled by wealthy individuals who have acquired significant economic power and influence. This is not the same as a republic, as the citizens do not necessarily have a say in who governs them. Overall, a republic is a form of government that is based on the principle of elected representation, where the people choose their leaders through a democratic process.

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In the realm of bilateral relations, Nigeria did not hesitate to break diplomatic ties with France in 1961 when France tested an atomic bomb in the Sahara Desert. The action was against the firm warning by Nigeria having observed that the test was going to be injurious to Nigeria and some other African countries. Thus, Nigeria imposed stern economic measures on France, first banning all ship movements of French origins from navigating the coastal areas of Nigeria.

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The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. The company existed for a comparatively short time (1879–1900) but was instrumental in the formation of Colonial Nigeria, as it enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck during the 1890s. In 1900, the company-controlled territories became the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was in turn united with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 (which eventually gained independence within the same borders as the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1960).

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Political authority is vested in the government. Political authority refers to the power and legitimacy that a government has to make decisions and take actions on behalf of a country or a state. This authority is given to the government by the people who live in that country through a process of democratic elections, where citizens choose their representatives to hold political office. The government is the primary institution responsible for exercising political authority. It is made up of elected officials, such as the president or prime minister, who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies that affect the lives of citizens. The government also includes a range of administrative agencies and departments, such as the treasury, defense, and health departments, that are responsible for carrying out specific functions of governance. The government is accountable to the people who elected it, and it must act in the best interests of the citizens it serves. If the government does not meet the needs and expectations of the people, it can be replaced through the democratic process in the next election. Therefore, when we talk about where political authority is vested, the answer is the government, as it is the institution that is responsible for exercising political power and making decisions on behalf of the people.

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In the old Oyo empire, the Ajele were responsible for ensuring the good governance of the district and ensuring the safety of the trade routes. They were not responsible for mobilizing the army or being the head of the army. The Ajele were appointed by the Alaafin (the king of the Oyo empire) to serve as his representatives in the provinces. They were responsible for overseeing the administration of the district, including the collection of taxes, settling disputes, and maintaining law and order. They were also responsible for protecting the trade routes within their district, which were crucial for the economic well-being of the empire. The Ajele played an important role in maintaining the stability and prosperity of the Oyo empire.

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Citizenship of a state by descent requires that one's parents or ancestors were citizens of that state. This means that if a person's parent or grandparent was a citizen of the state, then that person may be eligible to apply for citizenship by descent. Simply being born or bred in the state or being domiciled in that state does not automatically confer citizenship by descent. It is the lineage or ancestry that determines one's eligibility for citizenship by descent.

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A major feature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was that power was effectively decentralized. This means that there was no central authority or king who held absolute power over the entire society. Instead, political power was dispersed among a network of village councils, age grades, and other community organizations. Decisions were made through a process of consensus-building, and each member of the community had a voice in the decision-making process. This system was based on customs and traditions, and was not autocratic, meaning that there was no single ruler with the power to make unilateral decisions. The Igbo political system was not theocratic, meaning that it was not based on religious authority or the rule of religious leaders. While religion played an important role in Igbo society, it was not the basis of the political system. Overall, the decentralized nature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was a key feature that allowed for a high degree of individual autonomy and self-governance, while also promoting community cohesion and cooperation.

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One advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it contains customary laws and conventions. An unwritten constitution is a set of rules and principles that are not codified in a single, formal document. Instead, it is based on a collection of laws, customs, and traditions that have evolved over time. These laws and customs reflect the values and beliefs of a particular society and provide a framework for its governance. Because an unwritten constitution is based on established customs and traditions, it can be more flexible and adaptable than a written constitution. It can respond more readily to changes in society and be more reflective of the needs and interests of the people. This flexibility can be an advantage in situations where a society is evolving rapidly or facing significant challenges. Furthermore, an unwritten constitution can provide for the protection of minority rights, as it may contain unwritten conventions and customs that safeguard those rights. This can be particularly important in diverse societies where different groups may have competing interests. In summary, one advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it can contain customary laws and conventions, providing a flexible framework for governance that can adapt to changes in society and safeguard the rights of minorities.

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The institutions which constitute the main organs of the government of a nation are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, which are then implemented by the executive branch. The executive branch, which is led by the head of government (e.g. president, prime minister), is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, as well as managing the day-to-day affairs of the state. The judiciary, which is typically independent of the other branches, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently. In this way, the three branches of government work together to ensure that the state functions effectively and that the rights and interests of its citizens are protected. While the civil service and the senate may be important institutions in some countries, they are not the main organs of government in a nation, as they do not have the same level of responsibility and authority as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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The United Nations Security Council president is elected for one month in which it rotates among its members.

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The correct answer is Zenith Bank Plc. A public corporation is a government-owned entity that operates as a business or provides a public service. In Nigeria, examples of public corporations include the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), the Nigerian Steel Development Authority, and the Nigeria Railway Corporation. However, Zenith Bank Plc is not a public corporation in Nigeria, but a private bank that is owned by shareholders. While it is a highly respected financial institution in Nigeria, it is not owned or controlled by the Nigerian government, and therefore cannot be classified as a public corporation.

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The creation of more states in Nigeria has increased the number of administrative units in the country, but it has not eliminated ethnic and religious conflicts. While some argue that creating more states can help reduce the gap between rich and poor states, this has not been uniformly observed, and the impact may be mixed. The creation of more states has not necessarily increased the powers of the federal government, but it has increased the powers of the states and local government as they now have more autonomy to make decisions on issues that affect them.

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Capitalism is an economic system which emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, the means of production and distribution of goods and services are mainly in the hands of private individuals and companies, rather than the government. The goal of a capitalist system is to create wealth for individuals through market competition and the creation of goods and services in demand. The key idea behind capitalism is that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and profits, and that this will ultimately lead to economic growth and prosperity for society as a whole.

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The major motivation of British colonization of Nigeria was to satisfy British economic interests. During the 19th century, the British were expanding their global trade network and looking for new markets to sell their manufactured goods and acquire raw materials to fuel their industries. Nigeria, with its vast resources of palm oil, groundnuts, cocoa, and rubber, became an attractive target for British trade interests. The British established trading posts and gradually extended their control over the country through treaties and military conquests. They imposed a cash-crop economy on the country, which meant that Nigerians were forced to grow crops for export rather than for their own consumption. This led to the exploitation of Nigerian labor and resources, which greatly benefited the British economy. While the British did spread their religion and westernize Nigerians to some extent, these efforts were secondary to their primary goal of satisfying their economic interests. As for protecting Nigeria from external attack, this was not a significant factor in the British colonization of Nigeria, as the country was not facing any major external threats at the time.

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A society that is politically organized under a government is called a polity. This means that there is a system of rules and regulations that guide the behavior of individuals within the society and that these rules are enforced by a centralized authority, such as a government. The term "polity" can be used to describe any form of political organization, from a small town to a large nation-state. It is important to note that a polity may also be referred to as a sovereign state or a national state, but these terms imply additional characteristics, such as a defined territory and recognition by other states.