JAMB UTME - History - 2019

The most immediate reason for the declaration, by Ojukwu, of Eastern Nigeria as an independent State of Biafra was that

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Ojukwu, being Governor of the Eastern Region, immediately declared it an independence State of Biafra seeing as Gowon created twelve states in May 1976 without consultation. This, Ojukwu considered as the last straw.

The Royal Niger Company was influential in the formation of Colonial Nigeria because it

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The Royal Niger Company enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck in the 1890s.Its company-controlled territories were made Protectorates and later amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

In Sierra Leone, the ... was the first established Christian Church for British freed slaves among others

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The Church Missionary Society (CMS) was the first established Christian Church in Sierra Leone for British freed slaves and others. The CMS was founded in 1799 by a group of Anglican clergymen and laymen in England, with the aim of spreading Christianity and combating the slave trade in Africa. The society established several mission stations in Sierra Leone, including Regent and Hastings, and played a key role in the education and evangelization of the people. The CMS was also instrumental in the founding of Fourah Bay College, the first western-style university in West Africa.

An inquiry into the need for a People-led and informed Constitution was central to ... regime

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Arthur Richard had as his main priority a need to promote unity in Nigeria and ensure greater participation of the people in their own affairs. This was as a matter of fact, the surrounding essence of his 1946 Constitution.

Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with having

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Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with transforming Benin city into a city-state. Oba Ewuare was a powerful and visionary ruler who ruled the Kingdom of Benin in the 15th century. He is known for his reforms and innovations, which helped to transform the city of Benin into a thriving metropolis. Under his rule, the city was transformed into a city-state with a complex and sophisticated system of governance, a thriving economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Oba Ewuare also helped to strengthen the kingdom's political and military power, making it one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa at the time. His legacy continues to influence the people of Benin and to shape the cultural identity of the region to this day.

The end of the Era of Princes in Ethiopia was a key factor in

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The end of the Zamana Masaf∂nt (Era of Princes) led to the centralisation of state power in the hands of the Emperors of Ethiopia. This consolidation of power helped in confronting the Italo-Egyptian invasion in the 19th Century.

The particular incident that led to Macaulay's imprisonment, twice, by the colonial power was

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In retaliation to the successful defence of Eshugbayi Eleko as the rightful king of Lagos and the humiliation this brought to the British officials, Macaulay was jailed twice by the colonial power thereafter.

The National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) was formed

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The correct answer is May 15, 1994, the NADECO was established to press for the revalidation of the June 12, 1993 Presidential election and the reinstallation of all democratic structures.

Colonialism is often regarded as a double-edged sword particularly because

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Although colonial rule contributed to social development as investments and infrastructures were built, however, 'the infrastructure built from West African forced labour was also designed to exploit natural resources. A double-edged sword situation.

In 17th Century, the Dutch settlers largely relied on ... to build up South Africa

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In the 17th century, Dutch settlers largely relied on black South African slaves to build up South Africa. The Dutch East India Company, which controlled the Cape Colony, needed a large workforce to establish a settlement and grow crops to supply their ships. To meet this demand, they imported slaves from Angola, Mozambique, and other parts of Africa to work on farms and in households. Over time, the slave population grew and became an essential part of the economy. They were used for a variety of tasks, such as farming, construction, and domestic work. Despite the harsh conditions and treatment, the slave population also contributed to the cultural diversity of the region. It's worth noting that while natural resources, government proceeds, and basic social infrastructure were also important factors in building up South Africa, in the 17th century, it was the labor of black South African slaves that played a crucial role in the development of the region.

Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to

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Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade. Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the late 19th century. During his reign, he sought to modernize and expand his territories, and he recognized that he needed the help of European powers to achieve his goals. In particular, he saw the need to control the slave trade in Sudan, which was a major source of income for local rulers and traders but was also a source of instability and violence. To address this problem, Khedive Ismail turned to the British, who had already established a presence in East Africa and were opposed to the slave trade. He appointed British officers to serve in the Sudanese government and military, hoping that their expertise and influence would help him to combat the trade and bring stability to the region. Under the leadership of these British officers, the Sudanese government launched a series of military campaigns against slave traders and rebellious tribes. These campaigns were often brutal and controversial, but they succeeded in suppressing the slave trade and consolidating the power of the Sudanese government. In summary, Khedive Ismail appointed British officers in Sudan in order to fight against the lucrative slave trade, which was a major source of instability in the region. By working with the British, he hoped to bring stability and order to the Sudanese territories and to modernize his government.

All the following except one spurred the nationalist drives in British West Africa

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The option that did not spur nationalist drives in British West Africa is "the adoption of the policy of Assimilation." The policy of Assimilation, which was adopted by the French in their colonies, aimed to transform the indigenous people into French people by replacing their traditional customs, language, and institutions with those of France. However, this policy was not adopted by the British in their colonies, including British West Africa. Instead, the British practiced indirect rule, which allowed the local traditional rulers to maintain their power while the British administered their colonies. The existence of diverse political parties, the tolerance of nationalist newspapers, and the unfair socio-political environment all contributed to the growth of nationalism in British West Africa. Diverse political parties gave a platform for different ethnic groups and interests to express their views and contest for power. Nationalist newspapers helped to spread ideas of nationalism and independence, while an unfair socio-political environment that favored British interests over local interests created discontent among the people, which fueled the nationalist drives.

The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was ... under the platform of the

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The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was Alex Ekwueme, under the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The 2nd Republic was a short-lived civilian government in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983, and Alex Ekwueme served as Vice President under President Shehu Shagari, who was elected on the platform of the NPN. Ekwueme was a prominent architect, politician, and statesman who played a significant role in the political and economic development of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic.

The head of the administration of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was titled

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High Commissioner is the correct answer. Lord Lugard was appointed as the High Commissioner of the Northern Protectorate in 1900.

One critical factor which spurred the abrupt termination of the Nigerian fledging democracy in the First Republic was the

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The correct answer is the nationwide corruption by the politicians. This gave the military coup plotters the leverage to overthrow the ruling government. N.B: The question tests your knowledge on what most importantly inspired the military disruption of the Nigerian growing democracy in the 1st Republic.

The London Constitutional Conference of 1957 was targeted at

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The London Constitutional Conference of 1957 was aimed at preparing the groundwork for the self-governance and inclusive development of Nigeria. The conference was held in London, UK, between May and June 1957, and was attended by Nigerian political leaders and representatives from the British government. At the conference, the Nigerian leaders discussed various issues related to the country's political future, including the formation of a federal system of government, the powers of the central and regional governments, and the establishment of a constitution for an independent Nigeria. The conference was an important step towards Nigeria's eventual independence in 1960, as it helped to establish the framework for a democratic, federal system of government that would allow for greater participation and representation of Nigeria's diverse regions and ethnic groups.

... was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century

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Ottoman Turkey was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire was a major political and military power in the world during this time, and its reach extended into North Africa. The Ottomans controlled a large portion of the region, including modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. This control allowed them to exert significant influence over the region and its peoples, and to shape its political and cultural landscape. At the end of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa, as the Portuguese Empire was primarily focused on West Africa and the Italo-Egyptian Empire did not yet exist.

King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed for ...

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King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed by the British colonialists because of his obstruction of commerce. He was a powerful African king and leader of the Opobo city-state in what is now Nigeria. He controlled much of the trade in the region and imposed taxes on European traders, which caused conflict with the British colonial government. As a result, the British military forcibly removed him from power and exiled him to the island of Saint Vincent in the West Indies.

All the following except one are the communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied

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Out of the given options, all are communes of the colony of Senegal where the Policy of Assimilation was applied except "Kaolack." The Policy of Assimilation was a French colonial policy that aimed to assimilate the indigenous populations of their colonies into French culture and society. The policy was implemented in different ways in different colonies, but in Senegal, it was implemented through a system of communes. Under the system of communes, certain cities were designated as communes and were given a greater degree of autonomy and self-government. These communes were also opened up to non-French citizens, including the indigenous population, who could become full French citizens by adopting French culture and values. The four communes mentioned in the question, Saint Louis, Rufisque, Goree, and Kaolack, were all part of the colony of Senegal, but only the first three were the communes where the Policy of Assimilation was applied. Kaolack was not designated as a commune until 1914, which was after the implementation of the Policy of Assimilation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Kaolack," as it is the commune that was not part of the Policy of Assimilation in the colony of Senegal.

The ... headed under the Chairmanship Muhammadu Buhari was the governing body in Nigeria

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The governing body in Nigeria that was headed under the Chairmanship of Muhammadu Buhari was the Supreme Military Council. This was a military government in Nigeria that was in power from 1983 to 1985. The Supreme Military Council was the highest decision-making body in the military government, and it was chaired by the head of state, which at the time was Muhammadu Buhari. The council was made up of the top military officers in the country, and it was responsible for making all major decisions regarding the governance of Nigeria.

The most remarkable acheivement of the Buhari's Military regime is the

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The most remarkable achievement of the Buhari's Military regime is the "War Against Indiscipline." The "War Against Indiscipline" was a campaign launched by the Buhari regime in Nigeria to promote discipline and order in society. It aimed to address issues such as corruption, laziness, and lack of punctuality among the citizens. The campaign was known for its strict measures, such as fining or jailing those who broke the rules, and it helped to instill a sense of accountability and responsibility in the public. This campaign was widely credited with bringing about a significant improvement in the level of discipline and order in Nigeria, and it remains one of the most well-known legacies of the Buhari regime.

The central agenda of the Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the

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The central agenda of Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the exploitation of natural resources for development finance in Egypt. Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman-Egyptian ruler who rose to power in the early 19th century and established a dynasty that lasted until the mid-20th century. He was known for his ambitious modernization program, which aimed to transform Egypt into a modern, industrialized nation. To finance this program, Muhammad Ali exploited Egypt's natural resources, including agricultural land, minerals, and labor, to generate revenue. He also established a centralized bureaucracy and military to maintain control over the country and to further his agenda of modernization. In this way, Muhammad Ali's rule marked a significant turning point in Egyptian history and set the stage for the country's continued development and modernization in the years to come.

The inception of state creation in the Nigerian military era is traceable to the regime of

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The inception of state creation in Nigeria is traceable to the regime of General Yakubu Gowon, who was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. During his regime, the country witnessed a major reorganization of its administrative structure with the creation of 12 new states in 1967, in addition to the four existing ones at that time. The creation of these states was part of a strategy to promote national unity and reduce the concentration of power in the hands of a few. It was also aimed at addressing the concerns of ethnic and regional imbalances that had characterized Nigerian politics and governance in the past. Thus, it was under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon that state creation was first introduced in Nigeria, and it has since then become a significant aspect of the country's political development.

Imperialist powers in Africa inbuilt antagonism by taking advantage of the cultural diversity of the people through the...

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Imperialist powers in Africa used the "Divide-and-Rule Policy" to maintain control and domination over the continent. This policy involved dividing different ethnic, religious, or cultural groups against each other, creating conflicts and preventing unity among the people. By doing so, the colonial powers could easily maintain control and exploit the resources of the African countries without facing much resistance from the local population. In simple terms, the "Divide-and-Rule Policy" was a strategy used by colonial powers to weaken the solidarity of the people and make it easier for them to govern.

A Policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of

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A policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion and firearms trading. The Kanem-Borno Empire was a medieval state that existed in present-day Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon from the 9th century to the 19th century. During its peak, the empire was a major center of trade and commerce, and it controlled a vast territory that stretched across the Sahel region of Africa. The empire's rulers were known for their military prowess, and they employed a variety of strategies to expand their territory and influence. One of the most important policies of the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion. The empire's rulers constantly sought to expand their territory and increase their power, often through military conquests and alliances with neighboring states. In addition to military campaigns, the empire's rulers also engaged in diplomacy and trade to expand their influence. Firearms trading was another central policy of the Kanem-Borno Empire. The empire was a major center of trade in the Sahel region, and its rulers were known for their ability to acquire and trade firearms, which gave them a significant military advantage over their rivals. Firearms were often acquired through trade with Arab and European merchants, and they were used extensively in the empire's military campaigns. In summary, the Kanem-Borno Empire's central policies included imperial expansion and firearms trading, which were essential to the empire's military and economic power.

All but one of the following triggered the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan

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Unpleasant immigration policy of the foreign government is the correct answer. For reasons of heavy taxation which led to famine, depopulation etc, the foreign government's increased reliance on European Christians including its fight against slave trade, among related other reasons, led tp the Madhiyya revolution.

All except one of the following motivated the scramble for Africa

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The imperialists were for every other reasons interested in Africa, except that they thought of it as an avenue to smoothen foreign relations with African States.

The first African female President of the United Nations General Assembly is

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The first African female President of the United Nations General Assembly is Angie Brooks. Angie Brooks was a Liberian diplomat and lawyer who served as the President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1969 to 1970. She was the first woman and the first African to hold this position. Brooks was a prominent advocate for women's rights and worked to promote peace and development in Africa. Her historic achievement paved the way for more women to take on leadership roles in international organizations.

The First and Second World Wars were between ... respectively

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The First and Second World Wars were between 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 respectively. The First World War, also known as World War I, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved the majority of the world's great powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire, and it resulted in the deaths of millions of people and the reshaping of the political and social landscape of Europe. The Second World War, also known as World War II, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, and it resulted in even greater loss of life and the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers. These two wars had a profound and lasting impact on the world and continue to shape the global political and economic landscape to this day.

Which one of the following is incorrect?

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The Alkali Courts were headed by the Alkali judges in the Hausa/Fulani Empire not the Hakimis, who were actually the head of districts.

All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule

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All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule: attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s. The re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule was due to a number of factors, including the availability of capital from India, the increased demand for slaves, and the willingness of Africans in the interior to take slaves to the coast. These factors created a favorable environment for the revival of trade, which had declined under previous rule. The Omani empire took advantage of this situation and established itself as a major player in the trade of goods and slaves along the East African coast. The attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s, on the other hand, had little to do with the revival of trade patterns and was more related to the competition for control over the region and its resources.

The connections between Kano and the province of Nupe was notable in the reign of Kano's

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Sarkin Dauda is the correct answer. In the reign of Kano's Sarkin Dauda (c. 1421-38), the connection between Kano and Nupe was visible and the major power between them was Zaria, which conquered a large expanse of land.

Increase in the number of people living below the poverty line in Africa is particularly because

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It is largely and logically smart to trace Africa's poverty increase to the widespread unemployment rate of the youth - the largest proportion of the African population. N.B: as much as almost all of the options are right, the emphasis in the question is on 'particularly'.

The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its

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The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its use of terra cotta and bronze heads. The Ife people were known for their impressive artistic skills and their use of natural resources to create beautiful objects of art. Among the most notable of their creations were the terra cotta and bronze heads, which are believed to have been used for both religious and ceremonial purposes. These heads were created with such skill and detail that they have become some of the most recognizable artifacts of African art. The Ife Civilization is therefore regarded as one of the most advanced and sophisticated civilizations in pre-colonial Africa.

The Nigerian Civil war ...

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The Nigerian Civil War which lasted from 6th July, 1967 - 12th January, 1970 was fought as a result of the Gowon-Government's efforts to counter the struggle by the Igbos from breaking away from Nigeria. A reason for reintegration and reunification of Nigeria.

The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was done to commemorate Nigeria's

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The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration to commemorate a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914. The Amalgamation was a historic event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates of Nigeria to form a single entity, which was the foundation of the modern state of Nigeria. The celebration was a way to reflect on Nigeria's history, achievements, challenges, and aspirations as a nation. Although the Centenary Anniversary celebrated the Amalgamation, it also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence on October 1st, 1960, and the transition to a democratic government on May 29th, 1999. In summary, the Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration of a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914, which was a significant event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates to form a single entity. While the celebration also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence and transition to democracy, the main focus was to reflect on Nigeria's past, present, and future as a nation.

The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into Emirates was largely due to

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The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into Emirates was largely due to the geographical reasons of the vastness of the territory under the Caliphate's control. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast Islamic empire that covered a large area of present-day Northern Nigeria and some parts of Niger, Benin, and Cameroon. The administration of such a vast territory was challenging, and it became necessary to break it down into smaller administrative units for effective governance. To achieve this, the Caliphate was divided into Emirates, with each being headed by an Emir who was responsible for the administration of his Emirates. This administrative structure made it easier to control the territory and provided an opportunity for the decentralization of power. While there may have been some rivalry between the Hausa Jihadists and the Fulani scholars, and some economic factors may have influenced the decision to create the Emirates, the primary reason was the need for a more efficient administrative structure due to the geographical vastness of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in ... to form

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The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were merged in 1906 to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In the late 19th century, the British established a number of colonies and protectorates in what is now Nigeria, with the aim of controlling trade and exploiting natural resources. The Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, which had been established in 1861, was one of these territories, while the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was formed in 1900. In 1906, the British government decided to merge these two territories to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The merger was part of a broader effort to streamline British administration in Nigeria and create a more efficient colonial system. The new colony and protectorate was a vast territory that included a diverse array of ethnic and linguistic groups. It was governed by a governor, who was appointed by the British government, and had a legislative council that included both appointed and elected members. The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria continued to exist until 1914, when it was merged with the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, which was administered as a single entity until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

Under the chairmanship of ... the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed

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None of the listed individuals served as the chairman during the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Nigeria, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. However, the individual who played a pivotal role in its formation was General Yakubu Gowon, who was Nigeria's military head of state at the time.

Traditionally, the Efik people have accounts of their migration from the territory

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Ibibio and Igbo is the correct answer. Although the actual origins of the Efik people are unknown. However, historical oral traditions provide accounts of their migration from Igbo and Ibibio territory (to the North-west of Calabar) to their present location.