WAEC SSCE - Government - 2020 (Objective)

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The age of the leader does not influence a country's foreign policy. Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy in dealing with other nations and international organizations. A country's foreign policy is shaped by various factors, including national interests, security concerns, economic considerations, and cultural and historical ties. The desire for foreign investments can influence a country's foreign policy, as it may seek to attract investment from other countries to boost its economy. International law, conventions, and treaties also play a significant role in shaping a country's foreign policy, as they provide guidelines and rules for interactions between nations. Religion and racial factors can also influence a country's foreign policy, as they may impact cultural ties and relationships with other nations. However, the age of the leader is not a relevant factor in shaping a country's foreign policy. While a leader's personal views, experiences, and values may play a role in their approach to foreign policy, their age alone does not have a direct impact on a country's foreign policy decisions. Therefore, the correct answer is that the age of the leader does not influence a country's foreign policy.

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An advantage of a two-party system is that it simplifies the electoral process. In a two-party system, voters have to choose between two major parties, which reduces the number of choices that they have to make. This simplification makes the electoral process easier for voters to understand, and reduces the likelihood of confusion or errors. Additionally, it can make it easier for parties to campaign, as they only have to focus on winning a majority of votes against one opponent rather than many.

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The reserved veto powers made the colonial government a "Virtual Dictator." The colonial governor had the power to veto any legislation passed by the Legislative Council, even if it had the support of the majority of members. This meant that the colonial governor could effectively control the entire legislative process and ensure that policies were implemented according to his wishes, without any real opposition or checks and balances. This system was used by many colonial powers to maintain control over their colonies and limit the power of local elected representatives.

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In modern democracy, a government is a contrast between the rulers and the ruled. Democracy is a form of government in which power is held by the people through free and fair elections. The people choose their representatives who then make decisions on their behalf. This means that the government is made up of elected officials who hold power temporarily, and are accountable to the people who voted for them. In this way, the government represents a contrast between the rulers (elected officials) and the ruled (the people who voted for them).

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A feature of a confederal state is that any unit can secede at will. A confederal state is a type of political organization in which the central government has limited powers and the constituent units, such as states or regions, have a high degree of autonomy and independence. In a confederal state, the central government is responsible for certain functions, such as foreign policy and defense, while the constituent units are responsible for other functions, such as taxation and administration. One of the key features of a confederal state is that any of the constituent units can secede from the central government at will. This means that the constituent units have the right to withdraw from the confederation if they so choose. This feature is in contrast to a federal state, in which the constituent units cannot secede and must remain part of the federal government. Confederal states are often used as a solution to complex political and cultural differences between constituent units. By giving the units a high degree of autonomy and independence, the central government can accommodate a wide range of interests and perspectives. However, the ability of any unit to secede at will can also lead to instability and conflict, as the constituent units may have different goals and priorities.

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The formation of the African Union is aimed at achieving a wider goal of continental government. The African Union was formed in 2002 to replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU) with the objective of promoting political and economic integration among African countries, and ultimately, to establish a continental government. The African Union seeks to strengthen the unity and solidarity among African nations, as well as to promote peace, security, and stability on the continent. By working together, African nations can better address common challenges such as poverty, disease, conflict, and underdevelopment.

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The flexibility and rigidity of a constitution refer to the "ease of amending the constitution". A constitution is a set of fundamental principles and rules that govern a country or organization. The flexibility and rigidity of a constitution refer to how easy or difficult it is to make changes to the constitution. A flexible or "unwritten" constitution is one that can be easily amended or changed without much difficulty. A rigid or "written" constitution is one that is difficult to change and requires a special process or procedure to make amendments. The flexibility or rigidity of a constitution depends on the source and nature of the constitution, as well as the process for making amendments to it.

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Violent socio-political unrest usually leads to the curtailment of the rights of citizens. This is because during such periods, the government may impose restrictions on citizens' rights and freedoms in an effort to maintain order and security. For instance, the government may impose curfews, ban public gatherings, censor the media, and detain citizens without trial. These measures are often seen as necessary to restore order but can lead to the infringement of citizens' rights. The other options listed in the question, such as transitional period, granting of presidential pardon, and period of constitutional pardon, do not necessarily lead to the curtailment of citizens' rights.

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Monocephalous executive refers to a system of government where there is only one head of the executive branch. One advantage of this system is quick decision-making. This is because the head of the executive branch has the power to make decisions without having to consult or seek approval from other branches of government, leading to quicker implementation of policies and projects. On the other hand, in a system where power is shared among multiple individuals or groups, decision-making can be slower and more complicated due to the need for consensus-building and compromise.

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The observance of the rule of law in a state requires an independent judiciary. The rule of law is a principle that states that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law. It means that the law is supreme and that everyone, regardless of their status or power, must abide by it. For the rule of law to be upheld, it is essential that there is an independent judiciary, which means that the judicial system is free from interference and influence by other branches of government or outside forces. An independent judiciary ensures that the law is applied fairly and impartially, and that individuals and institutions are held accountable for their actions. Having an independent judiciary is crucial for the protection of individual rights and freedoms, as well as for promoting stability, predictability, and fairness in a society. It is an important component of a functioning democracy and helps to ensure that the rule of law is respected and upheld.

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The police reform does not include public execution of law breakers. The primary function of police reform is to improve the effectiveness, accountability, and professionalism of law enforcement agencies. This involves a wide range of initiatives and changes, including improving training and education, increasing transparency and accountability, and strengthening community relations. One of the key objectives of police reform is to ensure that the police are able to protect life and property, enforce the law, and maintain order in a fair and impartial manner. This involves improving the police's ability to respond to and investigate crime, as well as their ability to prevent crime and ensure public safety. However, public execution of law breakers is not a function of police reform. This practice is illegal in most countries and goes against the principles of human rights and the rule of law. The police are responsible for investigating and prosecuting law breakers, but they do not have the power to carry out public executions. Police reform is focused on improving the ability of law enforcement agencies to serve and protect the public, while upholding the principles of human rights and the rule of law. The objective is to create a more effective, accountable, and professional police force that is better equipped to prevent and respond to crime.

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Political participation can take many forms, including belonging to a trade union or being a member of a pressure group. It can also involve canvassing for votes during an election or organizing festivals to celebrate a good harvest. Essentially, any activity that involves an individual or group of individuals engaging in the political process, expressing their opinions, and contributing to the decision-making process can be considered a form of political participation.

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A confederal state is characterized by the distribution of power between the central government and independent units (states, provinces, etc.). Unlike a federal state, in a confederal state, each unit has greater autonomy, and they can secede from the central government at will. Therefore, the correct option from the given choices is "any unit can secede at will."

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One reason for the failure of the assimilation policy in French West Africa was the refusal of the African to be culturally colonized. The assimilation policy was a policy implemented by the French colonial government in West Africa, which aimed to assimilate the African population into French culture and society. The policy was based on the idea that the African people were primitive and uncivilized, and that they could be elevated to the level of French citizens through exposure to French culture and education. However, this policy was met with resistance from the African population, who refused to be culturally colonized. They saw their own cultures and traditions as valuable and worth preserving, and they did not want to be forced to adopt French culture. This resistance was fueled by a growing sense of nationalism and a desire for independence, as well as a recognition of the cultural and political differences between the French and the African people. The refusal of the African to be culturally colonized was a major factor in the failure of the assimilation policy in French West Africa. The policy was seen as a threat to African identity and sovereignty, and it was ultimately rejected by the African people, who demanded the right to determine their own cultural and political future.

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Public opinion refers to the views, attitudes, and beliefs held by the majority of citizens in a country about a particular policy or issue. It represents the collective opinion of the people, and is usually measured through polls, surveys, and other research methods. Public opinion is important in democratic societies, as it helps shape policy decisions made by government officials and other leaders.

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The principle of separating the judiciary from the other organs of government and making it free from executive and legislative influence is called the separation of powers. The separation of powers is a fundamental principle of democratic governance, which divides the functions of government into three branches: the legislative branch, which makes the laws; the executive branch, which carries out the laws; and the judicial branch, which interprets the laws. The idea behind the separation of powers is to ensure that no single branch of government has too much power and that each branch can check and balance the power of the others. This helps to prevent the abuse of power and ensures that the government operates in a manner that is accountable, transparent, and responsive to the needs of the people. In this context, the judiciary is separated from the other organs of government and is made independent in order to ensure that it can make impartial and fair decisions without being influenced by the executive or legislative branches. This helps to ensure that the judiciary can serve as an impartial arbiter of justice and uphold the rule of law.

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Under the Crown Colony system of administration, major policies were implemented in the colonies by the Colonial Governor. The Crown Colony system was a form of colonial administration used by the British Empire from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. Under this system, the British government directly controlled the administration of its colonies, usually through a governor who was appointed by the British monarch. The governor had wide-ranging powers and was responsible for implementing major policies in the colony, including economic, social, and political policies. The governor was supported by a team of officials, including a Colonial Secretary and other administrative staff. However, the governor was the ultimate decision-maker and had the power to veto any decision made by the colonial legislature or other colonial officials. Therefore, the correct answer is that under the Crown Colony system of administration, major policies were implemented in the colonies by the Colonial Governor.

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The institution established by the constitution to be responsible for recruiting personnel into the civil service is the Public Service Commission. The Public Service Commission is an independent constitutional body established to ensure that the recruitment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants are done in a fair, transparent and merit-based manner. The commission is responsible for advertising vacant positions in the civil service, receiving applications, shortlisting candidates, conducting interviews, and making recommendations to the appropriate government agency for appointment. The commission also ensures that civil servants are promoted based on their qualifications and experience, and that they are disciplined fairly and justly if they violate the rules and regulations of the civil service.

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The correct answer is "chief of staff control" because it is not a recognized means of controlling public corporations. Legislative control involves the laws made by the legislative body, while judicial control refers to the legal oversight of the courts. Ministerial control is exercised by the relevant minister who oversees the activities of the public corporation. However, "chief of staff control" is not a recognized means of controlling public corporations.

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The redresses mentioned in the question are legal remedies that can be sought at a court of law to address grievances or injustices. Injunction, mandamus, and certiorari are all valid redresses that can be sought at a court of law to address various grievances. Injunction is a court order that prohibits someone from doing something or requires them to do something. Mandamus is a court order that compels someone to do something that they are legally obligated to do. Certiorari is a court order that requires a lower court to deliver its record in a particular case so that the higher court can review the case. Prorogation, on the other hand, is not a legal remedy available at a court of law for aggrieved people. Prorogation refers to the suspension of a legislative session, which is a political decision and not a legal remedy. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is prorogation.

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The constitutional provision that gives a high degree of autonomy to component parts of a unitary state is devolution. Devolution is the transfer of powers from the central government to sub-national units, such as regions, states, or provinces. In a unitary state, where the central government holds most of the power, devolution provides a mechanism for sub-national units to have more control over certain policy areas and to make decisions that are closer to the people. Devolution is a way to accommodate the diverse needs and interests of different regions within a unitary state and to ensure that government is more responsive to local needs and circumstances. It provides a balance between the central government's ability to make decisions for the entire country and the ability of sub-national units to make decisions that are more relevant to their specific needs and interests. Devolution can be seen as a constitutional provision because it is a formal transfer of powers that is outlined in the constitution or a treaty. The degree of devolution can vary, with some unitary states having very limited devolution, while others have extensive devolution that gives sub-national units a high degree of autonomy.

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The type of election which allows party members to elect candidates for elective offices is called a "primary election". In a primary election, voters who are registered members of a political party can choose among several candidates from their party who are seeking nomination for an elective office. The candidate with the most votes becomes the party's nominee and goes on to run in the general election. Primary elections are typically held before general elections to determine which candidates will represent the political parties.

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Egypt is a unitary country. In a unitary system, power is concentrated in the central government, and local authorities have only those powers delegated to them by the central government. In Egypt, the government exercises complete control over the administration of the country, and all provinces and localities are subject to the authority of the central government.

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The major functions of a government are to make and enforce laws and administer justice. Governments are established to exercise control and authority over a particular territory or people. They are responsible for ensuring that laws are made and enforced to promote peace, security, and social welfare. Governments also have the power to administer justice through the judicial system, which includes the courts and other legal institutions. This involves interpreting and enforcing the law, punishing those who violate it, and settling disputes between citizens. Therefore, the correct option is government.

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A military coup d'etat is an illegal seizure of power by a group of military personnel from the government in power. Therefore, it is usually followed by the suspension of the constitution, as the military group takes control of the government. The military coup usually involves the use of force, and sometimes violence, to overthrow the government in power. In some cases, the military group might break diplomatic relations with foreign countries, but this is not always the case. Therefore, the correct option is the suspension of the constitution.

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An opposition party that sees itself as "government-in-waiting" is called a shadow government. A shadow government is a group of opposition politicians who act as a "government-in-waiting," preparing themselves to take over the reins of government if and when they win an election. This group is often referred to as the "shadow cabinet" or "shadow ministers." The members of the shadow government are appointed by the opposition party leader and are responsible for scrutinizing and criticizing the policies and actions of the current government. They also develop alternative policies and proposals, which they believe would be more effective and efficient, and they are ready to implement them if they come to power. The shadow government serves as a mechanism for the opposition party to demonstrate its ability to govern and to provide a clear alternative to the current government. It also helps to ensure that the opposition party is prepared to take over the government if it wins an election, and it provides a level of accountability for the government.

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The limitation to the principles of the rule of law is immunity. Immunity refers to the legal protection granted to certain individuals or groups, which exempts them from legal liability or punishment for their actions. In some cases, high-ranking government officials, diplomats, or members of the armed forces may be granted immunity. This immunity can sometimes be in conflict with the rule of law, as it can lead to unequal treatment under the law and the possibility of abuse of power without any legal consequences. Therefore, while the rule of law promotes equality, impartiality, and liberty, immunity can limit the application of these principles.

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The national secretariat of a political party is managed by the national chairman and general secretary. The national chairman is the highest ranking official in the party and is responsible for overseeing the activities of the party at the national level. The general secretary, on the other hand, is responsible for the day-to-day running of the party, including organizing meetings, managing finances, and maintaining the party's records. Together, they form the top management team of the party and are responsible for ensuring that the party functions effectively and achieves its objectives.

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Authority refers to the legal right or permission to exercise power, while power is the ability to influence or control the behavior of others. In simple terms, authority is the right to use power, whereas power is the actual use of that right. The major difference between power and authority is that authority is acquired through legitimate means such as appointment or election. It is a socially approved right to exercise power over others. Authority is based on consent and respect, whereas power is often based on coercion and force. Authority is exercised within a legal framework, and individuals who hold authority are expected to act within the limits of the law. In contrast, power can be exercised without legal or ethical boundaries, and the use of power can sometimes be harmful or even abusive. Therefore, the correct answer is that authority is acquired popularly through legitimate means, not exercised through force or coercion.

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Pressure groups are organizations that seek to influence government policy or legislation without aiming to take control of the government. One of the features of pressure groups is that all members have similar interests. Members of a pressure group come together because they share a common goal or objective, and they work together to achieve that goal through various means, such as lobbying, protests, or public campaigns. While members may have different backgrounds and opinions, they share a common interest in the issue or cause that the pressure group represents.

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The institution under the executive arm of government responsible for formulating and implementing government policies is the civil service. The civil service is made up of individuals who are employed by the government to assist in the administration of the country. The civil service provides advice to the government, and is responsible for the implementation of government policies and programs. It is responsible for the management of the day-to-day affairs of the government, and works to ensure that the government is run efficiently and effectively.

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A non-partisan organization with the aim of influencing government policies is a pressure group. A pressure group is an organization that seeks to influence government policies and decisions, without being politically partisan. These groups bring together individuals and organizations with similar interests and goals, and they use various tactics, such as lobbying, advocacy, and public education, to influence government policies. Pressure groups can focus on a wide range of issues, from environmental protection to human rights, and they play an important role in democratic societies by giving a voice to groups and individuals who may not be well-represented in the political process. In contrast, political parties are partisan organizations that compete in elections and seek to win political power. Humanitarian and relief organizations, on the other hand, focus on providing aid and assistance to those in need, rather than influencing government policies.

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The mode of operation of pressure group that undermines economics, social and political stability of the state is "strikes". A strike is a work stoppage caused by employees' refusal to work. When pressure groups embark on strikes, it disrupts the economic, social and political stability of the state. Strikes can lead to loss of income for both the employees and employers, and also affect the economy of the state. It can also lead to violence, destruction of property and loss of lives, which may affect the social and political stability of the state. Lobbying involves seeking to influence decisions made by government officials, symposia involve holding conferences to discuss issues of concern and debates involve exchanging arguments or opinions. While these modes of operation can also influence government policies and decisions, they do not necessarily undermine the economics, social and political stability of the state as strikes can.

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The capital of the French Federation of West Africa states was located in Dakar, Senegal. The French Federation of West Africa (AOF) was a political entity established by France in the 1890s and dissolved in 1960. It included several West African countries, and its capital was Dakar, which was the political, economic, and cultural center of the region. Dakar was chosen as the capital of the AOF because of its strategic location on the Atlantic coast and its proximity to other French colonies in West Africa.

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The document which sets out the programme of a political party and guides the electorate to vote for it is the manifesto. A manifesto is a public declaration of a political party's principles, objectives, and policies. It outlines what the party intends to do if elected into office. The manifesto is an important document because it helps voters to make informed decisions about which party to vote for. It provides a clear indication of what a political party stands for and what it hopes to achieve if elected. The manifesto is often used as a basis for political debates and discussions during election campaigns.

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Campaigning for a candidate is not an electoral malpractice. Explanation: Campaigning for a candidate is a legitimate and essential part of the electoral process. It involves promoting a candidate's ideas, policies, and vision to voters in order to persuade them to vote for that candidate. Impersonation, threatening, and gerrymandering, on the other hand, are all examples of electoral malpractices. Impersonation involves someone pretending to be someone else in order to cast a vote, while threatening involves intimidating voters to influence their vote. Gerrymandering is the manipulation of electoral boundaries to create an unfair advantage for a particular political party or group. These actions are all considered to be illegal and undermine the integrity of the electoral process.

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Foreign policy is a set of guidelines and actions that a country's government takes towards other countries and international organizations to achieve its national interest. Therefore, a major advantage of a country's foreign policy is that it promotes the country's national interest. Foreign policy enables countries to pursue their goals, such as trade, diplomacy, defense, and security, in the international community. Through foreign policy, a country can promote its economic, political, and cultural interests abroad and establish strategic relationships with other countries.

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