JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

Which institution is responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria?

Bayanin Amsa

The institution responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
SEC is a government agency that was established in 1979 and has the mandate to regulate and develop the Nigerian capital market. Its primary goal is to protect investors and maintain fair and efficient operations in the market.
SEC carries out its responsibilities through various functions, including:
1. Regulation: SEC regulates capital market activities by setting rules and regulations that govern the conduct of market participants. These regulations cover areas such as the registration of market operators, disclosure requirements for listed companies, insider trading, and market manipulation.
2. Supervision: SEC monitors the activities of market operators to ensure compliance with the regulations. It conducts inspections, audits, and investigations to detect and prevent any misconduct or violation of the rules. This helps to maintain the integrity and stability of the capital market.
3. Licensing: SEC is responsible for granting licenses to market intermediaries such as stockbrokers, investment advisers, and fund managers. It ensures that these intermediaries meet certain standards of professionalism and competence before they can operate in the market.
4. Investor Protection: SEC is dedicated to protecting the interests of investors. It educates and sensitizes investors on their rights and the risks associated with investing in the capital market. SEC also provides a platform for investors to lodge complaints and seek redress in case of disputes.
In summary, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the institution entrusted with the responsibility of regulating and supervising the capital markets in Nigeria. It plays a crucial role in maintaining a fair, transparent, and efficient market environment, ensuring investor protection, and promoting the growth and development of the Nigerian capital market.

In which system of government is the executive and legislature fused?

Bayanin Amsa

The system of government where the executive and legislature are fused is the Cabinet system. In this system, the executive branch of the government is led by the Prime Minister and their Cabinet, who are also Members of Parliament.
The executive and legislative powers are intertwined in the Cabinet system. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members are responsible for creating policies, proposing laws, and implementing them. They are not only political leaders but also lawmakers.
In the Cabinet system, the Prime Minister is chosen by the legislature. Generally, the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the legislature becomes the Prime Minister. This means that the executive branch is directly accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the confidence of the legislature through a vote of no-confidence.
The Cabinet system offers a quicker decision-making process. Since the executive and legislature are fused, the policy-making process is streamlined. The members of the Cabinet can propose and discuss policies directly in the legislature, making it easier to pass laws and implement them efficiently.
In summary, the Cabinet system is a form of government where the executive and legislature are merged. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members lead both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government. This system offers a faster decision-making process and direct accountability to the legislature.

Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes

Bayanin Amsa

Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes traditional values and institutions. This means that conservative individuals believe in preserving and maintaining established customs, traditions, and social structures. They prioritize stability, order, and continuity in society.
In terms of individual freedom and limited government intervention, conservatives tend to support minimal interference from the government in people's lives and economic activities. They believe in personal responsibility and self-reliance.
However, conservatism does not typically advocate for radical social change and progress. Instead, it favors a cautious approach to social change and seeks to preserve and protect existing social structures and norms.
Similarly, conservatism does not prioritize the equal distribution of wealth. Instead, it recognizes and supports the importance of economic inequalities, as long as they are the result of individual effort, talent, and merit.
In summary, conservatism revolves around preserving traditional values, limited government intervention, and societal stability, rather than advocating for radical social change or equal wealth distribution.

Whom is the current chairperson of ECOWAS?

Bayanin Amsa

President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has been elected the chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). He was elected at the 63rd ordinary session of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government in Bissau, the capital city of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.

The Nigerian constitution guarantees freedom of speech under which fundamental right?

Bayanin Amsa

The Nigerian constitution guarantees freedom of speech under the fundamental right to freedom of expression. This means that every individual in Nigeria has the right to express their thoughts, opinions, ideas, and beliefs freely without fear of censorship or punishment. This right ensures that people can openly speak their minds, share information, engage in discussions, criticize the government, and participate in the democratic process. Freedom of speech is essential for a vibrant and inclusive society, allowing individuals to contribute to public debate and hold those in power accountable. However, it is important to note that this right also carries certain responsibilities and limitations to prevent the spread of hate speech, incitement to violence, or false information that may harm others. Overall, freedom of speech is a fundamental right that allows Nigerians to express themselves and participate actively in shaping their society.

The process of forming public opinion is known as

Bayanin Amsa

The process of forming public opinion is known as socialization.
Socialization refers to the process through which individuals acquire the values, beliefs, and behaviors held by society. It is a lifelong process that starts from childhood and continues throughout our lives.
There are various agents of socialization that play a role in shaping public opinion. These include family, school, peer groups, the media, and religious institutions.
Family is often the first and most influential agent of socialization. From a young age, children learn from their parents and caregivers about what is right or wrong, what is acceptable or unacceptable, and what values and beliefs they should adopt.
Schools also play a significant role in socializing individuals and shaping their opinions. Through formal education, students are exposed to different ideas, perspectives, and information. They learn critical thinking skills and how to analyze and evaluate information, which helps them form their own opinions.
Peer groups, including friends and peers with whom individuals interact, also contribute to the formation of public opinion. People often seek validation and acceptance from their peers, which can influence their beliefs and opinions.
The media, including television, newspapers, and the internet, has a powerful impact on shaping public opinion. Media outlets provide information, news, and entertainment that can influence how individuals perceive events, issues, and public figures. Media bias and selective reporting can also affect how public opinion is formed.
Religious institutions also contribute to shaping public opinion, as they provide moral guidelines and beliefs that individuals often internalize and incorporate into their worldview.
In summary, the process of forming public opinion is known as socialization. It involves various agents such as family, schools, peers, the media, and religious institutions that influence individuals' values, beliefs, and behaviors. It is a lifelong process that begins during childhood and continues throughout our lives.

Which of the following is a feature of Nigerian Federalism?

Bayanin Amsa

Autonomy of local government is a feature of Nigerian Federalism. In Nigeria, the local governments have a certain degree of independence and are empowered to make decisions and implement policies at the local level. This means that they have the authority to manage their own affairs, such as issuing licenses, collecting revenue, and providing basic services to the local communities. The autonomy of local government is an important aspect of Nigerian Federalism because it helps to ensure that power is not concentrated solely at the central government level, but rather distributed among different levels of government. This feature promotes participatory governance, local development, and ensures that decisions are made in the best interest of the local communities.

Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the ____ system of government.

Bayanin Amsa

Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government.
In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated in the hands of a central authority or government. This means that decisions and policies are made at the national level and then implemented uniformly throughout the entire country. There is little or no autonomy given to regional or local governments.
In the case of General Aguiyi Ironsi and decree 34, the introduction of the unitary system of government was a significant departure from the previous federal system that Nigeria had been operating under. This change aimed to consolidate power under a single central government, with the intention of promoting national unity and cohesion.
However, it is important to note that the adoption of the unitary system under General Aguiyi Ironsi was met with opposition, especially from regions that felt it diminished their autonomy and voice in decision-making. This eventually led to the desire for a return to a federal system, which was realized with the subsequent change in government.
So, in summary, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government during General Aguiyi Ironsi's leadership.

Bayanin Amsa

In a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
In this system, the citizens elect members of parliament or legislators who represent their interests and political parties. The leader of the political party that holds the majority of seats in the legislature becomes the head of government. This person is commonly referred to as the Prime Minister or the Chief Executive.
The head of government is responsible for leading the day-to-day operations of the government, making policy decisions, and implementing laws. This individual is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the support of the majority party or if a vote of no confidence is passed.
The head of government works alongside the head of state, who may be a ceremonial figurehead or have limited powers. The head of state is often a monarch or a president, and their role is primarily symbolic.
Overall, in a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is chosen based on their political party's strength in the legislature, rather than being directly elected by the people or appointed by the judiciary or head of state.

Bayanin Amsa

The 1963 constitution in this context refers to the constitution of Nigeria. In this constitution, there was a list of powers that were exclusively reserved for different levels of government. These levels of government included the federal government, state governments, regional governments, and local governments.
The term "exclusively reserved" means that only the specified level of government had the authority to exercise these powers. Each level of government had its own specific set of powers.
The federal government had the highest level of authority and was responsible for governing the entire country as a whole. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for the federal government included defense and security, foreign affairs, banking and currency, and interstate commerce.
State governments had the authority to govern their respective states within the country. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for state governments included education, health care, transportation within the state, and land administration.
Regional governments represented a level of government that was unique to the 1963 constitution. These were created for specific regions within the country and had the authority to govern those regions. The powers exclusively reserved for regional governments varied depending on the specific region.
Local governments represented the lowest level of government and had authority over their respective localities within a state. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for local governments included provision of basic amenities like water supply, sanitation, and primary education.
To summarize, the 1963 constitution of Nigeria created a list of powers exclusively reserved for different levels of government. The federal government had powers that applied to the entire country, state governments had powers that applied within their respective states, regional governments had powers that applied to specific regions, and local governments had powers that applied to their localities.

Which of the following documents granted Nigeria its independence?

Bayanin Amsa

The document that granted Nigeria its independence is The Nigerian Independence Act.
The Nigerian Independence Act was the legislation that officially granted Nigeria its independence from British colonial rule. It was passed by the British Parliament in 1960 and became effective on October 1st of that year.
This act recognized Nigeria as a sovereign nation and paved the way for self-governance and self-determination. It marked the culmination of years of struggle by Nigerian nationalists for independence and marked a significant milestone in Nigerian history.
The other options mentioned are not directly related to the granting of Nigeria's independence:
- The Lancaster House Agreement: This agreement, signed in 1979, was the constitutional arrangement that guided the transition from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria. - The Atlantic Charter: The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, outlining their goals for a post-war world. While it promoted principles of self-determination, it did not specifically grant Nigeria its independence. - The United Nations Declaration on Decolonization: This declaration, adopted in 1960, emphasized the right of all peoples to choose their own government and pursue self-determination. While it supported the decolonization process, it did not directly grant independence to any specific country, including Nigeria.

A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights amd wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with which ideology

Bayanin Amsa

A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with socialism.
Socialism is an ideology that seeks to promote social equality by advocating for the collective ownership and control of resources and means of production. This ideology aims to address economic and social disparities by redistributing wealth and resources more evenly among the members of society.
Socialist parties often prioritize workers' rights, championing for fair wages, safe working conditions, and social welfare programs. They believe that by empowering workers and reducing income and wealth inequalities, society as a whole can benefit.
On the other hand, liberalism generally supports individual liberties and limited government intervention in the economy. While it might advocate for some social equality measures, it does not typically emphasize wealth redistribution to the same extent as socialism.
Conservatism generally favors traditional values and limited government intervention in the economy. It tends to advocate for a smaller role of the state and does not prioritize wealth redistribution or extensive workers' rights.
Libertarianism emphasizes individual liberty and limited government intervention in both social and economic matters. It opposes wealth redistribution and favors minimal state interference in economic matters. Therefore, it would not align with a party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution.

Which of the following is a concurrent power in the Nigerian federal system?

Bayanin Amsa

In the Nigerian federal system, concurrent powers refer to those powers shared by both the federal government and the state governments. These powers are important to ensure a balance of power between the two levels of government and to address the needs and concerns of the entire country.
Among the options given, Education and Healthcare is a concurrent power in the Nigerian federal system.
Education and healthcare are essential services that affect the lives of citizens across the country. While the federal government has the responsibility to establish certain standards and policies, the state governments also play a significant role in the provision and administration of education and healthcare services.
The federal government sets broad national policies, establishes educational and healthcare standards, and provides overall guidance. However, the state governments have the power to establish and manage educational institutions and healthcare facilities within their respective states.
This division of power allows for local control and decision-making in education and healthcare, while still operating within a framework of national policies and standards.
It is important to note that the other options mentioned are not concurrent powers, but rather fall under the exclusive powers of either the federal government or the state governments.
- Currency and coinage is under the exclusive power of the federal government. It is responsible for issuing and regulating the currency and coinage used in Nigeria. - Foreign affairs and international relations are also under the exclusive power of the federal government. It is responsible for representing Nigeria in international affairs, negotiating treaties, and maintaining diplomatic relations with other countries. - Defense and National security is another exclusive power of the federal government. It is responsible for protecting the country from external threats, military defense, and national security matters.
Therefore, Education and Healthcare is the correct answer as it is a concurrent power in the Nigerian federal system.

Which of the following African leaders played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD?

Bayanin Amsa

Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD, which stands for New Partnership for Africa's Development. NEPAD is an African Union strategic framework for socio-economic development in Africa.
Nelson Mandela, as the former President of South Africa, was one of the key proponents of NEPAD. He championed the cause of sustainable development in Africa, emphasizing the need for African countries to take charge of their own development agenda. Mandela believed that African leaders should work together to address the challenges facing the continent and promote economic growth.
Muammar Gaddafi, the former President of Libya, also played an instrumental role in the establishment of NEPAD. Gaddafi advocated for African unity and self-reliance, and he sought to promote economic cooperation and integration among African nations. He provided financial support to NEPAD and encouraged other African leaders to embrace the initiative.
Together, Mandela and Gaddafi contributed to the development and implementation of NEPAD's programs and policies, which aim to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable growth, and enhance Africa's integration into the global economy. They recognized the importance of African-led solutions to the challenges faced by the continent and worked towards fostering cooperation and partnership among African nations.
In summary, both Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played significant roles in the formation of NEPAD, their efforts and support were crucial in promoting African development and fostering collaboration among African nations.

Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principle of

Bayanin Amsa

Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principle of national interest. This means that when making decisions about how to interact with other countries, Nigeria prioritizes its own interests and the well-being of its citizens above all else.
National interest can include a range of factors, such as security, economic prosperity, and diplomatic influence. Nigeria aims to protect its borders, maintain peace and security within its territory, and promote economic development for its citizens.
By focusing on national interest, Nigeria aims to ensure that its foreign policy decisions align with the needs and aspirations of its own people. This principle helps Nigeria make choices that are in its best interest, while also considering the potential impact on the international community.

The Oputa panel was established in Nigeria to

Bayanin Amsa

The Oputa Panel was established in Nigeria to investigate human rights abuses during the military rule. It aimed to address the injustices and violations of human rights that occurred under military regimes in Nigeria. The panel was tasked with examining and documenting cases of abuses such as arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, and other violations of human rights that took place during the military era. Its purpose was to provide a platform for victims to share their experiences and seek justice, as well as to promote healing and reconciliation in the nation. The Oputa Panel played a significant role in shedding light on past atrocities and promoting accountability for the violations of human rights.

When there is an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called

Bayanin Amsa

When an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election.
In a regular election, the candidate who receives the most votes or a majority of votes is declared the winner. However, in some cases, none of the candidates are able to secure enough votes to be declared the winner. This can happen if there are multiple candidates and the votes are distributed among them fairly evenly.
In such a scenario, a re-run election is conducted. This means that the election is held again, allowing the voters to cast their votes once more. The purpose of a re-run election is to give the voters another chance to choose a clear winner.
During a re-run election, the same candidates who participated in the original election typically compete again. However, in some cases, new candidates may also join the race. The re-run election follows a similar process as the original election, with the voters casting their votes and the results being tabulated to determine the winner.
The goal of a re-run election is to ensure that the democratic process is fair and that a clear winner is chosen based on the will of the people. It provides an opportunity for voters to reconsider their choices and potentially change the outcome of the election.
It is important to note that a re-run election is different from other terms mentioned. A recall is a process where voters can remove an elected official from office before their term is complete. A bye-election is held to fill a vacant seat in a legislative body. A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue or proposal.
In summary, when an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election. It gives the voters another opportunity to choose a candidate who can secure enough votes to be declared the winner.

Which of the following is an example of a public pressure group?

Bayanin Amsa

An example of a public pressure group is Greenpeace.
Public pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government policies and decisions by raising public awareness and mobilizing public support for their causes. They operate in the public domain and work to bring about positive changes in society.
Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that campaigns for issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, and pollution. They use peaceful protests, lobbying, and research to create awareness and put pressure on governments and corporations to take action on these issues.
Public pressure groups like Greenpeace have a significant impact on shaping public opinion and influencing policy-making processes. They represent the interests of the general public and work to ensure that government policies align with environmental and social concerns. Through their advocacy efforts, they strive to bring about positive change for the benefit of the planet and its inhabitants.
Therefore, Greenpeace is an example of a public pressure group that works towards environmental causes and raises public awareness to influence policy decisions.

Nigeria is a founding member of which regional organization?

Bayanin Amsa

Nigeria is a founding member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS is a regional organization made up of 15 West African countries. It was established on May 28, 1975, with the goal of promoting economic integration and cooperation among member states.
ECOWAS was created to encourage regional trade, facilitate the movement of people and goods, and foster economic development in West Africa. Nigeria, along with other countries in the region, recognized the importance of working together to address common challenges and capitalize on shared opportunities.
As a founding member of ECOWAS, Nigeria played a crucial role in its establishment and continues to actively participate in its activities. The country has contributed to the organization's efforts in areas such as peace and security, trade liberalization, and regional integration.
In summary, Nigeria is a founding member of ECOWAS, an important regional organization in West Africa that aims to promote economic cooperation and development among its member states.

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by

Bayanin Amsa

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by legislative acts and statutes.
Legislative acts and statutes are laws that are passed by a governing body, such as a government or legislative assembly. These laws provide the legal framework for the creation and operation of public corporations and parastatals.
When a legislative act or statute is passed, it outlines the purpose, structure, governance, and responsibilities of the public corporation or parastatal. This ensures that they operate within the legal framework and are accountable to the governing body and the public.
The establishment of public corporations and parastatals through legislative acts has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the government to have control over important sectors of the economy, such as transport, energy, or healthcare, to ensure the provision of essential services to the public. Secondly, it provides a legal basis for the government to provide financial support and regulations to these entities. Lastly, legislative acts and statutes help in ensuring transparency and accountability in the operations of public corporations and parastatals.
In contrast, private corporations are typically established by private individuals or groups for profit-making purposes. Trade unions represent the interests of workers in collective bargaining, while international organizations are formed by multiple countries to address global issues. These entities do not have the same legal basis as public corporations and parastatals, and their establishment is not regulated by legislative acts and statutes.

The Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into?

Bayanin Amsa

The Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into **clans**. Clans are groups of people who are considered to be related by blood and are united under a common ancestor. They share a common identity and culture. Clans can be further divided into smaller units called families. In the case of the Ijaw people, each clan had its own distinct territory and was led by a clan head or chief. The clan chief was responsible for maintaining order, resolving disputes, and representing the clan in external affairs. While clans were the primary unit of organization, the Ijaw people also established **federations**. Federations were formed by multiple clans coming together for a common purpose, such as defense against external threats or for trade and economic cooperation. Within the federations, each clan maintained its own autonomy and leadership, but they worked together as a collective to achieve their common goals. The federation would often have a central council or ruling body composed of representatives from each clan. So, in summary, the Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into clans, which formed the basis of their social and political structure. They also established federations to promote cooperation and unity among different clans.

In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the

Bayanin Amsa

In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the prime minister.
The prime minister is the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the parliament. They are responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the government and making important decisions.
Unlike a president, who is elected separately from the parliament, the prime minister is chosen by the members of the parliament. This means that the prime minister is accountable to the parliament and can be removed from office if they lose the support of the majority of the members.
The role of the prime minister is crucial in a parliamentary system as they represent the executive branch of government and serve as the main link between the parliament and the monarch or president. They are responsible for proposing and implementing laws, managing the government's policies, and representing the country in international affairs.

What is the term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people?

Bayanin Amsa

The term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people is oligarchy. In an oligarchy, a few individuals or a small elite group have control over the government and make important decisions that impact the country and its people. This small group usually consists of wealthy, influential, or influential individuals who hold the power and authority.
Unlike democracy, where power is ultimately held by the people, in an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a select few. The decisions made by this small group may not necessarily represent the wishes or interests of the broader population.
Oligarchies may exist in different forms, such as a military junta, where military officials hold power, or an aristocracy, where power is inherited by a specific ruling class. It's important to note that oligarchies can take many shapes and can be seen throughout history and in various countries around the world.
In summary, an oligarchy is a system of government where power is held by a small group of individuals, and their decisions greatly influence the governance and policies of the country.

Which African country successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence?

Bayanin Amsa

Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence. Ethiopia is the only African nation that was never fully colonized by the European powers during the scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here's why:
1. **Strong Leadership**: Under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia developed a centralized government, modern infrastructure, and a well-trained military. His strategic thinking and diplomatic skills helped Ethiopia fend off colonization attempts.
2. **Battle of Adwa**: The Battle of Adwa in 1896 is a significant event in Ethiopia's history and African history as a whole. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia over the Italians, who sought to colonize the country. The Ethiopian forces effectively used their superior knowledge of the terrain and strategic military tactics to defeat the invaders.
3. **Geographical Advantage**: Ethiopia's mountainous terrain and rugged landscapes made it difficult for European powers to conquer and control the country. This geographical advantage provided a natural barrier against invasion and offered the Ethiopian forces an advantage in defensive warfare.
4. **Unity and Patriotism**: Ethiopian society was characterized by a strong sense of national unity and patriotism. The people of Ethiopia shared a common identity and were determined to protect their independence and sovereignty. This unity was a crucial factor in resisting European imperialism.
In conclusion, Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence through a combination of strategic leadership, military prowess, geographical advantage, and a strong sense of unity and patriotism among its people.

Which of the following is a characteristic of pressure groups?

Bayanin Amsa

A characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations formed by individuals who have a common goal or interest. These groups seek to influence the government or public opinion in order to bring about change or protect their interests. Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to gain political power or hold office. Their main focus is on advocating for specific issues or causes that are important to their members.
Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, such as environmental conservation, human rights, labor rights, consumer protection, and more. They gather resources, raise awareness, and take action to promote their objectives. These groups can be formed by individuals from all sectors of society including businesses, trade unions, non-profit organizations, and community groups.
By representing a specific section of society, pressure groups provide a voice to those who may not have the means to effectively influence government policies on their own. They work to bring attention to the concerns and demands of their members and attempt to influence decision-making processes at various levels of government.
In summary, a key characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society and work towards promoting and protecting those interests through lobbying, advocacy, and raising public awareness. They play a crucial role in democratic societies by ensuring that diverse perspectives and concerns are taken into consideration in the policy-making process.

Which of the following is a limitation of pressure groups?

Bayanin Amsa

Limitation of pressure groups:
One limitation of pressure groups is that they may prioritize their own interests over the public interest. Pressure groups are organizations or associations that work to promote and protect the interests of a particular section of society. While they can be effective in advocating for specific causes, there is a possibility that they may focus more on advancing the interests of their own members or supporters rather than considering the broader needs and well-being of the general public.
As pressure groups are formed by individuals who share common interests or issues, they may naturally gravitate towards actions and demands that benefit their own constituents. This can lead to a situation where the concerns and demands of certain sections of society are prioritized, while the needs of others may be neglected or overlooked.
Furthermore, pressure groups often have resources and influence that can give them significant power in shaping public opinion and influencing government policies. This can be problematic if the interests they represent are not aligned with the needs and aspirations of the wider population. There is a possibility that pressure groups, particularly those with substantial financial resources, may have greater access to decision-makers and policymakers, thus leading to a disproportionate influence on policy outcomes.
It is important to note, however, that not all pressure groups prioritize their own interests over the public interest. In fact, many pressure groups genuinely strive to work for the betterment of society as a whole. Nevertheless, the potential for some pressure groups to prioritize their own interests remains a limitation that should be taken into consideration.
In conclusion, while pressure groups play an important role in advocating for specific causes and representing the interests of certain sections of society, a limitation is that they may prioritize their own interests over the broader public interest. This highlights the need for transparency, accountability, and a balanced approach to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are duly considered and taken into account in the decision-making process.

Which document serves as the constitution of the United Nations?

Bayanin Amsa

The document that serves as the constitution of the United Nations is the Charter of the United Nations.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco by 50 countries and came into effect on October 24, 1945. It established the United Nations as an international organization committed to preserving peace, promoting human rights, and fostering international cooperation.
The Charter consists of a preamble and 111 articles that outline the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions. It sets out the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which include maintaining international peace and security, promoting friendly relations among nations, and encouraging respect for human rights.
The Charter also establishes the main organs of the United Nations, such as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Each organ has specific roles and responsibilities to fulfill in order to achieve the goals set out by the Charter.
In summary, the Charter of the United Nations is the document that serves as the constitution for the UN. It sets out the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions, and it plays a crucial role in guiding the work of the United Nations in addressing global challenges and promoting peace and cooperation among nations.

__________ was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Cliphate.

Bayanin Amsa

The major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was Islamic Jihad. Islamic Jihad refers to a holy war fought by Muslims in order to spread or defend their religion. In the case of the Sokoto Caliphate, it was a successful Jihad led by the influential scholar and leader, Usman dan Fodio.
Usman dan Fodio was a charismatic Islamic scholar who preached against corruption and decadence within ruling elites in Hausaland (present-day northern Nigeria). He called for a return to a purer form of Islam and sought to establish an Islamic state based on Islamic law (Sharia).
His teachings resonated with the common people who were discontented with the corrupt rulers and their unjust practices. Usman dan Fodio organized and led a resistance movement known as the Fulani Jihad, which aimed to establish a political and religious revival.
The Fulani Jihad, fueled by religious zeal and a desire for social reform, quickly gained support from various ethnic groups, including the Fulani pastoralists. The movement was successful in ousting the corrupt ruling elites and establishing a centralized Islamic government known as the Sokoto Caliphate in 1804.
Under the Sokoto Caliphate, Islamic law was implemented, education was promoted, and trade flourished. The Caliphate expanded its territories and exerted influence over neighboring regions, thereby becoming the largest and most powerful state in West Africa at the time.
In conclusion, the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was largely attributed to the Islamic Jihad led by Usman dan Fodio. His teachings and the widespread support for his cause among the populace created the conditions for a successful revolution that resulted in the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Which of the following was a significant trade commodity in the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin?

Bayanin Amsa

In the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, one of the significant trade commodities was ivory. Ivory refers to the hard, white material obtained from the tusks of certain animals, mainly elephants.
Ivory was highly valued in the Kingdom of Benin and was a major trade item. It was used to create intricate and beautiful sculptures, carvings, and ornaments, which were highly sought after by people across different regions. The skilled artisans and craftsmen of Benin were known for their exceptional carving abilities, and they created stunning works of art using ivory.
The Kingdom of Benin had access to a large supply of ivory, as the region was home to a significant population of elephants. The ivory trade brought wealth and prosperity to the kingdom, as it allowed the Benin people to engage in lucrative trade networks with neighboring regions and even faraway lands.
The demand for ivory was fueled by its rarity, beauty, and durability. It was used for various purposes such as personal adornment, as well as for religious and ceremonial objects. Ivory was also considered a symbol of status and wealth, and it was often used by the ruling elite to demonstrate their power and authority.
Overall, ivory played a vital role in the economy of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, serving as a valuable trade commodity and contributing to the kingdom's cultural and artistic achievements.

Which of the following is not a source of public opinion?

Bayanin Amsa

Academic Journals are not a source of public opinion. Public opinion refers to the collective views and attitudes of the general public on various issues. It is usually shaped by multiple factors such as personal experiences, social interactions, and exposure to information.
Opinion polls, social media, and political parties are all sources that can influence or reflect public opinion.
Opinion polls are conducted by organizations to measure the opinions and perspectives of a sample population on specific issues. These polls provide valuable data and insights into the preferences and beliefs of the public.
Social media has become a significant platform for individuals to express their opinions and influence public discourse. People use platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to share their views, engage in discussions, and influence public opinion through posts, comments, and shares.
Political parties are organizations that represent specific ideologies and positions on various social, economic, and political issues. They actively work to shape public opinion by promoting their ideas, policies, and candidates through campaigns, events, and media.
However, academic journals are not typically considered a source of public opinion. They serve as platforms for scholars and researchers to publish their studies, theories, and findings based on rigorous research and analysis. They often focus on providing evidence-based knowledge in specific fields rather than measuring or shaping public opinion.

Without presidential assent, the legislature can pass a bill into law with the votes of ______ majority

Bayanin Amsa

In order for a bill to become a law, it needs to be approved by both the legislature and the president. However, there are situations where the president does not give their assent or approval to a bill.
In such cases, the legislature can still pass the bill into law without the president's assent. This is possible with the votes of a certain majority in the legislature.
The correct answer is two-thirds majority.
This means that at least two-thirds of the members present and voting in the legislature need to approve the bill in order for it to become a law without the president's assent.
It is important to note that this applies only in certain countries or systems where the president's assent is not required.
Overall, the two-thirds majority serves as a safeguard to ensure a broad consensus within the legislature before a bill can become a law without the president's approval.

The process of decolonization in Nigeria was hugely impacted by

Bayanin Amsa

The process of decolonization in Nigeria was hugely impacted by World War II.
During this time, the war had a significant effect on the British Empire, which included Nigeria as a colony. The war created a shifting global power dynamic and weakened the grip of European colonial powers.
World War II led to changes in the international system and an increased focus on national self-determination and independence. The war highlighted the contradictions of European powers preaching freedom and democracy while simultaneously holding colonies in Africa and Asia. It also weakened the economic and military power of European nations, making it difficult for them to maintain control over their colonies.
The war disrupted trade routes and supply chains, causing economic difficulties for colonial powers like Britain. In Nigeria, this resulted in shortages of essential goods and a decline in the living standards of the Nigerian people. These challenges, along with the war's impact on British resources and focus, contributed to the push for independence in Nigeria.
Additionally, World War II saw the emergence of nationalist movements in Nigeria, with groups like the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) and the Action Group (AG) advocating for self-governance and independence. These movements gained momentum and increased popular support during the war, further pressuring the British to grant Nigeria independence.
In summary, the process of decolonization in Nigeria was heavily influenced by World War II as it weakened European colonial powers, highlighted the contradictions of imperialism, and fostered nationalist movements.

The National assembly is composed of how many chambers?

Bayanin Amsa

The National Assembly is composed of two chambers. These chambers are called the Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Senate consists of senators, while the House of Representatives consists of representatives.
Each chamber has its own specific roles and responsibilities in the legislative process.
The Senate is designed to give equal representation to each state, with two senators representing each state, regardless of its population size. This ensures that each state has a voice in the legislative process.
On the other hand, the House of Representatives is based on population size, meaning that states with larger populations have more representatives than states with smaller populations. This reflects the principle of proportional representation, where the number of representatives is based on the number of people in each state.
Both chambers play a crucial role in the passage of laws and making important decisions for the country. They work together to represent the interests of the people and ensure a balanced and fair legislative process.

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of

Bayanin Amsa

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections was

Bayanin Amsa

The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections in Nigeria was FEDECO which stands for Federal Electoral Commission. FEDECO was responsible for conducting and supervising the elections during that period.
FEDECO was established by the Nigerian government in 1978 to ensure a free and fair electoral process in the country. Its primary role was to register voters, create electoral boundaries, and administer the entire electoral process.
During the 1979 general elections, FEDECO ensured that eligible Nigerians were able to vote for their preferred candidates. This commission played a crucial role in ensuring that the electoral process was transparent and unbiased.
It is worth mentioning that FEDECO was later replaced by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in 1998, which is currently responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria. However, for the specific question regarding the 1979 general elections, the correct answer is FEDECO.

In a communist system, who owns and controls the means of production?

Bayanin Amsa

In a communist system, the government owns and controls the means of production. This means that all resources, factories, land, and businesses are owned by the state and are operated for the benefit of the entire society, rather than for private profit. The government makes decisions about what will be produced, how it will be produced, and who will receive the products or services. The goal is to distribute resources and wealth evenly among the people, striving for social equality. In this system, there is no private ownership or control by corporations, private individuals, or non-profit organizations. The government plays a central role in the planning and management of the economy to ensure the collective well-being of the society as a whole.

The process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as

Bayanin Amsa

The process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as primaries.
During primaries, party members have the opportunity to vote and choose their preferred candidate from a pool of potential candidates within their own party. Primaries are conducted to determine who will ultimately represent the party in the general election.
This process allows party members to have a say in selecting the candidate who will best represent their party's values, policies, and aspirations. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that the candidate chosen by the party aligns with the party's goals and ideology.
Primaries can be open or closed, depending on the rules of each state or political party. In open primaries, any registered voter can participate, regardless of party affiliation. In closed primaries, only registered party members can participate.
Candidates often engage in campaigning and electioneering during the primaries. Campaigning involves various activities such as public speaking, debates, rallies, advertising, and reaching out to potential supporters to gather votes. Electioneering refers to the activities carried out to influence voters and gain their support.
While lobbying also plays a role in the political process, it is not specifically related to the selection of candidates in primaries. Lobbying involves influencing politicians or decision-makers to support a particular cause or policy through various methods, such as persuasion, advocacy, and direct communication.
In conclusion, the process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as primaries. It allows party members to actively participate in choosing the candidate who will carry their party's banner in the general election.

Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on

Bayanin Amsa

Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on parental citizenship. This means that if either one or both of your parents are citizens of a particular country, you can become a citizen of that country as well. It doesn't matter where you were born or the length of your residency. The important factor is the citizenship of your parents. Jus Sanguinis focuses on the ethnic background and family ties, rather than the place of birth or how long you have lived in a country.

In proportional representatiom electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on

Bayanin Amsa

In a proportional representation electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes a party receives.
Unlike a winner-takes-all system where the party with the majority of votes takes all the seats, proportional representation aims to distribute seats in a more fair and representative manner based on the overall support received by each political party.
In this system, voters cast their votes for a political party rather than individual candidates. The total number of votes received by each party is then calculated. The percentage of votes that each party receives determines the number of seats they are allocated in the legislature.
For example, if a party receives 40% of the votes, they would be allocated approximately 40% of the seats in the legislature. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the overall support each party has among the voters.
This type of electoral system encourages a multiparty system, as parties with smaller but still significant voter support have a chance of securing representation in the legislature. It also allows for a greater diversity of voices and opinions to be heard in the decision-making process.
Overall, proportional representation helps ensure that the composition of the legislature is more reflective of the overall preferences and choices of the voters, promoting a more inclusive and representative democracy.

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of democratic governance?

Bayanin Amsa

Citizen Participation is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. It means that individuals have the right and the opportunity to be involved in the decisions and actions that affect their lives and their communities. In a democratic system, citizens have the ability to participate in political processes, such as voting in elections, serving in government or joining political parties. They also have the right to express their opinions, assemble peacefully, and engage in public debate. Citizen participation is important because it ensures that the government is accountable to the people it serves, and it allows for a diversity of perspectives and ideas to be considered in decision-making. It helps to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a few and promotes fairness, equality, and transparency in governance.