JAMB UTME - Geography - 2023

One of the features of wind deposition is

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Inselberg is formed from the existence of extensive old plateau. It is caused as a result of weathering and remval of weathered materials

Which of the following stations is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate?

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**Bombay (Mumbai)** is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate. Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year, with distinctive wet and dry seasons. In this climate, the wet season is associated with the monsoon winds, which bring abundant rainfall. The dry season, on the other hand, is characterized by little to no rainfall. Mumbai experiences this type of climate due to its location on the western coast of India. The Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats mountain range to the east influence the city's climate. The monsoon winds blow from the southwest during the wet season (June to September), bringing intense rainfall to the region. Mumbai receives a significant amount of rainfall during this period, accounting for a large portion of its annual precipitation. During the dry season (October to May), Mumbai experiences less rainfall, but the temperatures remain relatively high. The average temperature ranges from 25 to 35 degrees Celsius (77 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout the year. In summary, Mumbai (Bombay) is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate due to its location on the western coast of India, which experiences high temperatures and heavy rainfall during the wet season, and relatively lower rainfall during the dry season.

The sun is vertically overhead at the tropic of Caprison in

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The sun is vertically overhead at the tropic of Capricorn on December 22nd. To understand why, we need to know a few things about the Earth's tilt and its movement around the sun. The Earth is tilted on its axis at an angle of about 23.5 degrees. This tilt is what gives us our seasons. During the year, the Earth moves around the sun in an elliptical path. On two specific days, called the solstices, the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky. These are the days when the tilt of the Earth is most noticeable. On December 22nd, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. This means that the sun appears lower in the sky and its rays are more spread out. Meanwhile, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. This tilt causes the sun to appear higher in the sky and its rays to be more concentrated. The tropic of Capricorn is located at about 23.5 degrees south of the equator. On December 22nd, the sun is directly overhead at this latitude because the tilt of the Earth causes the sun's rays to be focused at that point. In summary, on December 22nd, the sun is directly overhead at the tropic of Capricorn because of the Earth's tilt and its position in its orbit around the sun.

Buying and selling of goods and services within a country is termed as

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The buying and selling of goods and services within a country is known as internal trade.

Internal trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between individuals, businesses, and organizations within the borders of a country. It involves the transfer of goods and services from producers to consumers or from one business to another within the same country.

For example, when you go to a local store to buy groceries or when a company sells its products to customers within the country, it is considered internal trade.

Internal trade is an essential part of a country's economy as it enables the circulation of goods and services within the country, stimulates economic growth, creates job opportunities, and fulfills the needs and wants of the people.

International trade, on the other hand, refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Barter is a system of trade where goods or services are exchanged directly without the use of money. Foreign trade specifically refers to the trade between different countries or the import and export activities of a country.

Therefore, in this context, the correct term for the buying and selling of goods and services within a country is internal trade.

The type of energy that is most environmentally friendly is

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The most environmentally friendly type of energy is solar energy. Solar energy refers to the energy that is derived from the sun's rays. Here's why solar energy is considered to be the most environmentally friendly option:
1. Renewable: Solar energy is a renewable source of energy. The sun is constantly shining, making solar energy an abundant and inexhaustible resource. As long as the sun exists, we will continue to have solar energy available to us.
2. Zero Emissions: Solar energy produces zero emissions during its operation. Unlike other energy sources like fossil fuels (such as coal or natural gas) that release harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases when burned, solar energy is clean and does not contribute to air pollution or climate change.
3. No Noise Pollution: Solar energy systems operate silently, unlike some other energy sources like thermal or nuclear power plants that can generate noise pollution. This makes solar energy a favorable option, particularly for residential areas.
4. Low Maintenance: Solar panels require minimal maintenance once installed. Regular cleaning to keep them free from dust and debris is usually sufficient. This reduces the need for ongoing maintenance and associated environmental impacts.
5. Modularity and Scalability: Solar energy systems can be easily scaled up or down depending on the energy requirements. They can range from small individual rooftop installations to vast solar farms. This flexibility makes solar energy a versatile option for different settings and energy demands.
6. Local Generation: Solar energy can be generated locally, reducing the need for extensive transmission networks and energy loss during distribution. Local generation can enhance energy independence, reduce reliance on centralized power systems, and result in more resilient and sustainable energy supply.
In conclusion, solar energy is the most environmentally friendly option due to its renewable nature, zero emissions, lack of noise pollution, low maintenance requirements, modularity and scalability, as well as its ability to generate energy locally. It is a sustainable and clean source of energy that has the potential to reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

A major function performed by rural settlement is

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**A major function performed by rural settlements is agriculture.** Rural settlements are areas where people live in small towns or villages, often located outside of cities. These settlements are mainly involved in agricultural activities, which means they are focused on farming and cultivating crops. Agriculture is an essential function of rural settlements because it provides food and other resources for the people living there. Farmers grow various crops such as wheat, rice, corn, and vegetables, which are then consumed by the community or sold to nearby towns and cities. In addition to crops, rural settlements may also have livestock like cows, sheep, or chickens, which provide meat, eggs, and dairy products. Agriculture is not only important for providing food, but it also contributes to the local economy. When farmers sell their products, it generates income for the community, allowing them to purchase other necessities and services. Furthermore, agriculture helps to sustain the environment in rural areas. Farmers often practice sustainable farming techniques, such as crop rotation and the use of organic fertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and prevent the depletion of natural resources. Overall, agriculture is a vital function of rural settlements as it supports the livelihoods of the residents, provides food and resources, contributes to the local economy, and helps sustain the environment.

Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as

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Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as "intermountain plateaus." Intermountain plateaus are large, elevated flat lands that are found between different mountain ranges. These plateaus are typically formed when tectonic forces cause the Earth's crust to buckle and fold, creating fold mountains. As these mountains rise, the surrounding areas are also uplifted, resulting in the formation of plateaus. Unlike regular plateaus, intermountain plateaus are not as deeply dissected by erosion. This means that they generally have a more even and flat topography compared to other types of plateaus. However, they still exhibit some degree of ruggedness due to the uplift and folding processes that occurred during their formation. Overall, intermountain plateaus are important features of the Earth's landscape. They provide a transitional zone between mountainous regions and the lower-lying areas beyond, and they often serve as essential water catchment areas, playing a crucial role in supplying water to rivers and streams. Their relatively flat terrain also makes them suitable for human activities such as agriculture and transportation.

Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at

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Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan. Abidjan is the **largest port in West Africa** and is strategically located on the Gulf of Guinea. It has extensive infrastructure, including deep-water berths and modern cargo handling equipment, making it capable of handling large volumes of goods. Mali is a landlocked country, meaning it does not have direct access to the sea. Therefore, to export its goods, Mali needs to rely on neighboring countries with access to the sea. Abidjan, located in Ivory Coast, is the **most convenient sea port for Mali**. It is relatively close in proximity to Mali and has well-developed road and rail connections, making it an ideal choice for transporting goods from Mali to the port. Furthermore, Abidjan offers a wide range of services to facilitate trade, including customs clearance, storage facilities, and efficient cargo handling. It is also a hub for international shipping, with connections to various ports worldwide, enabling Mali to access global markets for its exports. In summary, due to its geographical proximity, well-developed infrastructure, and convenient transportation links, exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan.

The instrument used to measure the duration of sunshine is the

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The instrument used to measure the duration of sunshine is called the **campbell-stokes recorder**. This instrument is specifically designed to measure the amount of sunlight received at a particular location over a given period of time. The campbell-stokes recorder consists of a glass sphere that is mounted in a metal frame. This sphere acts as a lens, focusing the sunlight onto a specially designed card or paper underneath. The card or paper is positioned in such a way that it is slightly above the focal point of the lens. When sunlight passes through the lens and focuses on the card, it causes the card to heat up. As a result, a burn mark or a scorch is left on the card. By measuring the length of the burn mark, we can determine the duration of sunshine. The campbell-stokes recorder is widely used in meteorology and climatology to monitor and document the amount of sunshine received in a given area. It is a simple and effective instrument that provides valuable data for studying weather patterns, climate change, and solar energy potential. In conclusion, the instrument used to measure the duration of sunshine is the campbell-stokes recorder, which uses a glass sphere to focus sunlight onto a card or paper and measures the length of the resulting burn mark.

Under the Greek system of climate classification, the world is divided into

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The world is divided into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones under the Greek system of climate classification. 1. Torrid Zone: This zone is the closest to the equator and is known for its hot and humid climate. It experiences high temperatures throughout the year with minimal variations. The torrid zone is characterized by tropical rainforests, savannas, and deserts. 2. Temperate Zone: The temperate zone is situated between the torrid and frigid zones. It has a moderate climate with distinct seasons. The temperatures in this zone vary significantly throughout the year, with warm summers and cool winters. This zone is known for its diverse vegetation, including deciduous forests and grasslands. 3. Frigid Zone: The frigid zone is located in the extreme north and south of the Earth, near the poles. It is known for its extremely cold temperatures, especially during the winter season. The frigid zone is covered with ice, and only a few plants and animals can survive in this harsh environment. In summary, the Greek system of climate classification divides the world into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones, depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation.

Which of the following criteria is used to classify settlements into rural or urban?

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The criteria used to classify settlements into rural or urban are: 1. **Function:** This refers to the activities and services that are available within the settlement. In urban settlements, there tends to be a larger variety of economic, educational, and recreational services. These can include industries, offices, schools, hospitals, shopping centers, and entertainment facilities. In contrast, rural settlements mostly have agricultural activities as their main function, with limited services and amenities. 2. **Site:** Site refers to the physical characteristics of the settlement, including its natural features and topography. Urban settlements are commonly found in locations with favorable geographic conditions such as access to transportation routes, water sources, and fertile land. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are often situated in areas with more agricultural potential, like fertile soil and access to water for irrigation. 3. **Location:** Location refers to the position of the settlement relative to other settlements and urban centers. Urban settlements are usually located in more densely populated areas, with close proximity to other urban areas and transportation networks. They tend to be the economic and administrative centers of a region. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are typically found in more sparsely populated areas, characterized by agricultural or natural landscapes, with greater distances between each settlement. In summary, the three criteria used to classify settlements into rural or urban are function, site, and location. Function relates to the activities and services available, site refers to the physical characteristics of the settlement, and location considers the position in relation to other settlements and urban centers.

A tremendous pressure or temperature change may lead to the formation of

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Gnesis is a metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks which have been changed as a result of great heat and pressure

The major crop grown in the El juf Basin of Mali is

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The major crop grown in the El Juf Basin of Mali is cotton. Cotton is a plant that is mainly grown for its fiber, which is used to make fabrics and textiles. The El Juf Basin in Mali has favorable conditions for growing cotton, such as a warm climate and fertile soil.
Cotton plants require a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and a moderate amount of rainfall. The El Juf Basin receives sufficient rainfall and has an irrigation system in place to ensure that the cotton plants are well-watered.
Cotton cultivation in the El Juf Basin provides a significant source of income for the local farmers and contributes to the economy of Mali. Cotton farms in this region employ many people and support the livelihoods of the local communities.
In summary, the major crop grown in the El Juf Basin of Mali is cotton due to its suitability to the region's climate and soil conditions.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence in which denudation occurs?

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Denudation is the process of wearing away the Earth's surface by various agents such as water, wind, and ice. It involves the removal and transportation of rocks, sediments, and soil. The correct sequence in which denudation occurs is:
Weathering → Erosion → Deposition
1. Weathering: This is the first step in denudation. Weathering refers to the breakdown and decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface. It can occur through physical, chemical, or biological processes. Physical weathering involves the mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments due to factors like temperature changes, frost action, or plant roots. Chemical weathering involves the alteration of rock composition through processes like dissolution, oxidation, or hydrolysis. Biological weathering refers to the breakdown of rocks by living organisms such as plants and animals.
2. Erosion: Once weathering has broken down the rocks, erosion takes place. Erosion is the process of removing and transporting the weathered materials from their original location to a new location. This is often done by agents such as water, wind, glaciers, or gravity. For example, water erosion occurs when rainfall or flowing water carries away sediments, creating channels, gullies, and valleys. Wind erosion happens when strong winds pick up and transport loose particles, leading to the formation of sand dunes and desert landscapes.
3. Deposition: After weathered materials have been eroded and transported, they are eventually deposited. Deposition occurs when the eroded particles and sediments settle down and come to rest in a new location. This can happen when the transporting agent loses energy, such as when a river slows down or when wind speed decreases. Deposited materials can form various landforms such as deltas, alluvial plains, or beaches.
In summary, denudation starts with weathering, where rocks are broken down. Then erosion takes place, transporting the weathered materials. Finally, the eroded materials are deposited in a new location.

An example of a coastline of emergence is

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A coastline of emergence refers to a type of coastline where the land is rising relative to the sea level. This rise in land can be caused by geological processes such as tectonic movements or isostatic rebound. One example of a coastline of emergence is a **raised beach**. A raised beach is a coastal landform that was once at sea level but has been lifted up above the current sea level. This lifting can occur due to processes like tectonic activity or changes in the Earth's crust. When the land rises, the shoreline shifts upwards, leaving behind a flat or gently sloping platform. This platform, known as a raised beach, is typically located above the reach of waves and tides. It can vary in width and elevation, extending for several kilometers inland. A raised beach often has distinctive features such as wave-cut notches, terraces, and marine deposits like shells or sediments. These features serve as evidence of its former connection to the sea. It is important to note that a raised beach is just one type of coastline of emergence. Other examples include dalmation coasts, ria coasts, and estuarine coasts. However, among the given options, a raised beach best represents a coastline of emergence.

Which of the following rocks is produced by the solidification of magna within the earth crust

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The rock that is produced by the solidification of magma within the Earth's crust is called **plutonic rock**. Plutonic rocks are also known as intrusive rocks. Magma is molten rock that is found beneath the Earth's surface. When this magma cools down slowly, it solidifies and crystalizes within the Earth's crust, forming plutonic rocks. This slow cooling process allows for the formation of large mineral crystals within the rock. One key characteristic of plutonic rocks is that they have a coarse grain texture. This means that the mineral crystals within the rock are visible to the naked eye. Examples of plutonic rocks include granite, diorite, and gabbro. In contrast, **extrusive rocks** are formed from lava that cools quickly on the Earth's surface. When lava erupts from a volcano and cools rapidly, it forms extrusive rocks. These rocks, such as basalt and pumice, have a fine-grained texture because the fast cooling does not allow for the growth of large mineral crystals. On the other hand, **sedimentary rocks** are formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments (such as sand, silt, and clay) that have been deposited by water, wind, or ice. Sedimentary rocks, like sandstone and limestone, often contain fossils and layers. Lastly, **metamorphic rocks** are formed by the transformation of existing rocks due to high temperature and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. Examples of metamorphic rocks include marble and quartzite. To summarize, plutonic rocks are produced by the slow solidification of magma within the Earth's crust, resulting in coarse-grained rocks with visible mineral crystals.

Africa has the largest potential reserve of hydro-electric power in the world because

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It is of no doubt that Africa has the highest potential reserves of hydro-electric power because it is surrounded by large oceans.

The land-use activities which can be considered responsible for soil erosion in the tropics are

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Industrial activities such as production, construction etc, monoculture and lumbering are responsible for erosion in the tropics

The highest concentration of industries in Nigeria is found in the

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The highest concentration of industries in Nigeria can be found in the Western zone. This region is also known as the Lagos-Ibadan Industrial Axis.
There are several reasons why the Western zone has the highest concentration of industries:
1. Proximity to Ports: The Western zone is close to major seaports, such as the Apapa Port in Lagos. This proximity allows for easier import and export of goods, reducing transportation costs for industries.
2. Infrastructure: The Western zone benefits from well-developed infrastructure, including good road networks, railways, and access to reliable power supply. These factors make it more conducive for industries to set up and operate efficiently.
3. Market Access: The Western zone has a large population, including the bustling city of Lagos, which provides a ready market for industries. The region serves as a major commercial hub, attracting businesses from various sectors.
4. Availability of Skilled Labor: The Western zone is home to several educational institutions, including universities and technical colleges. This abundance of institutions ensures a steady supply of skilled labor for industries in the region.
5. Government Support: The government has implemented policies and incentives to encourage industrial growth in the Western zone. These include tax incentives, subsidies, and initiatives such as the Lagos Free Trade Zone, which attracts both local and foreign investors.
In summary, the Western zone of Nigeria, specifically the Lagos-Ibadan industrial axis, has the highest concentration of industries due to its proximity to ports, well-developed infrastructure, access to market, availability of skilled labor, and government support. This region continues to attract businesses, driving economic growth and development in Nigeria.

The main reason for which most manufacturing industries in West Africa are concentrated in cities and towns along the coast is that they have

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This is due to the fact that there is a large number of warehouses in these regions. These warehouses are storage facilities where the goods are kept prior or after shipping.

When weathering occurs on hill slopes, rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form

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When weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form **scrree**. Scree is a deposition of loose rock fragments that have accumulated at the base of a steep slope or cliff. It is formed as a result of the continuous process of weathering, erosion, and gravity. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by natural processes, such as wind, water, and temperature changes. This causes rocks to become smaller and more fragmented over time. Erosion is the process of transporting the fragmented rock material down the slope. Gravity plays a significant role in moving the loose rock fragments towards the bottom of the hill slope. As the weathered rock fragments accumulate at the base of the slope, they form a pile of loose debris called scree. Scree can range in size from small pebbles to larger rocks. It is usually found on steep slopes or cliffs where the force of gravity pulls the loose rock down and accumulates it at the bottom. In conclusion, when weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris piles up at the bottom to form scree.

Water vapour is turned into water droplets by the process of

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Water vapour is turned into water droplets by the process of **condensation**. Condensation occurs when water vapor, which is in the gaseous state, comes into contact with a cool surface or cool air. When the temperature of the water vapor decreases, the water molecules slow down and move closer together. This causes the water vapor to transform into liquid water, forming water droplets. To understand this process better, think of a glass of cold water on a warm day. As the warm air comes into contact with the cold surface of the glass, the water vapor in the air loses heat energy and condenses into water droplets on the outside of the glass. This is why you observe water droplets forming on the glass. Similarly, when warm, moist air rises and comes into contact with cooler air in the atmosphere, or when it encounters cool surfaces such as windows, mirrors, or grass in the early morning, condensation occurs, and water droplets are formed. In summary, condensation is the process where water vapor changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state by cooling down, resulting in the formation of water droplets.

Which of the following is associated with savanna vegetation?

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avannas represents the vast majority of the areas which are characterised by a layerof perenial herbaceous plants, such as sedges with varrying degree of scrubs

The difference in time between two longitudes is approximately

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The difference in time between two longitudes is approximately 4 minutes.
To understand this, let's first understand what longitudes are. Longitudes are imaginary lines that run vertically around the Earth, from the North Pole to the South Pole. They help to identify specific locations on the Earth's surface.
Now, the Earth takes 24 hours to complete one full rotation around its axis. This rotation results in the sun appearing to rise and set in different parts of the world at different times. This is what gives us our concept of time zones.
By convention, the Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each covering approximately 15 degrees of longitude. Each time zone represents an hour of difference in time.
So, if we do the math, we can calculate that with 360 degrees (the full circumference of the Earth) divided by 24 time zones, each time zone covers 15 degrees of longitude. This means that for every 15 degrees of longitude you travel east or west, there is a time difference of about one hour.
Since each time zone represents one hour and there are 60 minutes in an hour, we can calculate that the time difference for every 1 degree of longitude is approximately 4 minutes (60 minutes divided by 15 degrees).
Therefore, the correct answer is 4 minutes

A piece of evidence that confirms that the earth is spherical is

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Evidence of the earth's sphericity
-circumarigation of the earth
-lunar eclipse(eclipse of the moon)
-sunrise and sunset
-ship visibility
-the circular horizon

The coastal regions of Sierra Leone record an annual rainfall of over

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The annual rainfall in sierra leone coastal regions is over 4,800m, which makes it the wettest country in West Africa

A settlement where two rivers meet is called a

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A settlement where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. This term is used to describe a place where two rivers merge or come together. It is also known as a river confluence or simply a confluence. In a confluence town, the two rivers join and flow as one. This merging of rivers creates a unique geographical feature and often leads to the formation of a settlement. The rivers may flow side by side before merging, or one river may flow into the other. The confluence point can be visible as a distinct meeting point or an area where the waters mix. Confluence towns have been historically significant because they often provided essential resources and transportation routes. The availability of water from two rivers made these settlements ideal for various activities such as fishing, trade, and agriculture. The confluence also facilitated transportation and trade routes as it served as a natural meeting point for people traveling along the rivers. These settlements tend to develop into vibrant communities, attracting people for their economic advantages and accessibility. Over time, confluence towns may grow and expand, becoming important centers of commerce, culture, and administration. In summary, a settlement where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. It is a place where two rivers merge or come together, offering valuable resources and opportunities for economic and social development.

What is the population density of a country with a total population of 140,000,000 and a total land area of 500,000 (\Km^2\)?

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To calculate the population density of a country, we need to divide the total population of the country by its total land area. In this case, we are given that the total population of the country is 140,000,000 and the total land area is 500,000 km². To find the population density, we divide the population by the land area: Population density = Total population / Total land area Population density = 140,000,000 / 500,000 = 280 persons per km². Therefore, the correct answer is **280 persons per km²**.

Nigeria major export commodity is

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Nigeria's biggest export is crude oil, a commodity that represents over three-quaters(78.7%) of its total exported goods by value.

Which of the following pairs of landforms can be found in the desert areas?

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Zeugens: These are tabular masses with a layer of soft rock lying beneath layer of hard rock
Rock pedestals: It consist of horizontal layer of hard and soft rocks

The broad-leafed evergreen and dense equatorial forest of the Amazon basin is called

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The broad-leafed evergreen and dense equatorial forest of the Amazon basin is called selvas. Selvas is a term used to describe the lush, vibrant rainforest found in the Amazon.
These forests are characterized by their tall trees with large, broad leaves that can capture as much sunlight as possible. The leaves of these trees stay green all year round, giving the forest a constant appearance of being "evergreen."
The Amazon rainforest is also known for its incredible biodiversity, with a wide variety of plant and animal species living in this habitat. This is due to the constant warm and humid climate, as well as the diverse range of ecosystems within the region.
The dense and thick vegetation in the selvas plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of our planet. It serves as a carbon sink, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. Additionally, the Amazon rainforest is often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth" because of its significant contribution to global oxygen production.
In conclusion, the broad-leafed evergreen and dense equatorial forest of the Amazon basin is known as selvas. It is a unique and important ecosystem with immense biodiversity and crucial ecological functions.

The largest ocean in the world is the

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The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean. It covers the most extensive area compared to the other options listed. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the western coast of North and South America to the eastern coast of Asia and Australia. It is so vast that it is larger than the landmass of all the continents combined.
Its immense size is due to the tectonic plate boundaries that surround it. The Pacific Ocean is bordered by the Ring of Fire, a region that experiences frequent volcanic activity and earthquakes. This constant reshaping of the seafloor has allowed the Pacific Ocean to expand and dominate the Earth's surface.
With an area of approximately 63 million square miles, the Pacific Ocean is home to numerous islands, including Hawaii, Tahiti, and Fiji. It is also famous for its deep trenches, like the Mariana Trench, which is the deepest point in the world's oceans.
The Pacific Ocean plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. It absorbs much of the sun's heat, helping to distribute warmth across the planet. This ocean is also crucial for global transportation and trade, serving as a major marine highway between the Americas, Asia, and Oceania.
In summary, the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world, encompassing a vast area and serving as a vital component of Earth's climate and global connectivity.

"An open forest with evergreen, thick leathery leaves and woody stems with deep roots" is known as

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Mediterranean vegetation consists largely of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs having woody stems with thick roots.

The type of agriculture in which water is conserved in a year so that crops can be grown in succeeding years by ploughing, mulching or harrowing is known as

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The type of agriculture described here is called dry farming.
Dry farming is a method of agriculture that focuses on conserving water in areas where water supply is limited. It is commonly used in regions with arid or semi-arid climates where rainfall is scarce and unreliable.
In dry farming, the goal is to maximize the use of available moisture in the soil and minimize water loss through evaporation. This is achieved through various practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing.
Ploughing helps to break up the soil surface and create furrows or ridges, which helps to trap and retain moisture in the soil. This prevents excessive evaporation and allows the soil to hold water for a longer period of time.
Mulching involves covering the soil with a layer of organic materials such as straw, leaves, or crop residues. This helps to reduce evaporation by shading the soil surface and slows down moisture loss. Mulch also helps to improve soil structure, retain water, and suppress weed growth.
Harrowing is the process of loosening the top layer of soil after ploughing or planting. It helps to create a fine, crumbly soil structure that reduces water runoff and allows rain or irrigation water to penetrate deeper into the soil.
By practicing these techniques, dry farmers are able to conserve water and create favorable conditions for crop growth even in areas with limited rainfall. This allows them to sustain crop production in successive years without relying heavily on external sources of water.
In summary, dry farming is a method of agriculture that conserves water in arid or semi-arid regions by employing practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing. These techniques help to retain moisture in the soil, reduce water loss, and enable crop production in successive years.

Jos plateau is an example of a

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Jos plateau is a Volcanic plateau . It possess volcanic features such as a dome, single vents and clusters of 3-4 cones aligned.

Which of the following is not a problem militating against political and economic integration in West Africa?

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Political and economic integration can be hindered by powerful colonial ties, religion and political instability but currency should not be an obstacle because there should be an established exchange rate.

Which of the following is not a process of chemical weathering?

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Chemical weathering is a process in which the chemical composition of rocks and minerals is altered due to exposure to certain substances or environmental conditions. It plays a significant role in the breakdown and decomposition of rocks over time. Out of the options given, **frost action** is not a process of chemical weathering. Frost action, also known as freeze-thaw weathering, refers to the physical breakdown of rocks caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water within the rock fractures. It is a type of physical weathering, not chemical. Now let's briefly explain the other three options and how they relate to chemical weathering: 1. **Hydrolysis** is a chemical process in which water reacts with minerals in the rock, leading to their breakdown. Minerals such as feldspar and mica are commonly affected by hydrolysis. Water molecules interact with these minerals, causing them to break down into new minerals or dissolved ions. This process weakens the rock's structure and contributes to its gradual degradation. 2. **Oxidation** is another chemical process that occurs when certain minerals in rocks react with oxygen in the presence of water or air. This reaction causes the minerals to undergo a chemical change, resulting in the formation of new compounds. For example, when iron minerals in rocks come into contact with oxygen, they can oxidize and form iron oxide, more commonly known as rust. This process weakens the rock and makes it more susceptible to further weathering. 3. **Carbonation** is the chemical weathering process associated with the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water, forming carbonic acid. This acid reacts with minerals such as calcium carbonate (present in rocks like limestone and marble), leading to their dissolution. Carbonation is a common process in regions with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or in areas where water with dissolved carbon dioxide comes into contact with rocks. In conclusion, **frost action** is not a process of chemical weathering but rather a form of physical weathering. Hydrolysis, oxidation, and carbonation, on the other hand, are all examples of chemical weathering processes that contribute to the degradation and alteration of rocks over time.

Which of the following rocks is organically formed?

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Shale rocks are made of clay-sized particles and have a laminated appearance. They are a type of organica sedimentary rock.

Urban type of settlement is best described as

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An urban settlement is where displaced population settle within agglomeration such as a town or city. People are mainly involved in secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and construction. Additionally, dispersed settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern used to classify rural settlement.

Which of the following has the highest salinity?

Answer Details

The Dead Sea has the highest salinity among the given options. Salinity refers to the amount of salt dissolved in water. In other words, it is a measure of the saltiness of the water. The Dead Sea is located between Israel and Jordan, and it is actually not a sea but a saltwater lake. What makes the Dead Sea unique is its extremely high salt concentration. The water in the Dead Sea is about 10 times saltier than sea water. There are several reasons why the Dead Sea has such high salinity. Firstly, it is located in a region with a very hot and dry climate, which means that water evaporates quickly. As the water evaporates, the salt gets left behind, increasing the overall concentration of salt in the lake. Secondly, the Dead Sea is landlocked, which means it does not have an outlet or a flow of water that can dilute the salt concentration. Unlike the Mediterranean Sea or the Red Sea, which are connected to the global ocean system, the Dead Sea is a closed basin. As a result, the salt that enters the lake stays there and continues to accumulate over time. Lastly, the Dead Sea region is known for its rich mineral deposits, including salts. These minerals get washed into the lake through rivers and streams, further contributing to the high salinity of the water. In summary, the Dead Sea has the highest salinity among the given options due to its evaporation, lack of connection to the global ocean system, and the presence of mineral deposits. This high salinity creates a unique environment where floating becomes effortless and leads to the formation of salt crystals along the shores.