JAMB UTME - History - 2019

... has primarily led to the growth of Islamic reform movements in many sub-Saharan African countries

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The crisis of modernization of the 20th Century has primarily led to the growth of Islamic reform movements in many sub-Saharan African countries. As Africa began to modernize in the 20th century, many people began to feel that traditional forms of Islam were inadequate for addressing the challenges of modern life. Islamic reform movements emerged as a response to this crisis, seeking to modernize and adapt Islamic teachings to the needs of the modern world. These movements emphasized education, social justice, and the importance of Islamic values in everyday life. The crisis of modernization included the introduction of new technologies, colonialism, urbanization, and globalization, which all contributed to the need for a new approach to Islamic thought and practice.

The end of the Era of Princes in Ethiopia was a key factor in

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The end of the Zamana Masaf∂nt (Era of Princes) led to the centralisation of state power in the hands of the Emperors of Ethiopia. This consolidation of power helped in confronting the Italo-Egyptian invasion in the 19th Century.

All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule

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All the following except one led to the re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule: attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s. The re-emergence of old trade patterns under Omani rule was due to a number of factors, including the availability of capital from India, the increased demand for slaves, and the willingness of Africans in the interior to take slaves to the coast. These factors created a favorable environment for the revival of trade, which had declined under previous rule. The Omani empire took advantage of this situation and established itself as a major player in the trade of goods and slaves along the East African coast. The attack on the Portuguese in the 1640s, on the other hand, had little to do with the revival of trade patterns and was more related to the competition for control over the region and its resources.

Under the chairmanship of ... the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed

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None of the listed individuals served as the chairman during the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was formed on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Nigeria, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member states in West Africa. However, the individual who played a pivotal role in its formation was General Yakubu Gowon, who was Nigeria's military head of state at the time.

The Swazi composite is the modern ...

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The Swazi composite refers to the modern-day country of Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland). Eswatini is a small landlocked country located in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa and Mozambique. It gained independence from Britain in 1968, and has since been ruled by a monarchy, with the current king being King Mswati III. The term "Swazi composite" refers to the complex cultural and historical heritage of the Swazi people, who are the largest ethnic group in the country. This heritage includes traditions and customs such as the annual Incwala ceremony, which celebrates the first fruits of the harvest, as well as the strong influence of Christianity and Western culture.

Baptists, Methodists and the ... were among the first to engage in the Liberiian Christian Mission

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Episcopal Church is the correct answer. The Baptists, Methodists and Episcopalians were among the first to engage in Liberian Mission as a result of the missionary fervour that gripped Western Europe and America in the 19th Century.

Igbo's active resistance to the British Colonial rule is particularly because of the

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The Igbos challenged the British imperial rule as the system of governance did not sit well with the egalitarian nature of their society where no one is designated out-rightly as a political leader.

The head of the administration of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was titled

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High Commissioner is the correct answer. Lord Lugard was appointed as the High Commissioner of the Northern Protectorate in 1900.

King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed for ...

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King Jaja of Opobo was forcibly removed by the British colonialists because of his obstruction of commerce. He was a powerful African king and leader of the Opobo city-state in what is now Nigeria. He controlled much of the trade in the region and imposed taxes on European traders, which caused conflict with the British colonial government. As a result, the British military forcibly removed him from power and exiled him to the island of Saint Vincent in the West Indies.

The Lyttleton Constitution is often remarkable for all the following reasons except

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The establishment of a public service commission is the correct answer. This was a distinct achievement of the John Macpherson's 1951 Constitution.

The particular incident that led to Macaulay's imprisonment, twice, by the colonial power was

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In retaliation to the successful defence of Eshugbayi Eleko as the rightful king of Lagos and the humiliation this brought to the British officials, Macaulay was jailed twice by the colonial power thereafter.

Early centres of civilization in Nigeria reveal the history of

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Scientific and technological developments is the correct answer. The history of the early centres of civilization presents us with the discovery and use of woods, irons and other scientific objects for the creation of notable figures, and provision of utilities in the early Nigerian societies. Notable are the Nok Culture, Ife Civilization and the Benin Crafts and Artworks.

The ... headed under the Chairmanship Muhammadu Buhari was the governing body in Nigeria

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The governing body in Nigeria that was headed under the Chairmanship of Muhammadu Buhari was the Supreme Military Council. This was a military government in Nigeria that was in power from 1983 to 1985. The Supreme Military Council was the highest decision-making body in the military government, and it was chaired by the head of state, which at the time was Muhammadu Buhari. The council was made up of the top military officers in the country, and it was responsible for making all major decisions regarding the governance of Nigeria.

Unarguably, the abolition of the slave trade in Britain directly stimulated the

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Penetration of European merchants capital into Nigeria is the correct answer. As slave trade was abolished, legitimate trade started and this encouraged the European merchants agenda for imperialism (i.e to establish industries, extract and trade natural resources) to smoothly penetrate Nigeria.

The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its

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The Ife Civilization is most remarkable for its use of terra cotta and bronze heads. The Ife people were known for their impressive artistic skills and their use of natural resources to create beautiful objects of art. Among the most notable of their creations were the terra cotta and bronze heads, which are believed to have been used for both religious and ceremonial purposes. These heads were created with such skill and detail that they have become some of the most recognizable artifacts of African art. The Ife Civilization is therefore regarded as one of the most advanced and sophisticated civilizations in pre-colonial Africa.

The National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) was formed

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The correct answer is May 15, 1994, the NADECO was established to press for the revalidation of the June 12, 1993 Presidential election and the reinstallation of all democratic structures.

The Nigerian Civil war ...

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The Nigerian Civil War which lasted from 6th July, 1967 - 12th January, 1970 was fought as a result of the Gowon-Government's efforts to counter the struggle by the Igbos from breaking away from Nigeria. A reason for reintegration and reunification of Nigeria.

Colonialism is often regarded as a double-edged sword particularly because

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Although colonial rule contributed to social development as investments and infrastructures were built, however, 'the infrastructure built from West African forced labour was also designed to exploit natural resources. A double-edged sword situation.

The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was done to commemorate Nigeria's

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The Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration to commemorate a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914. The Amalgamation was a historic event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates of Nigeria to form a single entity, which was the foundation of the modern state of Nigeria. The celebration was a way to reflect on Nigeria's history, achievements, challenges, and aspirations as a nation. Although the Centenary Anniversary celebrated the Amalgamation, it also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence on October 1st, 1960, and the transition to a democratic government on May 29th, 1999. In summary, the Centenary Anniversary of Nigeria was a celebration of a hundred years since the Amalgamation of Nigeria on January 1st, 1914, which was a significant event that brought together the northern and southern protectorates to form a single entity. While the celebration also recognized other significant events in Nigeria's history, such as the country's independence and transition to democracy, the main focus was to reflect on Nigeria's past, present, and future as a nation.

... was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century

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Ottoman Turkey was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa at the end of the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire was a major political and military power in the world during this time, and its reach extended into North Africa. The Ottomans controlled a large portion of the region, including modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. This control allowed them to exert significant influence over the region and its peoples, and to shape its political and cultural landscape. At the end of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was the only significant imperial power in the Northern half of Africa, as the Portuguese Empire was primarily focused on West Africa and the Italo-Egyptian Empire did not yet exist.

A Policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of

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A policy central to the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion and firearms trading. The Kanem-Borno Empire was a medieval state that existed in present-day Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon from the 9th century to the 19th century. During its peak, the empire was a major center of trade and commerce, and it controlled a vast territory that stretched across the Sahel region of Africa. The empire's rulers were known for their military prowess, and they employed a variety of strategies to expand their territory and influence. One of the most important policies of the Kanem-Borno Empire was that of imperial expansion. The empire's rulers constantly sought to expand their territory and increase their power, often through military conquests and alliances with neighboring states. In addition to military campaigns, the empire's rulers also engaged in diplomacy and trade to expand their influence. Firearms trading was another central policy of the Kanem-Borno Empire. The empire was a major center of trade in the Sahel region, and its rulers were known for their ability to acquire and trade firearms, which gave them a significant military advantage over their rivals. Firearms were often acquired through trade with Arab and European merchants, and they were used extensively in the empire's military campaigns. In summary, the Kanem-Borno Empire's central policies included imperial expansion and firearms trading, which were essential to the empire's military and economic power.

Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with having

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Oba Ewuare of Benin Kingdom is credited with transforming Benin city into a city-state. Oba Ewuare was a powerful and visionary ruler who ruled the Kingdom of Benin in the 15th century. He is known for his reforms and innovations, which helped to transform the city of Benin into a thriving metropolis. Under his rule, the city was transformed into a city-state with a complex and sophisticated system of governance, a thriving economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Oba Ewuare also helped to strengthen the kingdom's political and military power, making it one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa at the time. His legacy continues to influence the people of Benin and to shape the cultural identity of the region to this day.

The Nigerian Second Republic adopted a/an ... system of governance

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The Nigerian Second Republic, which existed from 1979 to 1983, adopted a Presidential system of governance that was modeled after the American system. This system featured an executive president who was both the head of state and head of government, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary. Under this system, power was separated among the three branches of government, and each had checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. The Presidential system was intended to promote stability and efficiency in governance by providing a clear separation of powers and a strong executive to enforce laws and policies.

The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the?

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The major administrative change made immediately after the 1914 Amalgamation was the division of Nigeria into provinces. After the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, the British colonial government introduced a new administrative structure for the country. This involved dividing Nigeria into four provinces: the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the Western Province, and the Lagos Colony. Each province was headed by a high commissioner who was responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province. The provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and reporting to the high commissioner. The division of Nigeria into provinces was a significant change from the previous administrative structure, which had been organized along the lines of the Northern and Southern protectorates. The introduction of the province system was designed to make it easier for the colonial government to control and administer the newly amalgamated territory. Overall, the division of Nigeria into provinces was a major administrative change that marked the beginning of a new era in the governance of the country under British colonial rule.

The central agenda of the Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the

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The central agenda of Muhammad Ali's hegemonic rule was the exploitation of natural resources for development finance in Egypt. Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman-Egyptian ruler who rose to power in the early 19th century and established a dynasty that lasted until the mid-20th century. He was known for his ambitious modernization program, which aimed to transform Egypt into a modern, industrialized nation. To finance this program, Muhammad Ali exploited Egypt's natural resources, including agricultural land, minerals, and labor, to generate revenue. He also established a centralized bureaucracy and military to maintain control over the country and to further his agenda of modernization. In this way, Muhammad Ali's rule marked a significant turning point in Egyptian history and set the stage for the country's continued development and modernization in the years to come.

The first African female President of the United Nations General Assembly is

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The first African female President of the United Nations General Assembly is Angie Brooks. Angie Brooks was a Liberian diplomat and lawyer who served as the President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1969 to 1970. She was the first woman and the first African to hold this position. Brooks was a prominent advocate for women's rights and worked to promote peace and development in Africa. Her historic achievement paved the way for more women to take on leadership roles in international organizations.

The First and Second World Wars were between ... respectively

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The First and Second World Wars were between 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 respectively. The First World War, also known as World War I, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved the majority of the world's great powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire, and it resulted in the deaths of millions of people and the reshaping of the political and social landscape of Europe. The Second World War, also known as World War II, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, and it resulted in even greater loss of life and the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers. These two wars had a profound and lasting impact on the world and continue to shape the global political and economic landscape to this day.

All but one of the following triggered the Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan

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Unpleasant immigration policy of the foreign government is the correct answer. For reasons of heavy taxation which led to famine, depopulation etc, the foreign government's increased reliance on European Christians including its fight against slave trade, among related other reasons, led tp the Madhiyya revolution.

Decree ... was the Unitarism Policy of the Major General Aguiyi Ironsi

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Decree No. 34 of 1966 was the Unitarism Policy of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi. After taking over the government in a military coup in 1966, Major General Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi introduced several policies aimed at consolidating his grip on power and addressing the country's political and administrative challenges. One of the most significant of these policies was the Unitarism Policy, which was introduced through Decree No. 34 of 1966. The Unitarism Policy was designed to replace the existing federal system of government with a centralized unitary system. This involved abolishing the regions and replacing them with a system of 12 states, each headed by a military governor appointed by Ironsi. The policy was also intended to reduce the influence of regional and ethnic interests in national affairs and strengthen the central government's control over the country. However, the Unitarism Policy was highly controversial and unpopular, especially in the North, where many felt it would give undue advantage to the South. The policy was one of the factors that led to Ironsi's overthrow and assassination in a counter-coup in July 1966. Overall, Decree No. 34 of 1966 was a major policy initiative of Major General Aguiyi Ironsi's administration that aimed to centralize power in the hands of the federal government through the establishment of a unitary system of government in Nigeria.

All the following except one spurred the nationalist drives in British West Africa

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The option that did not spur nationalist drives in British West Africa is "the adoption of the policy of Assimilation." The policy of Assimilation, which was adopted by the French in their colonies, aimed to transform the indigenous people into French people by replacing their traditional customs, language, and institutions with those of France. However, this policy was not adopted by the British in their colonies, including British West Africa. Instead, the British practiced indirect rule, which allowed the local traditional rulers to maintain their power while the British administered their colonies. The existence of diverse political parties, the tolerance of nationalist newspapers, and the unfair socio-political environment all contributed to the growth of nationalism in British West Africa. Diverse political parties gave a platform for different ethnic groups and interests to express their views and contest for power. Nationalist newspapers helped to spread ideas of nationalism and independence, while an unfair socio-political environment that favored British interests over local interests created discontent among the people, which fueled the nationalist drives.

Increase in the number of people living below the poverty line in Africa is particularly because

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It is largely and logically smart to trace Africa's poverty increase to the widespread unemployment rate of the youth - the largest proportion of the African population. N.B: as much as almost all of the options are right, the emphasis in the question is on 'particularly'.

The .... was the programme initiated to institutionalise the local government system in Nigeria

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The Local Government Reform of 1976 was the programme initiated to institutionalize the local government system in Nigeria. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was introduced by the military government of General Murtala Mohammed with the aim of decentralizing power and promoting grassroots development. The reform created a system of local governments across Nigeria, which were responsible for delivering basic services to their communities, such as water, sanitation, and primary healthcare. Under the reform, each state was divided into local government areas (LGAs), and each LGA was to have a democratically elected council responsible for governing the affairs of the local community. The councils were expected to generate revenue, manage local resources, and prioritize the needs of the community. The Local Government Reform of 1976 was a significant milestone in Nigeria's political history, as it marked a departure from the centralized governance that had characterized the country's post-independence period. The reform helped to bring governance closer to the people and empowered local communities to participate in decision-making and development. It's worth noting that while there was a Local Government Reform of 1979, it was a follow-up to the 1976 reform and did not introduce any significant changes to the local government system.

All the following except one were the motivating reasons behind the Great Trek

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The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boers (Dutch settlers) from British-controlled Cape Colony in the 1830s. The Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and sought to establish independent republics in the interior of South Africa. The motivating reasons behind the Great Trek were: - Insecurity about the conflict on the Eastern frontier of South Africa: The Boers were concerned about the aggression of the Zulu kingdom and other indigenous peoples, which threatened their security. - Restoration of economic, cultural, and political unity independent of the British power: The Boers sought to establish their own independent republics where they could control their own affairs and be free from British influence. - Threat of liberalism by the new colonial regime: The Boers were opposed to British policies such as the abolition of slavery, which they believed threatened their way of life. The option that is not a motivating reason behind the Great Trek is "the fear that the emigration might lead to a decline of civilization." There is no historical evidence to suggest that this was a motivating factor behind the Great Trek.

All except one of the following motivated the scramble for Africa

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The imperialists were for every other reasons interested in Africa, except that they thought of it as an avenue to smoothen foreign relations with African States.

The main motive behind imperialism has been aforetime categorised as primarily

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The main motive behind imperialism has been primarily "to obtain and control a supply of raw materials for industries." During the era of European imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries, European powers sought to expand their empires and control territories around the world. One of the primary motivations for this was to secure a supply of raw materials for their growing industries back home. These raw materials included minerals, metals, and agricultural products such as rubber, palm oil, and cotton. The European powers also sought to establish trade networks and markets in the territories they colonized, which would enable them to sell their manufactured goods and generate profits. In addition, imperialism was driven by a desire to acquire strategic locations for military bases and geopolitical influence. While there were other factors that contributed to imperialism, such as cultural and ideological beliefs, economic motives were the main driving force behind the expansion of Western empires.

One of the following persons was not arrested over the May Day riots

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Arisekola Alao is the correct answer. On May 13, 1998 under the Abacha's regime, Comrade Ola Oni, a legendary radical lecturer and activist, Chief Bola Ige, Lam Adesina were notable persons arrested over the May Day riots in Ibadan. They were arraigned before the Chief Magistrate's Court, Iyaganku, Ibadan.

The repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia led to the

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The repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia led to the Battle of Adwa. The Battle of Adwa was fought on March 1, 1896, between Ethiopian forces and the invading Italian army. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia and marked the first time that an African country successfully defended itself against a European colonial power. This victory was significant in that it demonstrated the strength and resilience of the Ethiopian people, and it helped to preserve Ethiopia's independence and sovereignty. The Battle of Adwa is celebrated to this day as a national holiday in Ethiopia and is seen as a symbol of pride and resistance against colonialism.

The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was ... under the platform of the

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The Vice President of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic was Alex Ekwueme, under the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The 2nd Republic was a short-lived civilian government in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983, and Alex Ekwueme served as Vice President under President Shehu Shagari, who was elected on the platform of the NPN. Ekwueme was a prominent architect, politician, and statesman who played a significant role in the political and economic development of Nigeria during the 2nd Republic.

One of the following is attributable to the Great Trek

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The expansion of white communities in South Africa is attributable to the Great Trek. The Great Trek was a movement of Boers, or Afrikaner farmers, in the early 1800s who left the British-controlled Cape Colony to establish their own independent republics. This movement led to the expansion of white communities in South Africa, as the Boers established themselves in new territories and eventually formed the states of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Great Trek played a significant role in shaping the political and social landscape of South Africa, as it laid the foundation for the future conflicts between white settlers and the indigenous black population.

One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was the

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The Mfecane was a period of widespread chaos and warfare that occurred in Southern Africa during the early 19th century. One critical factor that led to the Mfecane was war-created refugee problems. As various Nguni groups migrated and settled in new territories, they often came into conflict with the existing populations. These conflicts frequently escalated into full-scale wars that resulted in large numbers of refugees fleeing the fighting. These refugees often joined other groups, causing displacement and upheaval throughout the region. The violence and instability of the Mfecane had significant and lasting impacts on the social, economic, and political structures of Southern Africa.