JAMB UTME - History - 2020

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The strained relationship between Nigeria and Britain during Murtala/Obasanjo's regime in 1975 led to the nationalization of British petroleum and Barclays bank. This means that the Nigerian government took control of these companies and made them state-owned. This move was seen as a way for Nigeria to assert its independence from Britain and to take control of its own resources. The nationalization of these companies caused some tension between Nigeria and Britain, but it was also seen as a way to promote economic growth and development in Nigeria.

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Ethiopia's lowlands and high plateau protected the country from external invasion. This means that because of the geography of the country, which includes lowlands and a high plateau, it was difficult for foreign armies to invade and conquer Ethiopia. The rugged terrain and difficult to access areas made it hard for enemies to reach the core of the country and successfully invade it. This helped to protect Ethiopia from being taken over by other countries.

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The main party against apartheid in South Africa was the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was a political party founded in 1912 that fought against the apartheid system, which was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. The ANC led many peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, as well as armed resistance, in an effort to end apartheid and achieve equal rights for all South Africans, regardless of race. The ANC's efforts eventually led to the end of apartheid in the 1990s and the election of Nelson Mandela as the country's first black president in 1994.

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Illegal West Africa aliens living in Nigeria were expelled during the Buhari/Idiagbon era. In 1983, General Muhammadu Buhari became the military head of state of Nigeria after a military coup. He appointed Major-General Tunde Idiagbon as his deputy. During their regime, a policy was put in place to expel illegal immigrants who were mostly from West Africa, particularly Ghana. The policy was known as the "Aliens Compliance Order" and it gave illegal immigrants a two-week ultimatum to leave the country or face deportation. The policy was part of the government's effort to tackle economic challenges, including high unemployment and a shortage of resources, which were exacerbated by the presence of illegal immigrants. The government also believed that illegal immigrants were responsible for criminal activities and other social problems in the country. As a result of the policy, an estimated two million immigrants, mostly Ghanaians, were forced to leave Nigeria. The move was widely criticized by the international community and human rights groups, who accused the government of violating the rights of the immigrants. However, the Buhari/Idiagbon regime defended the policy, arguing that it was necessary to protect the interests of Nigerians and maintain law and order in the country.

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The Scramble of Africans by Europeans in 1884/85 Berlin Conference made Nigeria a British West Africa colony. In the late 1800s, European countries were rushing to colonize and control as much of Africa as they could. They did this through a process known as the "Scramble for Africa". At the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885, European countries met and divided up Africa among themselves, with each country claiming certain territories. As a result of this scramble, Nigeria became a British colony in West Africa. The British ruled Nigeria until 1960, when the country gained its independence.

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The Portuguese were the first set of people to land on the present day Nigeria territory for trading activities. In the late 15th century, the Portuguese began exploring the West African coast, seeking a direct sea route to Asia for trade. In 1471, the Portuguese explorer, Rui de Sequeira, landed on the coast of what is now Nigeria and established trade relations with the local people. The Portuguese were particularly interested in trading for gold, ivory, and pepper, which they found in abundance in the region. They established trade posts and forts along the coast, including in Lagos, which became a major center for trade and commerce. The Portuguese also introduced Christianity to the region and attempted to establish a permanent settlement in the area, but they were met with resistance from the local rulers and were eventually driven out. Overall, the Portuguese played a significant role in the early European exploration and exploitation of West Africa, including what is now Nigeria. They were the first Europeans to establish contact with the local people and to begin trading for valuable resources in the region.

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Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years. Nelson Mandela was a leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and an opponent of the apartheid system in South Africa. He was arrested in 1962 and charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government. He was sentenced to life in prison and was incarcerated for 27 years, most of which was spent on Robben Island. Despite his long imprisonment, Nelson Mandela remained a symbol of resistance against apartheid and a powerful voice for equality and justice. His release in 1990 was a major turning point in the struggle against apartheid, and he went on to become the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

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The first African to be ordained bishop by the Christian missionary school and consecrated as bishop of the Niger territory is Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a Yoruba man from western Nigeria who was captured as a slave when he was a child and taken to Sierra Leone. There, he was rescued by Christian missionaries and educated at the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, where he became a teacher and a Christian missionary. In 1843, Crowther was selected to be part of the Niger expedition, which aimed to explore and open up the River Niger for trade and missionary work. Crowther played a key role in the expedition, acting as an interpreter and mediator between the expedition members and the local communities they encountered. After the expedition, Crowther continued his work as a missionary and was ordained as a deacon in 1847 and later as a priest in 1852. In 1864, he was consecrated as the first African bishop of the Niger territory, which covered the area now known as Nigeria. Crowther is recognized as a pioneer in the spread of Christianity in Nigeria and played a key role in the translation of the Bible into Yoruba and other Nigerian languages. He is also remembered as a symbol of the resilience and determination of Africans in the face of slavery and colonialism.

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Imperialism is the economic control and exploitation of foreign lands arising from necessity to reverse the impediment to the accumulation of capital. Imperialism is a system in which a more powerful country extends its economic and political control over other countries or territories. It often involves the use of military force to acquire and maintain control of foreign lands, resources, and markets. Imperialism arose as a necessity for capitalist countries to find new markets for their products and new sources of raw materials to fuel their industries. Imperialism is often characterized by the exploitation of the labor and resources of the colonized people for the benefit of the imperial power.

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The United Nations Organization emerged as a result of the collapse of the League of Nations (LON). The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I with the aim of promoting peace and cooperation between nations. However, it failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the failures of the League of Nations, the United Nations was established in 1945 to replace it. The United Nations is an international organization consisting of 193 member states and is dedicated to promoting peace, security, and development around the world. Unlike the League of Nations, the United Nations has been successful in maintaining international peace and stability through diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peacekeeping efforts.

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The establishment of "Lagos Daily News" by Herbert Macaulay helped to fast-track the activity of nationalists in Nigeria. Herbert Macaulay was a prominent Nigerian nationalist who played a crucial role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule. In 1925, he founded the Lagos Daily News, a newspaper that served as a platform for the expression of nationalist ideals and the dissemination of information on political developments in Nigeria. The Lagos Daily News provided a voice for the Nigerian nationalist movement and was instrumental in rallying public support for the cause of independence. It also helped to mobilize the masses and raise awareness of the issues facing the country. Through the Lagos Daily News, Macaulay was able to champion the cause of Nigerian nationalism and promote the political aspirations of his people. The newspaper was a powerful tool for political activism and played a significant role in the eventual attainment of independence for Nigeria in 1960. In summary, the establishment of the Lagos Daily News by Herbert Macaulay helped to fast-track the activity of nationalists in Nigeria by providing a voice for the nationalist movement and serving as a platform for the expression of political ideals and the dissemination of information on political developments.

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The panic that emigration might decline civilization is not a gearing factor towards the Great Trek. The Great Trek was a movement of Boers (Dutch-speaking farmers) who migrated from the British-controlled Cape Colony in South Africa during the 1830s and 1840s. The Boers had a number of reasons for undertaking the Great Trek, including a desire for freedom from British domination, the restoration of their economic, cultural, and political independence, and a fear of conflict on the eastern frontier of South Africa. The Boers believed that the British were encroaching on their way of life and that they needed to establish their own independent republics in order to preserve their culture and traditions. The fear that emigration might decline civilization was not a factor that motivated the Boers to undertake the Great Trek.

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The crown colony system is a form of British direct rule over territory that was annexed by the British Empire. Under this system, a colony was ruled directly by a governor appointed by the British government, rather than through the use of traditional rulers or local elites. The governor had significant power over the colony's administration, including the power to make laws, establish courts, and appoint officials. This system was commonly used in Africa and other parts of the British Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Freetown, which is the capital city of Sierra Leone, was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several British organizations and individuals began advocating for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and the emancipation of enslaved Africans. After the British Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, many enslaved Africans were freed and needed a place to settle. In 1822, the British government established a settlement for freed slaves in Freetown, which had been founded by the Sierra Leone Company in 1792 as a home for repatriated Africans and other people of African descent. The freed slaves, known as the "recaptives," were resettled in Freetown and other parts of Sierra Leone. Freetown became a center of resettlement for freed slaves from all over West Africa, and the settlement of the recaptives continued until the early 20th century. Freetown also became a hub for the anti-slavery movement and the promotion of Christianity, as many of the recaptives were evangelized by Christian missionaries and educated in Christian schools. In summary, Freetown was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century, as the British government established a settlement for them in the city.

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The discovery of Terracotta in 1928 on NOK soil in Kaduna state was made by Colonel Dent Young, a British colonial administrator who was serving as the Resident of the Northern Province of Nigeria at the time. During a routine inspection of a tin mine in the village of Nok, Young stumbled upon some strange objects that turned out to be ancient terracotta sculptures. These sculptures were unlike anything he had seen before, and he immediately recognized their significance. Young made the discovery of the Nok Terracotta figurines by chance, but his efforts to document and preserve the findings helped to launch the study of ancient Nigerian art and culture. Today, the Nok Terracotta remains a crucial piece of African history, and a symbol of the rich cultural heritage of Nigeria.

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The first capital of the Kanem-Bornu empire was Njimi. Kanem-Bornu was a medieval empire that existed in what is now Chad and Nigeria. Njimi was the first capital of the empire, where the ruling king and government were based. Over time, the capital was moved to different locations, but Njimi remained an important city in the empire's history.

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The person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates was Flora Shaw. She was a British journalist and writer who was married to Lord Lugard, the first Governor-General of Nigeria. In 1914, Lord Lugard oversaw the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates, which created the country now known as Nigeria. Flora Shaw, who was then a colonial correspondent for The Times newspaper, suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory. The name "Nigeria" was derived from the Niger River, which flows through the country, and was suggested by Flora Shaw in an article she wrote for The Times. The name quickly gained acceptance and was adopted as the official name of the country after its amalgamation. In summary, Flora Shaw was the person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates. She suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory, and the name was quickly adopted and became the official name of the country.

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The General Assembly is not an organ of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was established to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries. The main organs of OPEC are the Conference, the Board of Governors, and the Secretariat. The Conference is the supreme authority of OPEC and is comprised of representatives from each member country. The Board of Governors is responsible for overseeing the implementation of OPEC's policies and decisions, while the Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization.

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Before 1963, the Privy Council was the highest court in Nigeria. The Privy Council was a judicial body based in London, England, that served as the final court of appeal for the British Empire and Commonwealth countries, including Nigeria. The Privy Council was made up of senior judges and legal experts appointed by the British monarch. Nigerian cases that could not be resolved by the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal were appealed to the Privy Council. However, in 1963, the Nigerian Constitution was amended to establish the Supreme Court of Nigeria as the final court of appeal in the country, effectively ending the appellate jurisdiction of the Privy Council in Nigeria.

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The Mfecane, also known as the Difaqane, happened between 1815 and 1840 in Southern Africa. During this period, there were widespread conflicts and migrations among various African ethnic groups in the region, including the Zulu, Sotho, Ndebele, and others. These conflicts were often sparked by competition over resources like land and cattle, and were exacerbated by the introduction of firearms by European traders. The Mfecane led to the displacement of many people, as well as the formation of new states and alliances. It also had long-lasting effects on the political and social structures of Southern Africa, shaping the region's history for generations to come.

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The main factor that led to depopulation of Nigerians around 1715 to 1789 was the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This involved the capture, transport, and sale of millions of African people, including Nigerians, to European slave traders who took them across the Atlantic to work on plantations and in mines in the Americas. The slave trade resulted in significant loss of life, separation of families, and displacement of communities, which led to depopulation in many parts of Nigeria and other African countries.

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