JAMB UTME - History - 2022

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The option that was not an effect of the Great Trek is "It reduced trade between black and white groups." The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boer settlers in the 1830s from the British Cape Colony in present-day South Africa to the interior in search of land, independence, and to escape British rule. The effects of the Great Trek included: - Afrikaners remained politically divided for many years: The trek resulted in the fragmentation of the Afrikaner community into smaller groups, each with their own leaders and agendas, making it harder for them to unite politically. - The Trek resulted in the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers: The Boers established their own independent republics, which were culturally and economically isolated from the British Cape Colony and indigenous African societies. - The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous Boer republics: The Boers established several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal), which were recognized by the British as sovereign states. Therefore, the correct option is "It reduced trade between black and white groups," as the Great Trek was not directly associated with reducing trade between black and white groups. However, the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers resulted in limited interaction and trade between the Boers and indigenous African societies, which could have indirectly affected trade between black and white groups.

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Lagos was annexed by the British in 1861. Lagos was a city-state in what is now Nigeria, and it was an important center of trade and commerce in West Africa. In 1861, the British declared Lagos a British protectorate, which meant that the city came under British control and was no longer an independent state. The annexation of Lagos marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Nigeria, and it had a significant impact on the political, economic, and social development of the region.

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General Sani Abacha was a military ruler who served as the head of state of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. During his regime, he did create some new states in Nigeria, but the exact number is disputed. Some sources say that he created 6 new states, while others say 7 or even 9. However, it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states, which are: 1. Ebonyi State 2. Bayelsa State 3. Gombe State 4. Nasarawa State 5. Zamfara State 6. Ekiti State In summary, the exact number of states created by General Sani Abacha is not clear, but it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states.

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The father of modern Egypt is often regarded as Mohammad Ali, who was an Ottoman military commander and the ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848. He is known for his efforts to modernize Egypt by introducing various reforms and innovations in areas such as education, agriculture, and military technology. Some of his achievements include the establishment of a modern army, the founding of the first Egyptian university, and the construction of various public works such as canals and bridges. He also introduced a number of social reforms, including the abolition of slavery and the promotion of women's rights. Mohammad Ali's legacy as the father of modern Egypt is a testament to his vision and leadership in transforming Egypt into a more modern and progressive society.

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The Berlin conference on the partitioning of Africa was held in 1884/1885. The conference was organized by the German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and attended by representatives from 14 European countries, as well as the United States. The primary goal of the conference was to divide and colonize the African continent among European powers, without regard for the rights and needs of the African peoples. The conference formalized the "Scramble for Africa," which resulted in the colonization of almost the entire African continent by European powers.

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Christianity started in Sierra Leone in the late 1700s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries and European traders. It's believed that the first Christian missionaries arrived in Sierra Leone in the 1790s. Since then, Christianity has become one of the dominant religions in the country, with a significant portion of the population identifying as Christian.

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The Nguni people are originally from South Africa. The Nguni people are a group of related ethnic communities who share a common cultural and linguistic heritage. They are native to the southeastern regions of South Africa and are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. The Nguni people have a rich cultural heritage, including unique traditions, customs, and beliefs, that have been passed down through generations. Today, the Nguni people continue to play a significant role in South African society and culture.

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The first capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire was Njimi. The empire was founded in the 9th century in what is now Chad and northeastern Nigeria, and Njimi was established as its capital shortly thereafter. Njimi was located near the shores of Lake Chad and served as the political and economic center of the empire. The city was well-planned and had a sophisticated system of governance, which included a centralized administration, a system of taxation, and a large army. Under the Kanem-Borno Empire, Njimi grew to become a major center of trade and culture in the region, with merchants and scholars from across Africa and the Middle East visiting the city. The empire also spread Islam throughout the region and built many mosques and Islamic schools in Njimi and other cities. Although Njimi was eventually replaced as the capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire by Birni Ngazargamu in the 16th century, it remained an important cultural and religious center in the region for centuries.

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Dr M.A Majekodunmi was appointed by the federal government of Nigeria as the administrator of Western Region in 1962. Following a political crisis in the Western Region, the federal government declared a state of emergency in the region and appointed Dr Majekodunmi to administer the region as its sole administrator. His primary task was to restore law and order in the region, which had been plagued by political violence and instability. During his tenure, Dr Majekodunmi worked to promote peace and reconciliation between the political factions in the region. He also implemented a number of development projects, including the construction of new schools, hospitals, and roads. Overall, Dr Majekodunmi's administration of the Western Region was seen as largely successful, as he was able to restore order and stability to the region and promote development.

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The longest war in Yoruba land lasted 16 years. The Yoruba people are an ethnic group native to Nigeria, and their history is marked by periods of inter-city conflict and warfare. The longest of these wars was fought between the city-states of Ife and Modakeke and lasted for 16 years. The conflict was sparked by disputes over land and resources, and it involved several battles and skirmishes before it was finally resolved through negotiations and the intervention of outside mediators. Today, the Yoruba people have largely put aside their differences and come together as a unified cultural group, with a shared history and rich traditions.

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Before the Macpherson's constitution of 1951, the North was governed by Emirs. Emirs were traditional rulers who held considerable power and influence over their respective regions in the North. They governed their territories through a system of local administration known as the Emirate system, which had been in place for centuries before the arrival of colonialism. The Emirs had their own court system, which operated independently of the British colonial administration, and they also played a key role in the collection of taxes and maintenance of law and order in their domains. The Emirate system was largely responsible for the maintenance of peace and stability in the North prior to the adoption of the Macpherson's constitution.

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The economic reforms of Theodore II of Ethiopia involved the improvement of agriculture, reorganization of the fiscal system, and revival of external trade. Theodore II was a prominent figure in Ethiopian history who ruled from 1855 to 1868. During his reign, he implemented several economic reforms to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the living conditions of his people. One of the key areas he focused on was agriculture, which he saw as a crucial source of revenue for the empire. He introduced modern farming techniques and encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and cotton, which helped to boost agricultural productivity and income. Theodore II also reorganized the fiscal system to make it more efficient and transparent. He introduced a new tax system that was fairer and more consistent, and established a central treasury to manage government revenue. This helped to reduce corruption and waste in the administration of public finances. Furthermore, Theodore II revitalized external trade by opening up new trade routes and establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers. He negotiated new trade agreements with European countries and encouraged foreign investment in Ethiopia. This helped to expand the Ethiopian economy and create new opportunities for trade and commerce. In summary, Theodore II's economic reforms focused on improving agriculture, reorganizing the fiscal system, and reviving external trade. These reforms helped to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the welfare of his people.

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Nigeria was birthed in the year 1914. Before 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was divided into various British protectorates and colonies, such as Lagos Colony and the Southern and Northern Protectorates. In 1914, these different territories were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, under the administration of a single governor-general. This amalgamation marked the beginning of a united Nigeria, although the country did not gain full independence until 1960. Therefore, the year 1914 is considered the birth year of Nigeria as a single entity, and it is celebrated as the country's national day.

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Christianity was brought to Liberia primarily by freed American slaves. In the early 1800s, the American Colonization Society established Liberia as a colony for freed slaves from the United States. Many of these settlers were already Christians, and they brought their faith with them to Liberia. The first formal Christian mission in Liberia was established in 1821 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, with other Protestant denominations following in the years that followed. While there were some British consuls and freed British slaves who settled in Liberia, they did not have the same significant impact on the spread of Christianity in the country as the freed American slaves did.

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The Tukulor empire was established by Al-Ḥajj ʿUmar, also known as Umar Tal, in the 19th century. He was a Muslim religious leader and military commander who sought to establish an Islamic state in West Africa. He was born in what is now Senegal and became a student of Islamic scholarship in his youth. In 1852, Umar Tal began a series of military campaigns to conquer neighboring regions, including the Bambara and Wolof peoples. He established the Tukulor Empire, which encompassed a large part of present-day Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania. The empire was based on Islamic principles, and Umar Tal was known for his strict adherence to Islamic law. Umar Tal's rule was characterized by his attempts to spread Islam and his efforts to modernize the empire. He established schools and encouraged trade and agriculture. However, his strict enforcement of Islamic law, including the abolition of practices such as animism and slavery, was controversial and led to conflicts with neighboring peoples. Overall, Al-Ḥajj ʿUmar was the leader who established the Tukulor Empire through military conquest and sought to establish an Islamic state based on strict adherence to Islamic law.

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The Lagos colony and the Southern Protectorate were amalgamated in 1906. The British government, which had established both colonies as separate entities, decided to merge them into a single administrative unit in order to improve governance and efficiency. The new entity was named the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, with Lagos serving as its capital. The amalgamation also marked the beginning of a process that ultimately led to the creation of modern-day Nigeria in 1960.

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The Kingmakers in Oyo are called "Oyomesi". They are a council of seven members who are responsible for selecting and appointing the next Alaafin (king) of Oyo. The Oyomesi are considered to be very powerful and influential within the Oyo Empire, and their role in selecting the king is crucial to maintaining the stability and continuity of the monarchy. The Oyomesi are also responsible for advising the Alaafin on important matters and acting as a check on the king's power.

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The Great Trek happened in South Africa. The Great Trek was a historical event that occurred in the early 1800s in South Africa when groups of Dutch-speaking farmers, known as Boers, migrated from the British Cape Colony to the interior of the country in search of land and independence from British colonial rule. The Boers were unhappy with British attempts to abolish slavery and introduce English language and culture in the Cape Colony. As a result, they decided to move into the interior of South Africa, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. The Great Trek was a significant event in South African history because it led to the establishment of several independent Boer republics, such as the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, which later became the Union of South Africa. The migration also resulted in conflicts with the indigenous people, such as the Zulus, and other groups who were already living in the interior. These conflicts, which included the Battle of Blood River, contributed to the shaping of South African society and the relations between different groups in the country.

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Frederik Willem de Klerk was the president of South Africa before Nelson Mandela. De Klerk led the country from 1989 to 1994, during a time of significant political change and the end of apartheid. He and Nelson Mandela worked together to bring about a peaceful transition to a multiracial democracy, for which they were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

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Britain invaded Egypt in 1882. In that year, Britain sent troops to Egypt to protect its economic interests and to secure control over the Suez Canal, a critical waterway that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The invasion was part of a larger effort by Britain to maintain its dominance in the region and to counteract the growing influence of other European powers.

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The person who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria was Lord Lugard. Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British during their colonial rule of Nigeria, where traditional rulers were used as intermediaries between the colonial government and the local people. Lord Lugard was a British colonial administrator who served as the first Governor-General of both the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919. He introduced indirect rule as a way to govern the diverse peoples of Nigeria without the need for a large and expensive administrative bureaucracy. The traditional rulers were given the authority to maintain law and order, collect taxes and administer justice, with the British colonial officials providing oversight and support. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Lord Lugard."

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The Coussey Commission Report laid the groundwork for the eventual independence of Ghana. In 1948, there were protests in the then Gold Coast (now Ghana) against British colonial rule, which led to a series of political developments that ultimately resulted in the formation of the Coussey Committee. The committee was tasked with determining the political future of the Gold Coast and making recommendations for its constitutional development. The Coussey Committee recommended that a new constitution be drafted for the Gold Coast, which would provide for a more democratic form of government and greater local autonomy. The recommendations were largely accepted by the British government and the new constitution was enacted in 1951. The new constitution established a legislative council with an African majority, paving the way for increased African representation in government. This, along with other political developments, eventually led to the Gold Coast gaining independence from Britain in 1957 and becoming the first sub-Saharan African country to do so.

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The Nok culture was known for their terracotta sculptures. These sculptures were made of baked clay and were created to represent humans, animals, and spirits. They were produced between 500 BC and 200 AD and are considered some of the earliest examples of African terracotta art. The Nok people were skilled in creating highly detailed and expressive sculptures that captured the essence of their subjects. These sculptures provide valuable insight into the beliefs, customs, and daily life of the Nok culture.

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Kastina and Akwa-Ibom was created on September 23, 1987, by the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida. The creation of Kastina and Akwa-Ibom states was part of a nationwide effort to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people.

The creation of these states brought the total number of states in Nigeria to 21. In summary, Kastina and Akwa-Ibom are states in Nigeria that were created on September 23, 1987, by the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida. The creation of these states was part of a nationwide effort to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people.

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General Muhammadu Buhari's regime was overthrown by General Ibrahim Babangida. This happened in Nigeria in 1985, when Babangida staged a military coup and took control of the government. Buhari, who was then the head of state, was removed from power and held under house arrest for several years. Babangida ruled Nigeria as a military dictator until August 1993, when he was forced to step down following widespread protests and calls for a return to democratic rule.

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Sierra Leone was the first country to be introduced to Christianity in West Africa. The introduction of Christianity to Sierra Leone dates back to the late 18th century when a British abolitionist named Granville Sharp, along with a group of freed slaves, founded the Province of Freedom, which later became Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone. The group included both Christians and Muslims, but Christianity was the dominant religion. In 1792, the first Anglican mission was established in Freetown, which marked the beginning of the spread of Christianity in Sierra Leone and West Africa as a whole. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Sierra Leone."

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The first state president of the Republic of South Africa was Charles Robberts Swart. He served as state president from 1961 to 1967. Prior to becoming state president, Swart was a judge and politician who played a significant role in the establishment of the Republic of South Africa. As state president, Swart held a mostly ceremonial role, representing the country domestically and internationally. His main responsibilities included signing legislation into law, appointing judges and other officials, and receiving foreign dignitaries.

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The vice president of Nigeria in the Second Republic (1979-1983) was Dr. Alex Ekwueme. Following the 1979 general election, Alhaji Shehu Shagari emerged as the president of Nigeria, and he appointed Dr. Alex Ekwueme, a prominent Nigerian politician and architect, as his vice president. Ekwueme, who was a member of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), was widely regarded as a competent and experienced leader who could assist Shagari in governing the country. During his tenure as vice president, Ekwueme played a key role in promoting the development of Nigeria's infrastructure, including the construction of new airports, highways, and public buildings. He was also an advocate for social justice and human rights, and he worked to promote democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria. However, the Second Republic was short-lived, as it was marred by political instability, economic recession, and widespread corruption. In December 1983, the military overthrew the Shagari-led government and took control of Nigeria. In summary, the vice president of Nigeria in the Second Republic (1979-1983) was Dr. Alex Ekwueme, a prominent politician and architect who played a significant role in the development and governance of the country during that period.

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The title of the king's mother in the Benin Kingdom is "Iyoba". This title is a combination of two words: "Iyó" which means "Queen" and "Oba" which means "King" in the Bini language. In the Benin Kingdom, the Iyoba was a very important figure and held a significant role in the administration of the kingdom. She was also responsible for the welfare of women and children in the kingdom. When a new king was crowned in the kingdom, his mother was also given the title of Iyoba. This was to acknowledge her as the mother of the king and to give her a position of honor and respect within the kingdom. The Iyoba had her own palace and was served by her own retinue of attendants. One of the most famous Iyobas in Benin history was Queen Idia, who was the mother of Oba Esigie. She played a crucial role in helping her son to defeat the Igala people in a battle and was celebrated as a warrior queen. Today, the Iyoba still holds an important position in the Benin Kingdom and is regarded with great respect and reverence.

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The correct answer is "Adwa". Emperor Menelik II defeated Italian troops in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. The battle was fought between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, who sought to establish and expand their colonial presence in Ethiopia. Menelik II led the Ethiopian forces to a decisive victory, marking the first time in history that an African army had defeated a European colonial power. The victory of the Ethiopians at Adwa is considered a symbol of African resistance to European imperialism and is celebrated as a national holiday in Ethiopia.

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The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was abolished in Britain in 1807. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of enslaved Africans from their homes in West and Central Africa to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. It was a brutal system that resulted in the deaths of millions of Africans and the enrichment of European and American slave traders and plantation owners. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was the result of decades of activism and advocacy by abolitionists, who campaigned against the inhumanity of the slave trade and the slave system. In 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade in slaves within the British Empire. However, it did not abolish slavery itself, and the practice of owning slaves continued in the British colonies until 1833, when the Slavery Abolition Act was passed. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was a significant moment in the history of the struggle for human rights and the fight against the dehumanization of people based on their race. It was also an important step in the long and ongoing process of addressing the legacies of slavery and racism in the world today.

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Ismail Pasha was removed as the Khedive of Egypt at the behest of Great Britain in 1879. Ismail Pasha was the ruler of Egypt during a time of great change and modernization in the country. He implemented many reforms and infrastructure projects, but his lavish spending and mounting debts led to financial crisis. In order to protect their investments in Egypt, Great Britain and other European powers demanded that Ismail Pasha be removed from power. In 1879, Ismail Pasha was forced to abdicate and was succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha. This event marked the beginning of British influence over Egypt, which continued until the country gained independence in 1952.

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The name Liberia means "Land of the Free". It comes from the Latin word "liber", which means free, and was chosen by the country's founders in the early 19th century as a symbol of their hope for a new nation founded on the principles of freedom and democracy. Liberia was established in 1822 as a colony for free African-Americans and former slaves from the United States. The colony was founded by the American Colonization Society, which believed that African-Americans would be better off living in Africa than in the United States. The name "Liberia" was chosen to reflect the colony's status as a place of freedom and opportunity for African-Americans. Over time, the name came to represent the country as a whole, which gained its independence from the United States in 1847 and became the Republic of Liberia. Today, the name "Liberia" continues to be a symbol of the country's struggle for freedom and democracy, as well as its commitment to human rights and social justice.

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The first British consul in Nigeria was John Beecroft. He was appointed as the British consul in what was then known as the Bights of Benin and Biafra in 1849. Beecroft was tasked with promoting British trade in the region, as well as suppressing the slave trade, which was still prevalent at the time. He established good relations with the local rulers and was able to negotiate treaties with them that enabled the British to establish trading posts and factories. Beecroft's work paved the way for the later British colonial administration in Nigeria, which ultimately led to Nigeria's independence in 1960.

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There are 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria. These zones were created during the regime of General Sani Abacha in 1994 in an effort to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. Each geopolitical zone is made up of several states, with the zones being named after the dominant ethnic group in the area. The six geopolitical zones in Nigeria are: 1. North-West Zone 2. North-East Zone 3. North-Central Zone 4. South-West Zone 5. South-East Zone 6. South-South Zone The North-West Zone is made up of seven states, including Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara. The North-East Zone is made up of six states, including Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. The North-Central Zone is made up of six states, including Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, and Plateau. The South-West Zone is made up of six states, including Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo. The South-East Zone is made up of five states, including Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. The South-South Zone is made up of six states, including Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers. In summary, there are six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, each made up of several states, and these zones were created in 1994 to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.