JAMB UTME - History - 2022

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The first capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire was Njimi. The empire was founded in the 9th century in what is now Chad and northeastern Nigeria, and Njimi was established as its capital shortly thereafter. Njimi was located near the shores of Lake Chad and served as the political and economic center of the empire. The city was well-planned and had a sophisticated system of governance, which included a centralized administration, a system of taxation, and a large army. Under the Kanem-Borno Empire, Njimi grew to become a major center of trade and culture in the region, with merchants and scholars from across Africa and the Middle East visiting the city. The empire also spread Islam throughout the region and built many mosques and Islamic schools in Njimi and other cities. Although Njimi was eventually replaced as the capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire by Birni Ngazargamu in the 16th century, it remained an important cultural and religious center in the region for centuries.

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The longest war in Yoruba land lasted 16 years. The Yoruba people are an ethnic group native to Nigeria, and their history is marked by periods of inter-city conflict and warfare. The longest of these wars was fought between the city-states of Ife and Modakeke and lasted for 16 years. The conflict was sparked by disputes over land and resources, and it involved several battles and skirmishes before it was finally resolved through negotiations and the intervention of outside mediators. Today, the Yoruba people have largely put aside their differences and come together as a unified cultural group, with a shared history and rich traditions.

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The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Benin. In the late 15th century, Portuguese explorers and traders began to arrive in West Africa, including the area that is now modern-day Benin. They established trade routes and established relationships with local African kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Benin. Over time, the Portuguese became one of the dominant European powers in the region, controlling the trade of goods such as ivory, spices, and slaves.

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Nigeria was birthed in the year 1914. Before 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was divided into various British protectorates and colonies, such as Lagos Colony and the Southern and Northern Protectorates. In 1914, these different territories were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, under the administration of a single governor-general. This amalgamation marked the beginning of a united Nigeria, although the country did not gain full independence until 1960. Therefore, the year 1914 is considered the birth year of Nigeria as a single entity, and it is celebrated as the country's national day.

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General Sani Abacha was a military ruler who served as the head of state of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. During his regime, he did create some new states in Nigeria, but the exact number is disputed. Some sources say that he created 6 new states, while others say 7 or even 9. However, it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states, which are: 1. Ebonyi State 2. Bayelsa State 3. Gombe State 4. Nasarawa State 5. Zamfara State 6. Ekiti State In summary, the exact number of states created by General Sani Abacha is not clear, but it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states.

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The correct answer is "Adwa". Emperor Menelik II defeated Italian troops in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. The battle was fought between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, who sought to establish and expand their colonial presence in Ethiopia. Menelik II led the Ethiopian forces to a decisive victory, marking the first time in history that an African army had defeated a European colonial power. The victory of the Ethiopians at Adwa is considered a symbol of African resistance to European imperialism and is celebrated as a national holiday in Ethiopia.

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Lagos was annexed by the British in 1861. Lagos was a city-state in what is now Nigeria, and it was an important center of trade and commerce in West Africa. In 1861, the British declared Lagos a British protectorate, which meant that the city came under British control and was no longer an independent state. The annexation of Lagos marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Nigeria, and it had a significant impact on the political, economic, and social development of the region.

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Before the Macpherson's constitution of 1951, the North was governed by Emirs. Emirs were traditional rulers who held considerable power and influence over their respective regions in the North. They governed their territories through a system of local administration known as the Emirate system, which had been in place for centuries before the arrival of colonialism. The Emirs had their own court system, which operated independently of the British colonial administration, and they also played a key role in the collection of taxes and maintenance of law and order in their domains. The Emirate system was largely responsible for the maintenance of peace and stability in the North prior to the adoption of the Macpherson's constitution.

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The name Liberia means "Land of the Free". It comes from the Latin word "liber", which means free, and was chosen by the country's founders in the early 19th century as a symbol of their hope for a new nation founded on the principles of freedom and democracy. Liberia was established in 1822 as a colony for free African-Americans and former slaves from the United States. The colony was founded by the American Colonization Society, which believed that African-Americans would be better off living in Africa than in the United States. The name "Liberia" was chosen to reflect the colony's status as a place of freedom and opportunity for African-Americans. Over time, the name came to represent the country as a whole, which gained its independence from the United States in 1847 and became the Republic of Liberia. Today, the name "Liberia" continues to be a symbol of the country's struggle for freedom and democracy, as well as its commitment to human rights and social justice.

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Britain invaded Egypt in 1882. In that year, Britain sent troops to Egypt to protect its economic interests and to secure control over the Suez Canal, a critical waterway that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The invasion was part of a larger effort by Britain to maintain its dominance in the region and to counteract the growing influence of other European powers.

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The Nguni people are originally from South Africa. The Nguni people are a group of related ethnic communities who share a common cultural and linguistic heritage. They are native to the southeastern regions of South Africa and are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. The Nguni people have a rich cultural heritage, including unique traditions, customs, and beliefs, that have been passed down through generations. Today, the Nguni people continue to play a significant role in South African society and culture.

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The Berlin conference on the partitioning of Africa was held in 1884/1885. The conference was organized by the German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and attended by representatives from 14 European countries, as well as the United States. The primary goal of the conference was to divide and colonize the African continent among European powers, without regard for the rights and needs of the African peoples. The conference formalized the "Scramble for Africa," which resulted in the colonization of almost the entire African continent by European powers.

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Nigeria joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971. OPEC is a group of oil-producing countries that work together to manage the supply and price of oil. By joining OPEC, Nigeria became a part of this group and agreed to coordinate with other member countries to help regulate the oil market. This means that Nigeria would limit its own oil production to support the stability of oil prices globally. Joining OPEC was an important decision for Nigeria, as the country is one of the largest oil-producing nations in the world and oil exports play a significant role in its economy. By being a part of OPEC, Nigeria has a voice in the global oil market and can work to protect its own interests and those of other oil-producing countries.

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ECOWAS, which stands for the Economic Community of West African States, was established in the year 1975. It is a regional organization comprising of 15 member countries located in West Africa, with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its members. The founding members of ECOWAS were Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Burkina Faso. Since its establishment, ECOWAS has been involved in a variety of activities including the promotion of free trade, the establishment of a common market, and the development of infrastructure to facilitate regional integration.

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The first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in the year 1914. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into a single entity. In the case of Nigeria, it refers to the merger of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the British colonial government. Before 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria were two separate territories with distinct cultures, economies, and governance structures. However, the British government recognized the potential benefits of uniting these territories into a single administrative unit, such as increased efficiency in governance, enhanced economic development, and easier management of the colonial territory. After several years of negotiations, the British colonial government finally merged the two protectorates in 1914, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The amalgamation marked the beginning of a new era in Nigeria's history, with far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences that are still felt today. Overall, the first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in 1914 when the Northern and Southern Protectorates were merged into a single entity by the British colonial government.

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The Coussey Commission Report laid the groundwork for the eventual independence of Ghana. In 1948, there were protests in the then Gold Coast (now Ghana) against British colonial rule, which led to a series of political developments that ultimately resulted in the formation of the Coussey Committee. The committee was tasked with determining the political future of the Gold Coast and making recommendations for its constitutional development. The Coussey Committee recommended that a new constitution be drafted for the Gold Coast, which would provide for a more democratic form of government and greater local autonomy. The recommendations were largely accepted by the British government and the new constitution was enacted in 1951. The new constitution established a legislative council with an African majority, paving the way for increased African representation in government. This, along with other political developments, eventually led to the Gold Coast gaining independence from Britain in 1957 and becoming the first sub-Saharan African country to do so.

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The Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century. The trade involved the exchange of goods between West and North Africa, passing through the Sahara desert. Goods such as gold, ivory, salt, and slaves were traded along the routes. The trade was made possible by the domestication of camels, which made it easier to transport goods across the vast expanse of the Sahara desert. The trade routes stretched from the southern edge of the Sahara to the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and beyond. The trade was an important source of wealth and cultural exchange for the people of West and North Africa. It also helped to spread Islam across the region, as Muslim merchants and scholars travelled along the trade routes. In summary, the Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century, and it played a significant role in the economic and cultural development of West and North Africa.

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The Madhist War began in 1881. It was a conflict between the Mahdist forces and the British-Egyptian army in Sudan. The Mahdists were followers of a religious leader, Muhammad Ahmad, who had proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or the messiah. In 1881, he led a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation of Sudan, which led to the establishment of an Islamic state in Sudan. The Mahdists, under the leadership of the Mahdi, then began to expand their influence and control over other parts of Sudan. The British-Egyptian army, which had a presence in Sudan, then launched a series of military expeditions against the Mahdist forces, leading to the outbreak of the Madhist War in 1881. The war lasted for over a decade and involved several battles and campaigns, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The war finally ended in 1899, with the British-Egyptian army emerging victorious and re-establishing their control over Sudan.

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Christianity started in Sierra Leone in the late 1700s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries and European traders. It's believed that the first Christian missionaries arrived in Sierra Leone in the 1790s. Since then, Christianity has become one of the dominant religions in the country, with a significant portion of the population identifying as Christian.

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The father of modern Egypt is often regarded as Mohammad Ali, who was an Ottoman military commander and the ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848. He is known for his efforts to modernize Egypt by introducing various reforms and innovations in areas such as education, agriculture, and military technology. Some of his achievements include the establishment of a modern army, the founding of the first Egyptian university, and the construction of various public works such as canals and bridges. He also introduced a number of social reforms, including the abolition of slavery and the promotion of women's rights. Mohammad Ali's legacy as the father of modern Egypt is a testament to his vision and leadership in transforming Egypt into a more modern and progressive society.

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The option that was not an effect of the Great Trek is "It reduced trade between black and white groups." The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boer settlers in the 1830s from the British Cape Colony in present-day South Africa to the interior in search of land, independence, and to escape British rule. The effects of the Great Trek included: - Afrikaners remained politically divided for many years: The trek resulted in the fragmentation of the Afrikaner community into smaller groups, each with their own leaders and agendas, making it harder for them to unite politically. - The Trek resulted in the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers: The Boers established their own independent republics, which were culturally and economically isolated from the British Cape Colony and indigenous African societies. - The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous Boer republics: The Boers established several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal), which were recognized by the British as sovereign states. Therefore, the correct option is "It reduced trade between black and white groups," as the Great Trek was not directly associated with reducing trade between black and white groups. However, the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers resulted in limited interaction and trade between the Boers and indigenous African societies, which could have indirectly affected trade between black and white groups.

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Sierra Leone was the first country to be introduced to Christianity in West Africa. The introduction of Christianity to Sierra Leone dates back to the late 18th century when a British abolitionist named Granville Sharp, along with a group of freed slaves, founded the Province of Freedom, which later became Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone. The group included both Christians and Muslims, but Christianity was the dominant religion. In 1792, the first Anglican mission was established in Freetown, which marked the beginning of the spread of Christianity in Sierra Leone and West Africa as a whole. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Sierra Leone."

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After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856, the Asian section of the empire was ruled by Thuwaini bin Said. Thuwaini bin Said was the younger brother of Said bin Sultan and became the Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar after his brother's death. He ruled the Asian section of the empire from Muscat and was known for his military campaigns and expansion of the Omani empire. During his reign, he successfully fought against rebellions and extended Omani influence to parts of modern-day Pakistan, Iran, and East Africa. He also modernized the administration and infrastructure of the empire, which helped to strengthen its economy and political stability. Overall, Thuwaini bin Said was a significant figure in Omani history and played a vital role in the development and expansion of the empire.

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General Muhammadu Buhari's regime was overthrown by General Ibrahim Babangida. This happened in Nigeria in 1985, when Babangida staged a military coup and took control of the government. Buhari, who was then the head of state, was removed from power and held under house arrest for several years. Babangida ruled Nigeria as a military dictator until August 1993, when he was forced to step down following widespread protests and calls for a return to democratic rule.

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Nigeria practised the Westminster system of government between 1960 and 1966. The Westminster system is a democratic system of government that originated in the United Kingdom and is characterized by having a parliamentary system, where the executive branch (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) is accountable to the legislative branch (the Parliament). Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule in 1960 and adopted the Westminster system of government, with a Prime Minister as the head of government and a ceremonial President as the head of state. However, Nigeria's experience with the Westminster system was short-lived. In 1966, the government was overthrown in a military coup and the country was ruled by a series of military dictatorships for several decades. Therefore, Nigeria practiced the Westminster system of government for only six years, from 1960 to 1966.

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The Kingmakers in Oyo are called "Oyomesi". They are a council of seven members who are responsible for selecting and appointing the next Alaafin (king) of Oyo. The Oyomesi are considered to be very powerful and influential within the Oyo Empire, and their role in selecting the king is crucial to maintaining the stability and continuity of the monarchy. The Oyomesi are also responsible for advising the Alaafin on important matters and acting as a check on the king's power.

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On February 3, 1976, the Military Government of Murtala Muhammed created new states and renamed others, the states he created include: Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo. This brought the total number of states in Nigeria to nineteen in 1976.

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NYM (Nigerian Youth Movement) evolved from LYM (Lagos Youth Movement). The LYM was formed in 1931 in Lagos by a group of educated young Nigerians who were concerned about the political and social situation in Nigeria under British colonial rule. The LYM aimed to mobilize and empower young Nigerians to participate in the political process and to fight for the rights and interests of Nigerians. In 1934, the LYM was renamed the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) and expanded its membership and activities beyond Lagos to other parts of Nigeria. The NYM became a leading nationalist organization in Nigeria, advocating for greater political representation and self-determination for Nigerians. Therefore, the answer is LYM (Lagos Youth Movement).

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The person who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria was Lord Lugard. Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British during their colonial rule of Nigeria, where traditional rulers were used as intermediaries between the colonial government and the local people. Lord Lugard was a British colonial administrator who served as the first Governor-General of both the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919. He introduced indirect rule as a way to govern the diverse peoples of Nigeria without the need for a large and expensive administrative bureaucracy. The traditional rulers were given the authority to maintain law and order, collect taxes and administer justice, with the British colonial officials providing oversight and support. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Lord Lugard."

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The Oil River Protectorate was established in the year 1885. It was a British colonial administration that controlled the area around the Niger Delta in what is now Nigeria. The protectorate was established to control trade and protect British commercial interests in the region, including the export of palm oil. The name "Oil River" was given because the Niger Delta region was known for its abundant oil palm trees, which were a valuable resource at the time. Therefore, the correct answer is 1885.

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The economic reforms of Theodore II of Ethiopia involved the improvement of agriculture, reorganization of the fiscal system, and revival of external trade. Theodore II was a prominent figure in Ethiopian history who ruled from 1855 to 1868. During his reign, he implemented several economic reforms to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the living conditions of his people. One of the key areas he focused on was agriculture, which he saw as a crucial source of revenue for the empire. He introduced modern farming techniques and encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and cotton, which helped to boost agricultural productivity and income. Theodore II also reorganized the fiscal system to make it more efficient and transparent. He introduced a new tax system that was fairer and more consistent, and established a central treasury to manage government revenue. This helped to reduce corruption and waste in the administration of public finances. Furthermore, Theodore II revitalized external trade by opening up new trade routes and establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers. He negotiated new trade agreements with European countries and encouraged foreign investment in Ethiopia. This helped to expand the Ethiopian economy and create new opportunities for trade and commerce. In summary, Theodore II's economic reforms focused on improving agriculture, reorganizing the fiscal system, and reviving external trade. These reforms helped to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the welfare of his people.

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The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was abolished in Britain in 1807. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of enslaved Africans from their homes in West and Central Africa to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. It was a brutal system that resulted in the deaths of millions of Africans and the enrichment of European and American slave traders and plantation owners. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was the result of decades of activism and advocacy by abolitionists, who campaigned against the inhumanity of the slave trade and the slave system. In 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade in slaves within the British Empire. However, it did not abolish slavery itself, and the practice of owning slaves continued in the British colonies until 1833, when the Slavery Abolition Act was passed. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was a significant moment in the history of the struggle for human rights and the fight against the dehumanization of people based on their race. It was also an important step in the long and ongoing process of addressing the legacies of slavery and racism in the world today.