JAMB UTME - History - 2022

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Britain invaded Egypt in 1882. In that year, Britain sent troops to Egypt to protect its economic interests and to secure control over the Suez Canal, a critical waterway that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The invasion was part of a larger effort by Britain to maintain its dominance in the region and to counteract the growing influence of other European powers.

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The Berlin conference on the partitioning of Africa was held in 1884/1885. The conference was organized by the German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and attended by representatives from 14 European countries, as well as the United States. The primary goal of the conference was to divide and colonize the African continent among European powers, without regard for the rights and needs of the African peoples. The conference formalized the "Scramble for Africa," which resulted in the colonization of almost the entire African continent by European powers.

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The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Chad and the Central African Republic. It did not exist in Togo. The Kanem–Bornu Empire was a state located in the region of Lake Chad, in what is now Chad and the Central African Republic. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in West Africa, and it dominated the region for several centuries. The empire was centered around the city of N'Djamena, which was once the capital of the empire, and its sphere of influence extended over a large area of the region.

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The Oil River Protectorate was established in the year 1885. It was a British colonial administration that controlled the area around the Niger Delta in what is now Nigeria. The protectorate was established to control trade and protect British commercial interests in the region, including the export of palm oil. The name "Oil River" was given because the Niger Delta region was known for its abundant oil palm trees, which were a valuable resource at the time. Therefore, the correct answer is 1885.

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The longest war in Yoruba land lasted 16 years. The Yoruba people are an ethnic group native to Nigeria, and their history is marked by periods of inter-city conflict and warfare. The longest of these wars was fought between the city-states of Ife and Modakeke and lasted for 16 years. The conflict was sparked by disputes over land and resources, and it involved several battles and skirmishes before it was finally resolved through negotiations and the intervention of outside mediators. Today, the Yoruba people have largely put aside their differences and come together as a unified cultural group, with a shared history and rich traditions.

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On February 3, 1976, the Military Government of Murtala Muhammed created new states and renamed others, the states he created include: Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo. This brought the total number of states in Nigeria to nineteen in 1976.

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The Ekumeku movement began in Anioma, which is part of present-day Delta State in Nigeria. Anioma is a region that is predominantly inhabited by the Igbo ethnic group, and it is located in the southern part of Nigeria. The Ekumeku movement was a resistance movement that emerged in the late 19th century against British colonial rule in Nigeria. The movement was characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics and was made up of people from different ethnic groups in the region, including the Igbo and Urhobo. Its main aim was to resist the imposition of colonial rule and preserve the independence and sovereignty of the region. The Ekumeku movement played a significant role in shaping the history and culture of the Anioma region and has become a symbol of resistance against oppression and colonialism in Nigeria.

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The Lagos colony and the Southern Protectorate were amalgamated in 1906. The British government, which had established both colonies as separate entities, decided to merge them into a single administrative unit in order to improve governance and efficiency. The new entity was named the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, with Lagos serving as its capital. The amalgamation also marked the beginning of a process that ultimately led to the creation of modern-day Nigeria in 1960.

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The first capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire was Njimi. The empire was founded in the 9th century in what is now Chad and northeastern Nigeria, and Njimi was established as its capital shortly thereafter. Njimi was located near the shores of Lake Chad and served as the political and economic center of the empire. The city was well-planned and had a sophisticated system of governance, which included a centralized administration, a system of taxation, and a large army. Under the Kanem-Borno Empire, Njimi grew to become a major center of trade and culture in the region, with merchants and scholars from across Africa and the Middle East visiting the city. The empire also spread Islam throughout the region and built many mosques and Islamic schools in Njimi and other cities. Although Njimi was eventually replaced as the capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire by Birni Ngazargamu in the 16th century, it remained an important cultural and religious center in the region for centuries.

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Christianity was brought to Liberia primarily by freed American slaves. In the early 1800s, the American Colonization Society established Liberia as a colony for freed slaves from the United States. Many of these settlers were already Christians, and they brought their faith with them to Liberia. The first formal Christian mission in Liberia was established in 1821 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, with other Protestant denominations following in the years that followed. While there were some British consuls and freed British slaves who settled in Liberia, they did not have the same significant impact on the spread of Christianity in the country as the freed American slaves did.

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The Nigerian Second Republic began in the year 1979. It followed a period of military rule after a coup in 1966 and the subsequent Nigerian Civil War, which ended in 1970. In 1979, Nigeria held democratic elections, which marked the beginning of the Second Republic. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who ran on the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), won the presidential election and was inaugurated as the first executive president of the Second Republic. The Second Republic was characterized by political and economic instability, and it was plagued by corruption and mismanagement. The government's inability to address these issues led to widespread public discontent, which eventually culminated in another military coup in 1983. In summary, the Nigerian Second Republic began in 1979 after democratic elections, with Shehu Shagari as the first elected president. However, it was short-lived, as it was marred by political and economic instability and was cut short by another military coup in 1983.

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The indigenous pre-colonial Nigerian economy did not include oil mining. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Nigeria had a thriving economy that was largely based on agriculture, crafts, and local industries. Agriculture was the backbone of the economy, with farmers producing a wide variety of crops such as yams, cassava, and maize. Craftsmanship was also an important part of the economy, with skilled artisans producing a range of goods such as textiles, pottery, and metalwork. Additionally, local industries such as mining and trade played a significant role in the economy, with people extracting minerals like tin and selling them in local and regional markets. Oil mining only became a major part of the Nigerian economy in the 20th century, following the discovery of oil reserves.

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The United Nations was created as a result of the failure of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I with the aim of promoting international cooperation and preventing future conflicts. However, it failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the failure of the League of Nations and the devastation of World War II, the United Nations was established in 1945. The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that aims to promote international cooperation and resolve conflicts peacefully. It has since grown to become a key global institution, with 193 member states and a wide range of programs and initiatives focused on issues such as peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development.

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Dr M.A Majekodunmi was appointed by the federal government of Nigeria as the administrator of Western Region in 1962. Following a political crisis in the Western Region, the federal government declared a state of emergency in the region and appointed Dr Majekodunmi to administer the region as its sole administrator. His primary task was to restore law and order in the region, which had been plagued by political violence and instability. During his tenure, Dr Majekodunmi worked to promote peace and reconciliation between the political factions in the region. He also implemented a number of development projects, including the construction of new schools, hospitals, and roads. Overall, Dr Majekodunmi's administration of the Western Region was seen as largely successful, as he was able to restore order and stability to the region and promote development.

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The Republic of Benin was formerly known as Dahomey. Benin is a country located in West Africa. It gained independence from France in 1960 and was initially named the Republic of Dahomey. However, in 1975, the country changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin, and later in 1991, to simply the Republic of Benin. The name "Dahomey" has its roots in the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was a powerful West African state that existed from the 17th to the late 19th century. The kingdom was located in what is now modern-day Benin, and its influence and legacy have had a lasting impact on the region and its people. In short, the Republic of Benin was formerly known as Dahomey, a name that reflects its rich history and cultural heritage.

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In the pre-colonial era, the most popular system of exchange was the barter system. This system involved the direct exchange of goods and services between people, without the use of money. For example, a farmer could exchange a bushel of wheat for a cow from a herder, or a blacksmith could exchange a tool for some grains from a miller. The barter system was the most popular in the pre-colonial era because it was a simple and practical way for people to exchange goods and services. It did not require any complex financial instruments or systems, and it was easy to understand and implement. Additionally, people often had limited access to coins or paper notes, which were not widely used at that time. While the barter system was effective, it also had some limitations. It was often difficult to find someone who had the exact goods or services that a person wanted to exchange, and it was hard to determine the value of different goods and services relative to each other. Despite these limitations, the barter system remained the most popular means of exchange in the pre-colonial era.

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The title of the king's mother in the Benin Kingdom is "Iyoba". This title is a combination of two words: "Iyó" which means "Queen" and "Oba" which means "King" in the Bini language. In the Benin Kingdom, the Iyoba was a very important figure and held a significant role in the administration of the kingdom. She was also responsible for the welfare of women and children in the kingdom. When a new king was crowned in the kingdom, his mother was also given the title of Iyoba. This was to acknowledge her as the mother of the king and to give her a position of honor and respect within the kingdom. The Iyoba had her own palace and was served by her own retinue of attendants. One of the most famous Iyobas in Benin history was Queen Idia, who was the mother of Oba Esigie. She played a crucial role in helping her son to defeat the Igala people in a battle and was celebrated as a warrior queen. Today, the Iyoba still holds an important position in the Benin Kingdom and is regarded with great respect and reverence.

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There are 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria. These zones were created during the regime of General Sani Abacha in 1994 in an effort to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. Each geopolitical zone is made up of several states, with the zones being named after the dominant ethnic group in the area. The six geopolitical zones in Nigeria are: 1. North-West Zone 2. North-East Zone 3. North-Central Zone 4. South-West Zone 5. South-East Zone 6. South-South Zone The North-West Zone is made up of seven states, including Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara. The North-East Zone is made up of six states, including Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. The North-Central Zone is made up of six states, including Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, and Plateau. The South-West Zone is made up of six states, including Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo. The South-East Zone is made up of five states, including Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. The South-South Zone is made up of six states, including Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers. In summary, there are six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, each made up of several states, and these zones were created in 1994 to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.

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The economic reforms of Theodore II of Ethiopia involved the improvement of agriculture, reorganization of the fiscal system, and revival of external trade. Theodore II was a prominent figure in Ethiopian history who ruled from 1855 to 1868. During his reign, he implemented several economic reforms to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the living conditions of his people. One of the key areas he focused on was agriculture, which he saw as a crucial source of revenue for the empire. He introduced modern farming techniques and encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and cotton, which helped to boost agricultural productivity and income. Theodore II also reorganized the fiscal system to make it more efficient and transparent. He introduced a new tax system that was fairer and more consistent, and established a central treasury to manage government revenue. This helped to reduce corruption and waste in the administration of public finances. Furthermore, Theodore II revitalized external trade by opening up new trade routes and establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers. He negotiated new trade agreements with European countries and encouraged foreign investment in Ethiopia. This helped to expand the Ethiopian economy and create new opportunities for trade and commerce. In summary, Theodore II's economic reforms focused on improving agriculture, reorganizing the fiscal system, and reviving external trade. These reforms helped to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the welfare of his people.

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Before the Macpherson's constitution of 1951, the North was governed by Emirs. Emirs were traditional rulers who held considerable power and influence over their respective regions in the North. They governed their territories through a system of local administration known as the Emirate system, which had been in place for centuries before the arrival of colonialism. The Emirs had their own court system, which operated independently of the British colonial administration, and they also played a key role in the collection of taxes and maintenance of law and order in their domains. The Emirate system was largely responsible for the maintenance of peace and stability in the North prior to the adoption of the Macpherson's constitution.

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The name Liberia means "Land of the Free". It comes from the Latin word "liber", which means free, and was chosen by the country's founders in the early 19th century as a symbol of their hope for a new nation founded on the principles of freedom and democracy. Liberia was established in 1822 as a colony for free African-Americans and former slaves from the United States. The colony was founded by the American Colonization Society, which believed that African-Americans would be better off living in Africa than in the United States. The name "Liberia" was chosen to reflect the colony's status as a place of freedom and opportunity for African-Americans. Over time, the name came to represent the country as a whole, which gained its independence from the United States in 1847 and became the Republic of Liberia. Today, the name "Liberia" continues to be a symbol of the country's struggle for freedom and democracy, as well as its commitment to human rights and social justice.

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The correct answer is "Adwa". Emperor Menelik II defeated Italian troops in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. The battle was fought between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, who sought to establish and expand their colonial presence in Ethiopia. Menelik II led the Ethiopian forces to a decisive victory, marking the first time in history that an African army had defeated a European colonial power. The victory of the Ethiopians at Adwa is considered a symbol of African resistance to European imperialism and is celebrated as a national holiday in Ethiopia.

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The option that was not an effect of the Great Trek is "It reduced trade between black and white groups." The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boer settlers in the 1830s from the British Cape Colony in present-day South Africa to the interior in search of land, independence, and to escape British rule. The effects of the Great Trek included: - Afrikaners remained politically divided for many years: The trek resulted in the fragmentation of the Afrikaner community into smaller groups, each with their own leaders and agendas, making it harder for them to unite politically. - The Trek resulted in the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers: The Boers established their own independent republics, which were culturally and economically isolated from the British Cape Colony and indigenous African societies. - The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous Boer republics: The Boers established several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal), which were recognized by the British as sovereign states. Therefore, the correct option is "It reduced trade between black and white groups," as the Great Trek was not directly associated with reducing trade between black and white groups. However, the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers resulted in limited interaction and trade between the Boers and indigenous African societies, which could have indirectly affected trade between black and white groups.

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Nigeria joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971. OPEC is a group of oil-producing countries that work together to manage the supply and price of oil. By joining OPEC, Nigeria became a part of this group and agreed to coordinate with other member countries to help regulate the oil market. This means that Nigeria would limit its own oil production to support the stability of oil prices globally. Joining OPEC was an important decision for Nigeria, as the country is one of the largest oil-producing nations in the world and oil exports play a significant role in its economy. By being a part of OPEC, Nigeria has a voice in the global oil market and can work to protect its own interests and those of other oil-producing countries.

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The Great Trek happened in South Africa. The Great Trek was a historical event that occurred in the early 1800s in South Africa when groups of Dutch-speaking farmers, known as Boers, migrated from the British Cape Colony to the interior of the country in search of land and independence from British colonial rule. The Boers were unhappy with British attempts to abolish slavery and introduce English language and culture in the Cape Colony. As a result, they decided to move into the interior of South Africa, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. The Great Trek was a significant event in South African history because it led to the establishment of several independent Boer republics, such as the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, which later became the Union of South Africa. The migration also resulted in conflicts with the indigenous people, such as the Zulus, and other groups who were already living in the interior. These conflicts, which included the Battle of Blood River, contributed to the shaping of South African society and the relations between different groups in the country.

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The Coussey Commission Report laid the groundwork for the eventual independence of Ghana. In 1948, there were protests in the then Gold Coast (now Ghana) against British colonial rule, which led to a series of political developments that ultimately resulted in the formation of the Coussey Committee. The committee was tasked with determining the political future of the Gold Coast and making recommendations for its constitutional development. The Coussey Committee recommended that a new constitution be drafted for the Gold Coast, which would provide for a more democratic form of government and greater local autonomy. The recommendations were largely accepted by the British government and the new constitution was enacted in 1951. The new constitution established a legislative council with an African majority, paving the way for increased African representation in government. This, along with other political developments, eventually led to the Gold Coast gaining independence from Britain in 1957 and becoming the first sub-Saharan African country to do so.

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Lagos became a colony on 5 March, 1862. At that time, Britain declared Lagos a crown colony and established administrative control over the region. This was part of Britain's wider efforts to extend its influence and control over Africa and to secure access to its resources and trade routes. The colonization of Lagos had a significant impact on the local population, as it brought about changes to the political, economic, and social structures of the region.

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The first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in the year 1914. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into a single entity. In the case of Nigeria, it refers to the merger of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the British colonial government. Before 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria were two separate territories with distinct cultures, economies, and governance structures. However, the British government recognized the potential benefits of uniting these territories into a single administrative unit, such as increased efficiency in governance, enhanced economic development, and easier management of the colonial territory. After several years of negotiations, the British colonial government finally merged the two protectorates in 1914, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The amalgamation marked the beginning of a new era in Nigeria's history, with far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences that are still felt today. Overall, the first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in 1914 when the Northern and Southern Protectorates were merged into a single entity by the British colonial government.

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The Madhist War began in 1881. It was a conflict between the Mahdist forces and the British-Egyptian army in Sudan. The Mahdists were followers of a religious leader, Muhammad Ahmad, who had proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or the messiah. In 1881, he led a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation of Sudan, which led to the establishment of an Islamic state in Sudan. The Mahdists, under the leadership of the Mahdi, then began to expand their influence and control over other parts of Sudan. The British-Egyptian army, which had a presence in Sudan, then launched a series of military expeditions against the Mahdist forces, leading to the outbreak of the Madhist War in 1881. The war lasted for over a decade and involved several battles and campaigns, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The war finally ended in 1899, with the British-Egyptian army emerging victorious and re-establishing their control over Sudan.

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The Nguni people are originally from South Africa. The Nguni people are a group of related ethnic communities who share a common cultural and linguistic heritage. They are native to the southeastern regions of South Africa and are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. The Nguni people have a rich cultural heritage, including unique traditions, customs, and beliefs, that have been passed down through generations. Today, the Nguni people continue to play a significant role in South African society and culture.

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Frederik Willem de Klerk was the president of South Africa before Nelson Mandela. De Klerk led the country from 1989 to 1994, during a time of significant political change and the end of apartheid. He and Nelson Mandela worked together to bring about a peaceful transition to a multiracial democracy, for which they were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

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The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was abolished in Britain in 1807. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of enslaved Africans from their homes in West and Central Africa to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. It was a brutal system that resulted in the deaths of millions of Africans and the enrichment of European and American slave traders and plantation owners. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was the result of decades of activism and advocacy by abolitionists, who campaigned against the inhumanity of the slave trade and the slave system. In 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade in slaves within the British Empire. However, it did not abolish slavery itself, and the practice of owning slaves continued in the British colonies until 1833, when the Slavery Abolition Act was passed. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was a significant moment in the history of the struggle for human rights and the fight against the dehumanization of people based on their race. It was also an important step in the long and ongoing process of addressing the legacies of slavery and racism in the world today.