JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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Binary coded decimals (BCD) numbers express each digit as a nibble. A nibble is a group of 4 bits, which can represent 16 distinct values (0-15). In BCD, each decimal digit is encoded using a separate nibble, where each nibble represents the binary equivalent of the digit. For example, the decimal number 123 would be represented in BCD as four nibbles: 0001 (1), 0010 (2), 0011 (3), and 0011 (3). Using a nibble to represent each digit is a simple and efficient way to encode decimal numbers in binary form. BCD is commonly used in computer systems where decimal arithmetic is required, such as in financial calculations or in control systems where numerical values need to be displayed on digital screens. In summary, BCD numbers express each decimal digit as a nibble, allowing for efficient and accurate representation of decimal numbers in binary form.

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Microsoft Word is not a network for the distribution of information. Microsoft Word is a word processing software that is used to create, edit, and format documents. It is not a network because it does not distribute information, it is used to create and store information on a single device or in a cloud storage service. On the other hand, cloud storage, several computers to one printer, and e-mail are all examples of networks that distribute information.

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The correct answer is "F." In the hexadecimal number system, there are 16 possible digits that can be used to represent a value. Since we only have 10 Arabic numerals (0-9) to work with, we need to use letters to represent the remaining six digits. In hexadecimal notation, after 9 comes A, followed by B, C, D, E, and finally F. So the complete set of hexadecimal digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Therefore, the correct answer is F.

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The illegal access to a network or computer system is called hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to a computer system or network with the intention of compromising its security and potentially causing harm. This can include stealing sensitive information, installing malicious software, or disrupting the normal functioning of the system. Hacking is illegal and can result in serious consequences for the hacker, such as fines and imprisonment. It is important for individuals and organizations to take steps to secure their networks and systems to prevent unauthorized access.

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Another word for booting is "starting". Booting refers to the process of turning on a computer or device and initiating the operating system so that it is ready to run applications and perform other tasks. During the boot process, the computer performs a series of operations, such as checking hardware components, initializing software, and loading system files into memory. Once this process is complete, the computer is considered "started" and the user can begin using it. Therefore, starting is an appropriate alternative term for booting.

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A display listing of program options which users can select is called a menu. A menu is a list of options or choices that are presented to the user within a software program or an operating system. The user can then select one of the options from the menu to perform a specific task or access a specific feature. The menu is typically displayed as a list of text items or sometimes as a list of icons.

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The shortcut key to "undo" the last action on a Microsoft Word page is "Ctrl + Z". When you perform an action on a Word page, such as typing, deleting, formatting or copying text, you can undo that action by using the "Ctrl + Z" keyboard shortcut. This will revert the page to the state it was in before the action was performed. For example, if you accidentally delete a sentence, you can press "Ctrl + Z" to undo the deletion and restore the sentence. The "Ctrl + Z" shortcut is a very useful and commonly used feature in Microsoft Word as it allows you to quickly correct mistakes without having to manually undo each action. It can be used multiple times to undo several actions in a row. If you want to redo an action that was previously undone, you can use the "Ctrl + Y" keyboard shortcut. In summary, the "Ctrl + Z" keyboard shortcut is used to undo the last action performed on a Microsoft Word page, allowing you to easily correct mistakes and restore the previous state of the page.

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An ATM, or Automated Teller Machine, is typically used for withdrawing cash. It is a machine that allows customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, such as withdrawing cash, checking their account balance, or depositing money, without the need to visit a bank branch. ATMs are widely available and can be found in many public places such as shopping centers, airports, and gas stations. They provide customers with convenient access to their money 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

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The main page of a website is called the "Home page." It's the first page that you see when you visit a website, and it often contains an overview of the website's content, as well as links to other pages on the site. The Home page is like the front door of a house, welcoming visitors and guiding them to different parts of the website. You can think of it as the main hub for a website, where you can start exploring the site's content and find what you're looking for. So, when you're visiting a website and you want to get back to the main page, just look for the "Home" button or link.

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The job of the operating system that is not listed among the options is "Handling HTTP requests for Web pages." The operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer, providing an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It performs various functions to ensure that the computer system operates smoothly and efficiently. One of the key jobs of the operating system is to manage the computer's resources, such as allocating memory to programs that are running on the computer. The operating system is responsible for managing the computer's memory, ensuring that each program has enough memory to run efficiently, and preventing one program from using another program's memory. Another important job of the operating system is to provide security by preventing unauthorised access to files and data on the computer. It controls access to the computer's resources and ensures that only authorised users have access to the files and data that belong to them. However, handling HTTP requests for web pages is not a job of the operating system. Instead, this task is handled by web servers that run on top of the operating system. Web servers receive requests from clients, such as web browsers, and serve web pages to them over the internet. In summary, while the operating system performs many important tasks, such as managing resources and providing security, handling HTTP requests for web pages is not one of its jobs.

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The device primarily used to provide hardcopy is the "printer". A printer is a device that produces a physical or hardcopy of electronic documents or images, typically on paper. It can be connected to a computer or other device through a cable or wireless connection, and it can print text, graphics, or images in black and white or color. Printers come in many different types, including inkjet, laser, and thermal, and they can be used in homes, offices, and other settings. Card readers, computer consoles, and CRTs (cathode ray tubes) are not primarily used to provide hardcopy. A card reader is a device used to read information from a magnetic stripe or chip on a plastic card, such as a credit card. A computer console is the part of a computer system that contains the keyboard, monitor, and other components used to interact with the computer. A CRT is an older type of display technology that was used in older computer monitors and televisions, but has largely been replaced by newer technologies such as LCD and LED displays.

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When an input signal of 1 is applied to a NOT gate, the output will be 0. A NOT gate, also known as an inverter, is a digital logic gate that has one input and one output. The output of a NOT gate is the opposite of the input; if the input is high (1), the output will be low (0), and if the input is low (0), the output will be high (1). In other words, the NOT gate "inverts" the input signal. So, when a 1 is input to a NOT gate, the gate will invert it to 0 and produce that as the output signal. Similarly, when a 0 is input to a NOT gate, the gate will invert it to 1 and output that as the result.

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A half byte is known as a nibble. A byte is a unit of digital information in computing, typically consisting of 8 bits. A nibble, on the other hand, is half of a byte, consisting of 4 bits. This unit is often used in computer architecture and data representation, especially when referring to memory addresses or data manipulation.

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Supercomputers are high-performance computers designed for handling extremely complex and large-scale computational tasks. They are mainly used for mathematical intensive scientific applications, such as simulating complex physical phenomena, weather forecasting, and drug discovery. Supercomputers can perform a vast number of calculations in a short amount of time, which is essential for solving complex problems. These computers are designed to handle massive amounts of data and perform complex algorithms, making them ideal for handling input-output intensive processing tasks. Although they can retrieve data and manipulate records like any other computer, their true power lies in their ability to perform mathematical calculations and simulations that would be impossible for regular computers. Supercomputers are used in a wide range of fields, including aerospace, automotive, energy, finance, and healthcare, to name a few. Their use has led to breakthroughs in many fields and has contributed significantly to scientific and technological advancements.

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In COBOL, CO stands for "Common Business Oriented Language". COBOL is a programming language that was designed specifically for business applications, such as finance, accounting, and payroll. COBOL was first developed in the late 1950s, and it quickly became popular in the business world because it was easy to use and understand, and it could handle large amounts of data. The "common" part of the acronym refers to the fact that COBOL was intended to be a language that could be used by a wide range of businesses, regardless of their specific industry or application. The "business-oriented" part of the acronym emphasizes the language's focus on business data and processing.

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System software can further be classified into two categories: Operating software and Utility software. Operating software, also known as an Operating System (OS), is the main type of software that controls and manages all the other software and hardware on a computer. It acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the applications you use. Examples of operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux. Utility software, on the other hand, is a type of system software designed to help manage, maintain, and optimize the computer system. Examples of utility software include anti-virus software, file management systems, and storage management software. These types of software provide specific functions that help you keep your computer running smoothly and efficiently.

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The type of computer network that is not among the options is DAN (Distributed Area Network). The other three options are all types of computer networks: VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a type of network that allows remote users to securely access a private network over the internet. CAN (Controller Area Network) is a type of network used in industrial and automotive applications to connect electronic devices such as sensors and controllers. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a type of network that uses wireless technology to connect devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, or campus. Therefore, DAN is not a commonly used type of computer network.

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The bar sign (-) in Boolean algebra indicates the NOT operation. The NOT operation is a unary operator that negates or inverts a Boolean value. If the input value is "true", the output of the NOT operation will be "false". And if the input value is "false", the output of the NOT operation will be "true". In essence, the NOT operation changes the truth value of the input. This operation is also sometimes referred to as the "complement" or "inverse" operation.

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A computer monitor is also known as a VDU, which stands for "Visual Display Unit." This is because the monitor is responsible for displaying the visual output of the computer, allowing you to see the information, images, videos, and graphics that are generated by the computer's software. The VDU or monitor is an essential part of any computer setup, and without it, you wouldn't be able to interact with your computer in a meaningful way. So, in short, a computer monitor and a VDU are the same thing! As for the other options, DVU, UVD, and CCTV are not commonly used terms for a computer monitor.

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The program that translates programs to a simpler language that the computer can execute is called a compiler. A compiler is a program that takes the source code of a program written in a high-level programming language and translates it into machine code or executable code that the computer can understand and execute. The process of compiling involves several steps, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. When a programmer writes a program in a high-level programming language such as Java or Python, the code is not directly executable by the computer. Instead, the code must be translated into machine code, which is a low-level language that the computer can understand and execute. This is where the compiler comes in. The compiler takes the source code written in the high-level programming language and converts it into machine code that can be executed by the computer. The advantage of using a compiler is that the resulting executable code is usually faster and more efficient than code interpreted by an interpreter, which we will discuss next. Additionally, since the code is already translated into machine code, it can be executed multiple times without the need for further translation, making it faster to execute. Overall, a compiler is a program that translates high-level programming code into machine code that a computer can execute, allowing programmers to write code in a more human-readable language and then have it translated into a language that the computer can understand and execute.

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Computers are commonly used in offices for a variety of tasks, but some of the major purposes include: 1. Creating and editing documents: Computers are used to create and edit documents such as letters, reports, presentations, and spreadsheets. This is because computers offer a range of software applications that allow users to create and edit documents easily and quickly. 2. Communication: Computers are used to communicate with other employees, clients, and customers through email, video conferencing, and instant messaging. 3. Data management: Computers are used to store and manage data such as customer information, financial records, and inventory lists. This is because computers offer software that allows users to organize and track data efficiently. 4. Accounting: Computers are used for accounting purposes such as bookkeeping, payroll, and invoicing. This is because computers offer specialized software that allows users to manage financial data accurately and quickly. 5. Security: Computers are also used for security purposes such as monitoring and controlling access to sensitive data and systems. This is because computers offer software and hardware tools that can be used to safeguard against unauthorized access and cyber threats. Overall, computers have become an essential tool in the modern office environment, enabling employees to work more efficiently, communicate more effectively, and manage data and information more securely.

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A computer cannot boot if it does not have an operating system (OS). An operating system is the most basic software that runs on a computer and is responsible for managing and coordinating all the activities of the computer hardware and software. It is the first program that runs when the computer starts up, and it is responsible for initializing the hardware and loading other software, such as device drivers and applications. Without an operating system, the computer would not be able to perform any useful tasks, as it would not have the necessary software to control and manage its hardware components. Examples of popular operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

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The correct answer is "Identity Theft." Identity theft occurs when someone pretends to be another person by stealing their personal information, such as their name, social security number, or credit card information, in order to commit fraud or other illegal activities. The thief may use this information to open bank accounts, make purchases, or apply for loans in the victim's name, causing financial harm and damaging the victim's credit score. It can happen both in the physical world (e.g. someone stealing your mail or wallet) and online (e.g. someone hacking into your social media or email account). It is important to take steps to protect your personal information and monitor your financial accounts to prevent identity theft.

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The first option, "They both deal with memory," is correct. RAM and ROM are both types of memory used in computers and other electronic devices. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory that stores data temporarily and is used for running programs and applications. When the power is turned off, the data stored in RAM is lost. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that stores data permanently and is used for storing the basic input/output system (BIOS) that helps to boot up the computer. The data stored in ROM cannot be easily altered or deleted. In summary, both RAM and ROM are types of memory used in electronic devices, and they both deal with storing and accessing data.

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The base 10 system, also known as the decimal system, is unique because it is the most widely used number system in the world and has been adopted by nearly all cultures and civilizations. The reason for this widespread usage is that it is based on the number of human fingers, with 10 being the number of digits on two hands. This made it a convenient and intuitive system for early humans to count and perform mathematical operations with. Additionally, the base 10 system allows for easy representation of numbers using only 10 symbols (0 to 9), making it simple to write, communicate, and perform mathematical operations with larger numbers.

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ios is not a programming language. HTML, Java, and C++ are all programming languages, while ios is an operating system created by Apple Inc. for its mobile devices, such as the iPhone and iPad. Programming languages are used to write computer programs, while operating systems provide a platform for those programs to run on.

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Destruction of files for malicious reasons, such as access by fraudulent people, is classified as "unauthorized access". This means that someone who is not authorized to access the files has gained access to them, and has intentionally damaged or deleted the files. This type of access is illegal and is a violation of the owner's rights to the information stored in the files.

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Among the options given, critical thinking is not a model used in problem solving. Critical thinking is a mental process that involves analyzing and evaluating information, reasoning, and making decisions. It is a skill that is used to approach problems in a thoughtful and logical way. However, it is not a formal problem-solving model that provides a structured approach to solving a problem. On the other hand, SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle), waterfall, and prototype are models used in problem solving. SDLC is a structured approach used to develop and maintain software. It involves a series of phases that includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. This model provides a framework to guide the development of software systems. Waterfall is a linear sequential approach to software development where each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. It is a model used to manage the development of software systems, and it emphasizes the importance of planning and documentation. Prototype is a model used in problem solving where a working model of a product or solution is developed to test and refine its features and functionalities. It is used to gather feedback and identify areas for improvement before the final product is developed. In summary, critical thinking is a mental process that is used in problem solving, but it is not a formal problem-solving model. SDLC, waterfall, and prototype are examples of problem-solving models that provide structured approaches to solving problems in various fields.

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The full form of UDP is User Datagram Protocol. It is a communication protocol used for sending and receiving data over the internet. UDP is a lightweight, connectionless protocol that operates at the Transport layer of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. Unlike TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which guarantees delivery of data, UDP does not provide any guarantees regarding delivery or sequencing of packets. Instead, UDP is often used for applications that require faster data transfer, such as video streaming or online gaming, where small amounts of lost data are acceptable. The "User Datagram" part of the name refers to the fact that UDP sends data in the form of datagrams, which are discrete chunks of data that are sent as individual packets. The "Protocol" part of the name indicates that UDP is a set of rules and procedures that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. In summary, UDP is a fast and lightweight protocol used for sending data over the internet. Its name reflects the fact that it operates using datagrams and is a protocol for communication.

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The type of storage that retains data even when the power is turned off is called non-volatile storage. Non-volatile storage is different from volatile storage, which loses all data when the power is turned off. To help you understand the difference, imagine that you have two types of memory: a whiteboard and a notebook. The whiteboard is like volatile memory because anything you write on it will disappear as soon as you erase it or turn off the lights. On the other hand, the notebook is like non-volatile memory because anything you write in it will remain there until you deliberately erase or destroy it. Similarly, non-volatile storage, such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash drives, can retain data even when the power is turned off. This is because the data is stored using physical means that do not require an electrical charge to be maintained. In contrast, volatile storage, such as RAM, loses all data when the power is turned off because the data is stored using electrical charges that require a constant supply of power to be maintained. Overall, non-volatile storage is essential for long-term data storage because it can retain data even in the absence of power, whereas volatile storage is useful for short-term storage of data that does not need to be preserved beyond the current session or power cycle.

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The test used to determine if a computer has the ability to think is called the Turing test. The Turing test was proposed by the mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing as a way to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. The test involves a human evaluator who engages in a natural language conversation with a machine and a human, without knowing which is which, and tries to determine which is the machine based on their responses. If the evaluator is unable to reliably distinguish the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the Turing test and demonstrated human-like intelligence.

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A linker program is a software tool that links different parts of a computer program together. Think of a computer program as a puzzle with many pieces. The linker takes all those pieces and puts them together to make the complete program. The linker performs tasks such as combining object files, resolving symbol references, and creating the final executable file. The linker program takes care of the following tasks: 1. Linking the program with other programs needed for its execution. For example, if a program uses a library like the C standard library, the linker will link the program with that library so that the program can use its functions. 2. Relocating the program to execute from a specific memory area allocated to it. This means that the linker will place the program in a specific area of the computer's memory so that it can be executed. 3. Interfacing the program with the entities generating its input data. This means that the linker will make sure that the program can receive data from other parts of the system, such as user input or data from a file. In summary, the linker program is responsible for putting all the pieces of a computer program together so that it can be executed correctly.

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Computer files can be characterized by their title, accessibility, ability to be modified, and where they are stored. The title of a file is simply its name, which can be used to help identify and organize it among other files. Accessibility refers to whether or not a file can be accessed or viewed by the user. Depending on the permissions set by the owner of the file, it may be accessible to everyone, only to specific users, or not accessible at all. The ability to be modified refers to whether or not the file can be edited or changed in some way. For example, a text file can be modified by adding, deleting, or changing the text within it. Where the file is stored refers to the location on a computer or network where the file is saved. This could be on the computer's hard drive, a USB drive, a cloud storage service, or a network server. Therefore, all four of these characteristics are applicable to computer files and are important to consider when working with them.

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The output of a NAND gate is equal to 1 only when one input is 0. The NAND gate is called a "NOT-AND" gate because it outputs the opposite of what an AND gate would output for the same inputs. In other words, if an AND gate would output 1 for a certain set of inputs, a NAND gate would output 0, and vice versa.

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Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors, also known as "bugs", in a computer program. The goal of debugging is to ensure that the program runs smoothly and produces the expected results. This involves locating the source of the problem, understanding why it is happening, and then making changes to the code to correct the issue. Debugging can be a time-consuming and challenging task, but it is an important part of the software development process to ensure that the end-users have a positive experience when using the software.

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The correct answer is "Data". Data refers to a collection of facts, figures, or information that can be processed or analyzed to gain insights or make informed decisions. Data can come in different forms, such as numbers, text, images, audio, or video. It can be stored in various formats, including spreadsheets, databases, documents, or files. For example, if you have a list of customer names, addresses, and phone numbers in a spreadsheet, this is considered data. If you store this information in a database, it becomes a structured collection of data that can be easily accessed and manipulated. However, whether the data is sequenced or structured depends on how it is organized, and it is not a defining characteristic of data itself.

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LAN stands for "Local Area Network". A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that connects devices in a relatively small area, such as a single building or a group of adjacent buildings. A LAN is used for sharing resources, such as printers, files, and internet connections, among the connected devices. Typically, a LAN is set up using Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi connections, and it may include a router, switch or hub to manage the flow of data between the connected devices. A LAN can be used in a variety of settings, including homes, schools, and businesses, where it can provide a more efficient way of sharing resources and communicating between devices. In summary, LAN stands for "Local Area Network", which is a computer network that connects devices in a small area, such as a building or group of buildings, and is used for sharing resources among the connected devices.

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If the order of operation on two or more files is similar, then the operation will be sequential. Sequential operation means that the files will be processed one after the other in the same order as specified. For example, if we have two files A and B, and we want to perform the operations 'read', 'process', and 'write' on them in the order A->B, then the program will first read file A, process it, write the result, then move on to file B, read it, process it, and write the result. On the other hand, if the order of operation is not similar, the operation may be more complex or combinational. In that case, the files may be processed in a different order or simultaneously, which may require more complex programming logic. Therefore, having a similar order of operation on multiple files simplifies the programming and makes it more straightforward.