JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as

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The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth. It was a voluntary association of independent countries, primarily former territories of the British Empire, that had strong historical and constitutional ties to the United Kingdom. This name was chosen because the majority of the member countries were previously under British colonial rule.
The British Commonwealth was established in 1931 with the signing of the Statute of Westminster, which granted greater autonomy and self-governance to the dominions within the British Empire. The purpose of this association was to promote cooperation and friendship among member nations, while respecting their individual sovereignty.
Over time, the name of the organization was changed to the Commonwealth of Nations in 1949 to reflect the changing nature of its membership. The word "British" was dropped to recognize the diverse range of countries that were part of the organization, including those that never had direct colonial ties to Britain.
In summary, the Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth because it consisted mainly of countries that were formerly British colonies. The name was later changed to the Commonwealth of Nations to acknowledge the independence and diversity of its member states.

A key principle of the socialist system of government is the ___________.

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A key principle of the socialist system of government is the equality of opportunity and outcome.
In a socialist system, the focus is on creating a society where everyone has equal opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background or circumstances. This means that everyone should have access to quality education, healthcare, and other basic needs, without discrimination or favoritism.
Additionally, socialism aims to achieve equality of outcome by reducing disparities in wealth and income. This means that the government takes steps to ensure that wealth is distributed more evenly among the population. It may do this through progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and policies that promote fair wages and working conditions.
The idea behind this principle is to create a fairer and more just society, where wealth and resources are not concentrated only in the hands of a few elite individuals, but are shared among all members of society. The aim is to reduce poverty, inequality, and discrimination, and to provide a higher standard of living for everyone.
It is important to note that different countries may interpret and implement socialism in different ways, so there can be variations in how these principles are applied. Nonetheless, the core idea of promoting equality of opportunity and outcome remains a fundamental principle of the socialist system.

Which constitution established the Public Service Commission?

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The constitution that established the Public Service Commission is the 1979 constitution. This constitution was adopted in Nigeria and it played a crucial role in shaping the governance of the country. The Public Service Commission is an important institution responsible for the recruitment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants in the public sector.
The Public Service Commission was created with the aim of ensuring efficiency, professionalism, and fairness in the public service. It acts as a check and balance mechanism to prevent abuse of power and promote transparency in the recruitment and management of public servants.
Under the 1979 constitution, the Public Service Commission was given the mandate to oversee the affairs of the civil service. It was responsible for ensuring that qualified and competent individuals were appointed to positions in the public service based on merit and without any form of discrimination.
Additionally, the Public Service Commission was responsible for developing and implementing policies and guidelines that govern the conduct of civil servants. It played a key role in promoting a culture of accountability, integrity, and professionalism within the public service.
The establishment of the Public Service Commission under the 1979 constitution was a significant step towards improving the quality of governance in Nigeria. It provided a framework for the fair and efficient management of the public service, which is essential for the successful implementation of government policies and programs.
Therefore, the constitution that established the Public Service Commission is the 1979 constitution. It recognized the importance of a well-functioning civil service and ensured that measures were put in place to uphold the highest standards of professionalism and integrity in the public sector.

Pressure groups primarily aim to

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Pressure groups primarily aim to influence public opinion through media campaigns.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations that seek to achieve specific goals or influence government policies. They operate outside of formal political institutions, such as political parties or government bodies. One of the main ways they try to achieve their objectives is by influencing public opinion through media campaigns.
These campaigns aim to raise awareness among the general public about specific issues or causes that the pressure group supports or opposes. They use various communication channels, such as newspapers, television, social media, and online platforms, to promote their message and shape public opinion in their favor.
By successfully influencing public opinion, pressure groups can put pressure on policymakers and politicians to take action or change their policies. They believe that by mobilizing public support, they can exert enough influence to persuade those in power to address their concerns or prioritize their interests.
However, it's important to note that pressure groups may also employ other strategies, such as lobbying, protests, or legal action, to achieve their goals. While some pressure groups may have a specific focus on promoting social equality and justice, or gaining political power and control, their primary aim is to influence public opinion through media campaigns to bring about the desired changes.

The current constitution of Nigeria is based on the model of which country?

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The current constitution of Nigeria is based on the model of the United States.
This means that Nigeria's constitution has been greatly influenced by the structure and provisions of the United States constitution. The framers of the Nigerian constitution looked to the United States as a model for governance and used its principles as a blueprint for their own constitution.
There are several similarities between the two constitutions. One of the key similarities is the practice of federalism. Both the United States and Nigeria have a federal system of government, which means that power is divided between a central government and state or regional governments. This allows for a distribution of authority and resources, ensuring a balance of power.
Another similarity is the presence of a written constitution. Both Nigeria and the United States have a written document that serves as the supreme law of the land. This written constitution outlines the rights and responsibilities of the government and its citizens, as well as the structure and functions of the different branches of government.
Additionally, both constitutions include provisions for checks and balances. This means that each branch of government has certain powers and responsibilities that are designed to limit the power of the other branches. This system helps to prevent any one branch from becoming too dominant and ensures a system of accountability.
While the Nigerian constitution is based on the model of the United States, it also incorporates elements from other countries, such as the United Kingdom, which is another influential constitutional model. However, the United States has had a particularly significant impact on the structure and provisions of the Nigerian constitution.
In conclusion, the current constitution of Nigeria is based on the model of the United States. This influence can be seen in the practice of federalism, the presence of a written constitution, and the inclusion of checks and balances. By looking to the United States as a model, the framers of the Nigerian constitution aimed to create a system of governance that promotes democracy, accountability, and the protection of individual rights.

During the cold war, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by

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During the Cold War, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by Neutrality and non-alignment. This means that Nigeria chose to remain neutral and not align with any major power bloc like the United States or the Soviet Union.
Nigeria adopted a policy of non-alignment, which means it did not take sides in the ongoing rivalry between the two superpowers. Instead, Nigeria sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by focusing on its own national interests.
This approach allowed Nigeria to pursue its own development goals, without being directly influenced by the policies and agendas of either the United States or the Soviet Union. It also allowed Nigeria to form partnerships and engage in international cooperation with a wide range of countries, regardless of their ideological leanings.
By adopting this stance, Nigeria aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development within its own borders and across the African continent. This policy also allowed Nigeria to play a constructive role in resolving regional conflicts and promoting diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.
Overall, Nigeria's decision to maintain neutrality and non-alignment during the Cold War reflected its commitment to independent decision-making and its desire to pursue its own national interests without being tied to either of the major power blocs.

Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on

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Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on parental citizenship. This means that if either one or both of your parents are citizens of a particular country, you can become a citizen of that country as well. It doesn't matter where you were born or the length of your residency. The important factor is the citizenship of your parents. Jus Sanguinis focuses on the ethnic background and family ties, rather than the place of birth or how long you have lived in a country.

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of

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The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

Which of the following is a concurrent power in the Nigerian federal system?

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In the Nigerian federal system, concurrent powers refer to those powers shared by both the federal government and the state governments. These powers are important to ensure a balance of power between the two levels of government and to address the needs and concerns of the entire country.
Among the options given, Education and Healthcare is a concurrent power in the Nigerian federal system.
Education and healthcare are essential services that affect the lives of citizens across the country. While the federal government has the responsibility to establish certain standards and policies, the state governments also play a significant role in the provision and administration of education and healthcare services.
The federal government sets broad national policies, establishes educational and healthcare standards, and provides overall guidance. However, the state governments have the power to establish and manage educational institutions and healthcare facilities within their respective states.
This division of power allows for local control and decision-making in education and healthcare, while still operating within a framework of national policies and standards.
It is important to note that the other options mentioned are not concurrent powers, but rather fall under the exclusive powers of either the federal government or the state governments.
- Currency and coinage is under the exclusive power of the federal government. It is responsible for issuing and regulating the currency and coinage used in Nigeria. - Foreign affairs and international relations are also under the exclusive power of the federal government. It is responsible for representing Nigeria in international affairs, negotiating treaties, and maintaining diplomatic relations with other countries. - Defense and National security is another exclusive power of the federal government. It is responsible for protecting the country from external threats, military defense, and national security matters.
Therefore, Education and Healthcare is the correct answer as it is a concurrent power in the Nigerian federal system.

In a communist system, who owns and controls the means of production?

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In a communist system, the government owns and controls the means of production. This means that all resources, factories, land, and businesses are owned by the state and are operated for the benefit of the entire society, rather than for private profit. The government makes decisions about what will be produced, how it will be produced, and who will receive the products or services. The goal is to distribute resources and wealth evenly among the people, striving for social equality. In this system, there is no private ownership or control by corporations, private individuals, or non-profit organizations. The government plays a central role in the planning and management of the economy to ensure the collective well-being of the society as a whole.

The Nigerian constitution guarantees freedom of speech under which fundamental right?

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The Nigerian constitution guarantees freedom of speech under the fundamental right to freedom of expression. This means that every individual in Nigeria has the right to express their thoughts, opinions, ideas, and beliefs freely without fear of censorship or punishment. This right ensures that people can openly speak their minds, share information, engage in discussions, criticize the government, and participate in the democratic process. Freedom of speech is essential for a vibrant and inclusive society, allowing individuals to contribute to public debate and hold those in power accountable. However, it is important to note that this right also carries certain responsibilities and limitations to prevent the spread of hate speech, incitement to violence, or false information that may harm others. Overall, freedom of speech is a fundamental right that allows Nigerians to express themselves and participate actively in shaping their society.

If the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through

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If the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through **legislative override**. In the United States, the process of how a bill becomes a law involves several steps. After a bill has been passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate, it is then sent to the president for approval. The president has the power to either sign the bill into law or veto it. However, if the president chooses to veto the bill and refuse to sign it, there is still a way for the bill to become a law. This is through legislative override, which involves the Congress taking action to pass the bill into law despite the president's veto. To do this, Congress must vote on the bill again, typically with a two-thirds majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. If the bill manages to receive this level of support in Congress, it can become a law even without the president's approval. This process of legislative override is an important part of the checks and balances system in the United States. It allows for the will of the majority in Congress to prevail if there is disagreement between the legislative branch and the executive branch. In conclusion, if the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through **legislative override** by securing a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Which African country successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence?

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Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence. Ethiopia is the only African nation that was never fully colonized by the European powers during the scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here's why:
1. **Strong Leadership**: Under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia developed a centralized government, modern infrastructure, and a well-trained military. His strategic thinking and diplomatic skills helped Ethiopia fend off colonization attempts.
2. **Battle of Adwa**: The Battle of Adwa in 1896 is a significant event in Ethiopia's history and African history as a whole. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia over the Italians, who sought to colonize the country. The Ethiopian forces effectively used their superior knowledge of the terrain and strategic military tactics to defeat the invaders.
3. **Geographical Advantage**: Ethiopia's mountainous terrain and rugged landscapes made it difficult for European powers to conquer and control the country. This geographical advantage provided a natural barrier against invasion and offered the Ethiopian forces an advantage in defensive warfare.
4. **Unity and Patriotism**: Ethiopian society was characterized by a strong sense of national unity and patriotism. The people of Ethiopia shared a common identity and were determined to protect their independence and sovereignty. This unity was a crucial factor in resisting European imperialism.
In conclusion, Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence through a combination of strategic leadership, military prowess, geographical advantage, and a strong sense of unity and patriotism among its people.

Which institution is responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria?

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The institution responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
SEC is a government agency that was established in 1979 and has the mandate to regulate and develop the Nigerian capital market. Its primary goal is to protect investors and maintain fair and efficient operations in the market.
SEC carries out its responsibilities through various functions, including:
1. Regulation: SEC regulates capital market activities by setting rules and regulations that govern the conduct of market participants. These regulations cover areas such as the registration of market operators, disclosure requirements for listed companies, insider trading, and market manipulation.
2. Supervision: SEC monitors the activities of market operators to ensure compliance with the regulations. It conducts inspections, audits, and investigations to detect and prevent any misconduct or violation of the rules. This helps to maintain the integrity and stability of the capital market.
3. Licensing: SEC is responsible for granting licenses to market intermediaries such as stockbrokers, investment advisers, and fund managers. It ensures that these intermediaries meet certain standards of professionalism and competence before they can operate in the market.
4. Investor Protection: SEC is dedicated to protecting the interests of investors. It educates and sensitizes investors on their rights and the risks associated with investing in the capital market. SEC also provides a platform for investors to lodge complaints and seek redress in case of disputes.
In summary, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the institution entrusted with the responsibility of regulating and supervising the capital markets in Nigeria. It plays a crucial role in maintaining a fair, transparent, and efficient market environment, ensuring investor protection, and promoting the growth and development of the Nigerian capital market.

Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes

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Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes traditional values and institutions. This means that conservative individuals believe in preserving and maintaining established customs, traditions, and social structures. They prioritize stability, order, and continuity in society.
In terms of individual freedom and limited government intervention, conservatives tend to support minimal interference from the government in people's lives and economic activities. They believe in personal responsibility and self-reliance.
However, conservatism does not typically advocate for radical social change and progress. Instead, it favors a cautious approach to social change and seeks to preserve and protect existing social structures and norms.
Similarly, conservatism does not prioritize the equal distribution of wealth. Instead, it recognizes and supports the importance of economic inequalities, as long as they are the result of individual effort, talent, and merit.
In summary, conservatism revolves around preserving traditional values, limited government intervention, and societal stability, rather than advocating for radical social change or equal wealth distribution.

The Oputa panel was established in Nigeria to

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The Oputa Panel was established in Nigeria to investigate human rights abuses during the military rule. It aimed to address the injustices and violations of human rights that occurred under military regimes in Nigeria. The panel was tasked with examining and documenting cases of abuses such as arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, and other violations of human rights that took place during the military era. Its purpose was to provide a platform for victims to share their experiences and seek justice, as well as to promote healing and reconciliation in the nation. The Oputa Panel played a significant role in shedding light on past atrocities and promoting accountability for the violations of human rights.

What is the term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people?

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The term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people is oligarchy. In an oligarchy, a few individuals or a small elite group have control over the government and make important decisions that impact the country and its people. This small group usually consists of wealthy, influential, or influential individuals who hold the power and authority.
Unlike democracy, where power is ultimately held by the people, in an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a select few. The decisions made by this small group may not necessarily represent the wishes or interests of the broader population.
Oligarchies may exist in different forms, such as a military junta, where military officials hold power, or an aristocracy, where power is inherited by a specific ruling class. It's important to note that oligarchies can take many shapes and can be seen throughout history and in various countries around the world.
In summary, an oligarchy is a system of government where power is held by a small group of individuals, and their decisions greatly influence the governance and policies of the country.

Which of the following is a characteristic of pressure groups?

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A characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations formed by individuals who have a common goal or interest. These groups seek to influence the government or public opinion in order to bring about change or protect their interests. Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to gain political power or hold office. Their main focus is on advocating for specific issues or causes that are important to their members.
Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, such as environmental conservation, human rights, labor rights, consumer protection, and more. They gather resources, raise awareness, and take action to promote their objectives. These groups can be formed by individuals from all sectors of society including businesses, trade unions, non-profit organizations, and community groups.
By representing a specific section of society, pressure groups provide a voice to those who may not have the means to effectively influence government policies on their own. They work to bring attention to the concerns and demands of their members and attempt to influence decision-making processes at various levels of government.
In summary, a key characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society and work towards promoting and protecting those interests through lobbying, advocacy, and raising public awareness. They play a crucial role in democratic societies by ensuring that diverse perspectives and concerns are taken into consideration in the policy-making process.

The policy of 'indigenization' was introduced under the regime of?

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The policy of 'indigenization' was introduced under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon.
Indigenization refers to the process of transferring the ownership and control of certain industries or sectors from foreign companies or individuals to the native or indigenous people of a country. In the case of Nigeria, the policy of indigenization was implemented to promote economic empowerment and development by giving Nigerians more control and ownership over their own resources.
During General Yakubu Gowon's regime (1966-1975), Nigeria was going through a period of post-colonial transformation and it was a time when the country was striving for economic independence. The policy of indigenization was one of the key strategies implemented to achieve this goal.
Under this policy, industries such as banking, insurance, oil, and telecommunications were targeted for transfer of ownership from foreign companies to Nigerians. The Nigerian government set specific goals and guidelines to ensure that a significant portion of these industries was owned and controlled by Nigerians.
The policy aimed to foster local entrepreneurship, encourage investment, and create job opportunities for Nigerians. It sought to reduce the economic dominance of foreign companies and promote the growth of indigenous businesses. By encouraging local participation in key sectors of the economy, the government hoped to promote self-reliance and economic development.
Overall, the policy of indigenization introduced under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon was a significant step towards economic empowerment and the promotion of Nigerian ownership and control over key industries.

The zoning system in Nigerian politics refers to

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The zoning system in Nigerian politics refers to the rotation of power among different regions. This means that political power is deliberately and systematically rotated among the various regions of Nigeria.
Under the zoning system, the presidency, as well as other key political positions, are rotated amongst the different regions of the country. This is done to ensure fairness, inclusivity, and to prevent any one region from dominating or monopolizing political power.
The system recognizes that Nigeria is a diverse country with different ethnic groups and regions, each with its own unique interests and challenges. By rotating power, it ensures that all regions have an opportunity to govern and contribute to the development of the nation.
This practice helps to promote a sense of unity, equity, and balance in Nigerian politics. It allows for different regions to have a chance to participate in governance and have their voices heard. The zoning system is usually implemented within political parties and is a way to promote internal democracy and prevent power struggles within the party.
It is important to note that the zoning system does not guarantee that every region will have a fair share of political power. It is dependent on the political will of parties and individuals to uphold the practice. However, the goal is to create a more inclusive political system that takes into account the diversity of Nigeria's regions.

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of democratic governance?

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Citizen Participation is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. It means that individuals have the right and the opportunity to be involved in the decisions and actions that affect their lives and their communities. In a democratic system, citizens have the ability to participate in political processes, such as voting in elections, serving in government or joining political parties. They also have the right to express their opinions, assemble peacefully, and engage in public debate. Citizen participation is important because it ensures that the government is accountable to the people it serves, and it allows for a diversity of perspectives and ideas to be considered in decision-making. It helps to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a few and promotes fairness, equality, and transparency in governance.

Without presidential assent, the legislature can pass a bill into law with the votes of ______ majority

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In order for a bill to become a law, it needs to be approved by both the legislature and the president. However, there are situations where the president does not give their assent or approval to a bill.
In such cases, the legislature can still pass the bill into law without the president's assent. This is possible with the votes of a certain majority in the legislature.
The correct answer is two-thirds majority.
This means that at least two-thirds of the members present and voting in the legislature need to approve the bill in order for it to become a law without the president's assent.
It is important to note that this applies only in certain countries or systems where the president's assent is not required.
Overall, the two-thirds majority serves as a safeguard to ensure a broad consensus within the legislature before a bill can become a law without the president's approval.

Which committee is responsible for the detailed scrutiny of a bill?

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A Select Committee is responsible for the detailed scrutiny of a bill. They are small legislative bodies that are set up to investigate specific issues or bills. The committee members are usually experts in the bill's subject matter.

Which of the following was a significant trade commodity in the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin?

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In the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, one of the significant trade commodities was ivory. Ivory refers to the hard, white material obtained from the tusks of certain animals, mainly elephants.
Ivory was highly valued in the Kingdom of Benin and was a major trade item. It was used to create intricate and beautiful sculptures, carvings, and ornaments, which were highly sought after by people across different regions. The skilled artisans and craftsmen of Benin were known for their exceptional carving abilities, and they created stunning works of art using ivory.
The Kingdom of Benin had access to a large supply of ivory, as the region was home to a significant population of elephants. The ivory trade brought wealth and prosperity to the kingdom, as it allowed the Benin people to engage in lucrative trade networks with neighboring regions and even faraway lands.
The demand for ivory was fueled by its rarity, beauty, and durability. It was used for various purposes such as personal adornment, as well as for religious and ceremonial objects. Ivory was also considered a symbol of status and wealth, and it was often used by the ruling elite to demonstrate their power and authority.
Overall, ivory played a vital role in the economy of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, serving as a valuable trade commodity and contributing to the kingdom's cultural and artistic achievements.

What is the primary source of revenue for the local government in Nigeria?

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The primary source of revenue for local governments in Nigeria is the Federal government allocations. This is because a significant portion of the revenue generated by the country is distributed among the three tiers of government - federal, state, and local government. While local governments can generate revenue through taxes, the bulk of their funding comes from federal allocations.

The Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into?

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The Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into **clans**. Clans are groups of people who are considered to be related by blood and are united under a common ancestor. They share a common identity and culture. Clans can be further divided into smaller units called families. In the case of the Ijaw people, each clan had its own distinct territory and was led by a clan head or chief. The clan chief was responsible for maintaining order, resolving disputes, and representing the clan in external affairs. While clans were the primary unit of organization, the Ijaw people also established **federations**. Federations were formed by multiple clans coming together for a common purpose, such as defense against external threats or for trade and economic cooperation. Within the federations, each clan maintained its own autonomy and leadership, but they worked together as a collective to achieve their common goals. The federation would often have a central council or ruling body composed of representatives from each clan. So, in summary, the Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into clans, which formed the basis of their social and political structure. They also established federations to promote cooperation and unity among different clans.

When there is an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called

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When an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election.
In a regular election, the candidate who receives the most votes or a majority of votes is declared the winner. However, in some cases, none of the candidates are able to secure enough votes to be declared the winner. This can happen if there are multiple candidates and the votes are distributed among them fairly evenly.
In such a scenario, a re-run election is conducted. This means that the election is held again, allowing the voters to cast their votes once more. The purpose of a re-run election is to give the voters another chance to choose a clear winner.
During a re-run election, the same candidates who participated in the original election typically compete again. However, in some cases, new candidates may also join the race. The re-run election follows a similar process as the original election, with the voters casting their votes and the results being tabulated to determine the winner.
The goal of a re-run election is to ensure that the democratic process is fair and that a clear winner is chosen based on the will of the people. It provides an opportunity for voters to reconsider their choices and potentially change the outcome of the election.
It is important to note that a re-run election is different from other terms mentioned. A recall is a process where voters can remove an elected official from office before their term is complete. A bye-election is held to fill a vacant seat in a legislative body. A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue or proposal.
In summary, when an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election. It gives the voters another opportunity to choose a candidate who can secure enough votes to be declared the winner.

In proportional representatiom electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on

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In a proportional representation electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes a party receives.
Unlike a winner-takes-all system where the party with the majority of votes takes all the seats, proportional representation aims to distribute seats in a more fair and representative manner based on the overall support received by each political party.
In this system, voters cast their votes for a political party rather than individual candidates. The total number of votes received by each party is then calculated. The percentage of votes that each party receives determines the number of seats they are allocated in the legislature.
For example, if a party receives 40% of the votes, they would be allocated approximately 40% of the seats in the legislature. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the overall support each party has among the voters.
This type of electoral system encourages a multiparty system, as parties with smaller but still significant voter support have a chance of securing representation in the legislature. It also allows for a greater diversity of voices and opinions to be heard in the decision-making process.
Overall, proportional representation helps ensure that the composition of the legislature is more reflective of the overall preferences and choices of the voters, promoting a more inclusive and representative democracy.

Gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by

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Gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the old. In a gerontocracy, the leaders are typically older individuals who have attained wisdom, respect, and experience over the course of their lives. Age is considered a qualification for leadership in this system.
Unlike other forms of government where power may be held by military junta, a single ruler, or religious leaders, gerontocracy specifically emphasizes the authority of the elderly population. These leaders make decisions and govern based on their knowledge gained through their years of life experience.
One of the advantages of gerontocracy is that it values the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of older individuals. The belief is that their experience contributes to better decision-making and governance.
However, it is important to note that gerontocracy can also have its drawbacks. It may limit opportunities for younger individuals to participate in leadership roles and contribute fresh ideas and perspectives to the government. This could result in potential stagnation or resistance to change.
In conclusion, gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the older population. While it values the wisdom and experience of older individuals, it may also limit the participation of younger generations.

Which constitutional amendment introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria?

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The correct answer is **none of the above**. None of the mentioned constitutional amendments introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The creation of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria was not achieved through a constitutional amendment. Rather, it was a political decision made by the government in 1976 during the administration of General Murtala Ramat Mohammed. The aim was to promote balanced development, administrative efficiency, and foster unity among the diverse ethnic and cultural groups in the country. The six geopolitical zones are North-West, North-East, North-Central, South-West, South-East, and South-South. It is important to note that the geopolitical zones are not explicitly provided for in the Nigerian constitution. They serve as a framework for administrative convenience and the distribution of resources, but they do not have a legal or constitutional basis.

__________ was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Cliphate.

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The major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was Islamic Jihad. Islamic Jihad refers to a holy war fought by Muslims in order to spread or defend their religion. In the case of the Sokoto Caliphate, it was a successful Jihad led by the influential scholar and leader, Usman dan Fodio.
Usman dan Fodio was a charismatic Islamic scholar who preached against corruption and decadence within ruling elites in Hausaland (present-day northern Nigeria). He called for a return to a purer form of Islam and sought to establish an Islamic state based on Islamic law (Sharia).
His teachings resonated with the common people who were discontented with the corrupt rulers and their unjust practices. Usman dan Fodio organized and led a resistance movement known as the Fulani Jihad, which aimed to establish a political and religious revival.
The Fulani Jihad, fueled by religious zeal and a desire for social reform, quickly gained support from various ethnic groups, including the Fulani pastoralists. The movement was successful in ousting the corrupt ruling elites and establishing a centralized Islamic government known as the Sokoto Caliphate in 1804.
Under the Sokoto Caliphate, Islamic law was implemented, education was promoted, and trade flourished. The Caliphate expanded its territories and exerted influence over neighboring regions, thereby becoming the largest and most powerful state in West Africa at the time.
In conclusion, the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was largely attributed to the Islamic Jihad led by Usman dan Fodio. His teachings and the widespread support for his cause among the populace created the conditions for a successful revolution that resulted in the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Maelezo ya Majibu

In a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
In this system, the citizens elect members of parliament or legislators who represent their interests and political parties. The leader of the political party that holds the majority of seats in the legislature becomes the head of government. This person is commonly referred to as the Prime Minister or the Chief Executive.
The head of government is responsible for leading the day-to-day operations of the government, making policy decisions, and implementing laws. This individual is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the support of the majority party or if a vote of no confidence is passed.
The head of government works alongside the head of state, who may be a ceremonial figurehead or have limited powers. The head of state is often a monarch or a president, and their role is primarily symbolic.
Overall, in a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is chosen based on their political party's strength in the legislature, rather than being directly elected by the people or appointed by the judiciary or head of state.

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by

Maelezo ya Majibu

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by legislative acts and statutes.
Legislative acts and statutes are laws that are passed by a governing body, such as a government or legislative assembly. These laws provide the legal framework for the creation and operation of public corporations and parastatals.
When a legislative act or statute is passed, it outlines the purpose, structure, governance, and responsibilities of the public corporation or parastatal. This ensures that they operate within the legal framework and are accountable to the governing body and the public.
The establishment of public corporations and parastatals through legislative acts has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the government to have control over important sectors of the economy, such as transport, energy, or healthcare, to ensure the provision of essential services to the public. Secondly, it provides a legal basis for the government to provide financial support and regulations to these entities. Lastly, legislative acts and statutes help in ensuring transparency and accountability in the operations of public corporations and parastatals.
In contrast, private corporations are typically established by private individuals or groups for profit-making purposes. Trade unions represent the interests of workers in collective bargaining, while international organizations are formed by multiple countries to address global issues. These entities do not have the same legal basis as public corporations and parastatals, and their establishment is not regulated by legislative acts and statutes.

Which arm of government has the power to declare laws unconstitutional?

Maelezo ya Majibu

The arm of government that has the power to declare laws unconstitutional is the **Judiciary**. The Judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws of the country. They ensure that the laws passed by the Legislature or Parliament are in accordance with the Constitution. When a law is questioned or challenged, the Judiciary reviews it to determine if it conflicts with the Constitution. If the law is found to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the Judiciary has the authority to declare it unconstitutional. This power is important because it helps to protect the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the Constitution. It ensures that the laws created by the Legislature do not violate the fundamental rights of individuals or go against the basic principles of the Constitution. By declaring a law unconstitutional, the Judiciary invalidates that law, making it unenforceable. This means that the law cannot be applied or enforced by the Executive branch of government. In this way, the Judiciary acts as a check and balance on the power of the Legislature and the Executive. It ensures that the laws passed are consistent with the Constitution and that the rights of individuals are protected.

Maelezo ya Majibu

The 1963 constitution in this context refers to the constitution of Nigeria. In this constitution, there was a list of powers that were exclusively reserved for different levels of government. These levels of government included the federal government, state governments, regional governments, and local governments.
The term "exclusively reserved" means that only the specified level of government had the authority to exercise these powers. Each level of government had its own specific set of powers.
The federal government had the highest level of authority and was responsible for governing the entire country as a whole. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for the federal government included defense and security, foreign affairs, banking and currency, and interstate commerce.
State governments had the authority to govern their respective states within the country. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for state governments included education, health care, transportation within the state, and land administration.
Regional governments represented a level of government that was unique to the 1963 constitution. These were created for specific regions within the country and had the authority to govern those regions. The powers exclusively reserved for regional governments varied depending on the specific region.
Local governments represented the lowest level of government and had authority over their respective localities within a state. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for local governments included provision of basic amenities like water supply, sanitation, and primary education.
To summarize, the 1963 constitution of Nigeria created a list of powers exclusively reserved for different levels of government. The federal government had powers that applied to the entire country, state governments had powers that applied within their respective states, regional governments had powers that applied to specific regions, and local governments had powers that applied to their localities.

Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principle of

Maelezo ya Majibu

Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principle of national interest. This means that when making decisions about how to interact with other countries, Nigeria prioritizes its own interests and the well-being of its citizens above all else.
National interest can include a range of factors, such as security, economic prosperity, and diplomatic influence. Nigeria aims to protect its borders, maintain peace and security within its territory, and promote economic development for its citizens.
By focusing on national interest, Nigeria aims to ensure that its foreign policy decisions align with the needs and aspirations of its own people. This principle helps Nigeria make choices that are in its best interest, while also considering the potential impact on the international community.

Which Nigerian leader advocated for the New Partnership for Africa's Development(NEPAD)?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Olusegun Obasanjo advocated for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). NEPAD is an economic development initiative aimed at promoting growth and development in Africa. It focuses on key areas such as good governance, infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and agriculture.
During his presidency from 1999 to 2007, Obasanjo played a pivotal role in championing NEPAD, both within Nigeria and on the continental stage. He believed in the importance of African countries working together to address common challenges and achieve sustainable development. Obasanjo played a key role in mobilizing support for NEPAD among other African leaders and international partners.
NEPAD was officially launched in 2001 and became a framework for African countries to prioritize and implement programs and policies that promote development and poverty reduction. It aims to create an environment conducive to investment and economic growth while improving governance, infrastructure, and human development. NEPAD has been instrumental in promoting African ownership and leadership in the continent's development agenda.
In summary, Olusegun Obasanjo, during his tenure as the President of Nigeria, played a major role in advocating for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). He championed NEPAD's vision of promoting economic development, good governance, and sustainable growth in Africa.

Nigeria shares its longest border with which West African country?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Nigeria shares its longest border with Niger. The border between Nigeria and Niger is approximately 1,497 kilometers long, making it Nigeria's longest international border.

Who amongst the following did not serve as secretary general of the League of nations?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Josip Broz Tito did not serve as the Secretary General of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts between nations. Its Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the organization's activities and promoting its goals. Sean Lester, Joseph Avenol, and Eric Drummond all served as Secretary General of the League of Nations at different times. However, Josip Broz Tito, who was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, did not hold this position. It is important to note that the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations (UN), which is the current international organization responsible for promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

Which of the following documents granted Nigeria its independence?

Maelezo ya Majibu

The document that granted Nigeria its independence is The Nigerian Independence Act.
The Nigerian Independence Act was the legislation that officially granted Nigeria its independence from British colonial rule. It was passed by the British Parliament in 1960 and became effective on October 1st of that year.
This act recognized Nigeria as a sovereign nation and paved the way for self-governance and self-determination. It marked the culmination of years of struggle by Nigerian nationalists for independence and marked a significant milestone in Nigerian history.
The other options mentioned are not directly related to the granting of Nigeria's independence:
- The Lancaster House Agreement: This agreement, signed in 1979, was the constitutional arrangement that guided the transition from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria. - The Atlantic Charter: The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, outlining their goals for a post-war world. While it promoted principles of self-determination, it did not specifically grant Nigeria its independence. - The United Nations Declaration on Decolonization: This declaration, adopted in 1960, emphasized the right of all peoples to choose their own government and pursue self-determination. While it supported the decolonization process, it did not directly grant independence to any specific country, including Nigeria.