JAMB UTME - Mathematics - 1992

Evaluate $\frac{(x-2)(x^2+3x-2)}{x^2-4}$

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ind then equation line through (5, 7) parallel to the line 7x + 5y = 12

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Equation (5, 7) parallel to the line 7x + 5y = 12
5Y = -7x + 12
y = $\frac{-7x}{5}$ + $\frac{12}{5}$
Gradient = $\frac{-7}{5}$
∴ Required equation = $\frac{y-7}{x-5}$ = $\frac{-7}{5}$ i.e. 5y - 35 = -7x + 35
5y + 7x = 70

Simplify $\frac{(1.25\times {10}^{-4})\times (2.0\times {10}^{-1})}{(6.25\times {10}^5)}$

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$\frac{(1.25\times {10}^{-4})\times (2.0\times {10}^{-1})}{(6.25\times {10}^5)}$ = $\frac{1.25\times 2}{6.25}$ x 104 - 1 - 5
$\frac{2.50}{6.25}$ x 10-2 = $\frac{250}{625}$ x 10-2
0.4 x 10-2 = 4.0 x 10-3

p = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}x& 3& 0\\ 2& y& 3\\ 4& 2& 4\end{array}\right|$

q = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}x& 2& z\\ 3& y& 2\\ 0& 3& z\end{array}\right|$

pq is equivalent to

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 = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}0& 3& 0\\ 2& 1& 3\\ 4& 2& 2\end{array}\right|$
Q = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}0& 2& 4\\ 3& 1& 2\\ 0& 3& 2\end{array}\right|$ = pT
pq = ppT

a student blows a balloon and its volume increases at a rate of π $\pi$(20 - t2)cm3S-1 after t seconds. If the initial volume is 0 cm3, find the volume of the balloon after 2 seconds

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The volume of the balloon increases at a rate of π(20-t^2) cm^3S^-1 after t seconds. If we want to find the volume of the balloon after 2 seconds, we need to integrate the given rate with respect to time from 0 to 2, since we want to know the change in volume from the initial volume of 0 cm^3 after 2 seconds. Integrating the given rate with respect to time, we get: ∫[0,2] π(20-t^2) dt = π[20t - (t^3/3)] from 0 to 2 Plugging in the values, we get: π[20(2) - (2^3/3)] - π[20(0) - (0^3/3)] = π[40 - 8/3] = π[120/3 - 8/3] = π[112/3] = 37.33π Therefore, the volume of the balloon after 2 seconds is approximately 37.33π cubic centimeters.

Find n if 34n = 100112

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To find n if 34n = 100112, convert both sides to base 10
= 3n + 4 = (1 x 24) + (0 x23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + 1 x 2o
= 3n + 4 = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
3n + 4 = 19
3n = 15
n = 5

If y = x sin x, Find $\frac{d^{2}y}{d^{2}x}$

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To find the second derivative of y = x sin x, we need to differentiate the function twice with respect to x. First, let's find the first derivative: y' = (x cos x) + (sin x) Using the product rule and the derivative of sin x. Next, we can find the second derivative: y'' = [(x cos x) + (sin x)]' = (cos x - x sin x) + cos x Using the product rule and the derivative of cos x. Therefore, the second derivative of y = x sin x is y'' = 2 cos x - x sin x.

If the binary operation $\ast$ is defined by m $\ast$ n = mn + m + n for any real number m and n, find the identity of the elements under this operation

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m $\ast$ n = mn + m + n
m $\ast$ e = me + m + e, e $\ast$ m = e
∴ me + m + e, m(e + 1)e - e = 0
e + 1 = 0
∴ e = -1

If x = 3 - $\sqrt{3}$, find x2 + $\frac{36}{x^2}$

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x = 3 - $\sqrt{3}$
x2 = (3 - $\sqrt{3}$)2
= 9 + 3 - 6$\sqrt{34}$
= 12 - 6$\sqrt{3}$
= 6(2 - $\sqrt{3}$)
∴ x2 + $\frac{36}{x^2}$ = 6(2 - $\sqrt{3}$) + $\frac{36}{6(2-\sqrt{3})}$
6(2 - $\sqrt{3}$) + $\frac{6}{2-\sqrt{3}}$ = 6(- $\sqrt{3}$) + $\frac{6(2+\sqrt{3})}{(2-\sqrt{3})(2+\sqrt{3})}$
= 6(2 - $\sqrt{3}$) + $\frac{6(2+\sqrt{3})}{4-3}$
6(2 - $\sqrt{3}$) + 6(2 + $\sqrt{3}$) = 12 + 12
= 24

Five people are to be arranged in a row for a group photograph. How many arrangements are the if a married couple in the group insist on sitting next to each other?

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Evaluate logban if b = an

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If b = a, then log base b of a^n is equal to n. To explain this in simple terms, let's first define what a logarithm is. A logarithm is simply the power to which a number (called the base) must be raised in order to get another number. For example, if we have the logarithm base 2 of 8, this means "what power must we raise 2 to in order to get 8?" The answer is 3, because 2^3 = 8. Now, in the given expression log base b of a^n, we have a base of b and an exponent of n. If b = a, this means that the base and the exponent are the same number. So we can rewrite the expression as log base a of a^n. What power must we raise a to in order to get a^n? The answer is n, because a^n is simply a multiplied by itself n times. So the logarithm base a of a^n is equal to n. Therefore, if b = a, then log base b of a^n is equal to n. The answer is (a) n.

Make t the subject of formula S = ut + $\frac{1}{2}a{t}^2$

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Given S = ut + $\frac{1}{2}a{t}^2$
S = ut + $\frac{1}{2}a{t}^2$
∴ 2S = 2ut + at2
= at2 + 2ut - 2s = 0
t = $\frac{-2u\pm 4u^2+2as}{2a}$
= -2u $\pi$ $\frac{\sqrt{u^{2}4u^2+2as}}{2a}$

= $\frac{1}{a}$ (-u + $\sqrt{U^2-2as}$)

The radius of a circle is given as 5cm subject to an error of 0.1cm. What is the percentage error in the area of the circle?

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Area = $\pi r^2=\pi \times 5\times 5=25\pi$
Area error = $\pi \times {0.1}^2=0.01\pi$
$\therefore$ % error = $\frac{0.01\pi }{25\pi }\times 10$
$=\frac{0.01}{25}\times 100=\frac{1}{25}$

What is the perpendicular distance of a point (2, 3) from the line 2x - 4y + 3 = 0?

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2x - 4y + 3 = 0
Required distance = $\frac{(2\times 2)+3(?4)+3}{\sqrt{2^2}+(?4{)}^2}$
= $\frac{4?12+3}{\sqrt{20}}$
= $\frac{?5}{?2\sqrt{5}}$
$=\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}$

Simplify 5$\sqrt{18}$ - 3$\sqrt{72}$ + 4$\sqrt{50}$

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To simplify these expressions, we need to simplify the numbers under the radical sign first by factoring out their perfect square factors. For the first expression 5√18, we can factor out the perfect square factor of 9, which leaves us with 5√2√2√2 or 10√2. For the second expression, we can simplify √72 to √(36*2), and since 36 is a perfect square, we can factor it out, which leaves us with 3√2*6, or 3√2*2√3, which simplifies to 6√6. For the third expression, we can simplify √50 to √(25*2), and since 25 is a perfect square, we can factor it out, which leaves us with 2√2*5, or 2√2*√5, which simplifies to 2√10. Putting it all together, we have: 5√18 = 10√2 - 3√72 = 6√6 - 4√50 = 2√10 Now we can substitute these simplified expressions back into the original expressions: 10√2 - 6√6 + 2√10 To simplify this expression, we can group like terms. The coefficients of √6 are -6 and 0, since there are no other terms with √6. The coefficients of √10 are 2 and 0, since there are no other terms with √10. The coefficient of √2 is 10. So our simplified expression is: 10√2 - 6√6 + 2√10 = 10√2 - 6√6 + 2√10 = 10√2 - 6√(2*3) + 2√(2*5) = 10√2 - 6√2√3 + 2√2√5 = (10-6√3+2√5)√2 Therefore, the answer is 17√2.

The angle between latitudes 30oS and 13oN is

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The distance between two latitudes is always the same, and this distance is equal to 1/360th of the circumference of the earth. The circumference of the earth is approximately 40,000 km, so 1/360th of the circumference is approximately 111 km. To find the angle between latitudes 30°S and 13°N, we need to add the distance between these latitudes to the angle at the center of the earth. The distance between 30°S and the equator (0°) is 30°, and the distance between the equator and 13°N is 13°, for a total distance of 43°. Therefore, the angle between latitudes 30°S and 13°N is 43°. So, the answer is

43o

A cliff on the bank of a river is 300 meter high. if the angle of depression of a point on the opposite side of the river is 60${}^{\circ }$, find the width of the river.

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The problem involves finding the width of a river given the height of a cliff and the angle of depression of a point on the opposite side of the river. The angle of depression is the angle formed between the horizontal line and the line of sight from the point on the opposite side of the river to the top of the cliff. We can use trigonometry to solve the problem. Let x be the width of the river. Then we have a right triangle with the height of the cliff as the opposite side, x as the adjacent side, and the angle of depression as 60 degrees. Using the tangent function, we have: tan(60) = opposite/adjacent sqrt(3) = 300/x x = 300/sqrt(3) x = 100sqrt(3) Therefore, the width of the river is 100sqrt(3) meters. So, the correct option is: - 100 - 75√3 m - 100√3m -  200√3m (100√3m) is the correct answer.

Find all values of x satisfying the inequality -11 $\le$ 4 - 3x $\le$ 28

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To solve the inequality -11 ≤ 4 - 3x ≤ 28, we need to isolate x in the middle of the inequality. First, we subtract 4 from all parts of the inequality: -15 ≤ -3x ≤ 24. Then, we divide by -3, remembering to flip the direction of the inequality signs when dividing by a negative number: 5 ≥ x ≥ -8. Therefore, the correct option is -8 ≤ x ≤ 5.

A man invested a sum of ₦280.00 partly at 5% and partly at 4%, if the total interest is ₦12.80 per annum, find the amount invested at 5%.

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Let x be the amount invested at 5% and y be the amount invested at 4%. Then we have the following system of equations: x + y = 280 --- (1) (since the man invested a total of ₦280.00) 0.05x + 0.04y = 12.80 --- (2) (since the total interest earned is ₦12.80) To solve for x, we can use the first equation to get y = 280 - x, and substitute into the second equation to get: 0.05x + 0.04(280 - x) = 12.80 Simplifying and solving for x, we get: 0.05x + 11.20 - 0.04x = 12.80 0.01x = 1.60 x = 160 Therefore, the amount invested at 5% is ₦160.00.

If two dice are thrown together, what is the probability of obtaining at least a score of 10?

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The total sample space when two dice are thrown together is 6 x 6 = 36
$\begin{array}{ccccccc}& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6\\ 1.& 1.1& 1.2& 1.3& 1.4& 1.5& 1.6\\ 2& 2.1& 2.2& 2.3& 2.4& 2.5& 2.6\\ 3& 3.1& 3.2& 3.3& 3.4& 3.5& 3.6\\ 4& 4.1& 4.2& 4.3& 4.4& 4.5& 4.6\\ 5& 5.1& 5.2& 5.3& 5.4& 5.5& 5.6\\ 6& 6.1& 6.2& 6.3& 6.4& 6.5& 6.6\end{array}$
At least 10 means 10 and above
P(at least 10) = $\frac{6}{36}$
= $\frac{1}{6}$

p = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}x& 3& 0\\ 2& y& 3\\ 4& 2& 4\end{array}\right|$

q = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}x& 2& z\\ 3& y& 2\\ 0& 3& z\end{array}\right|$ Where pT is the transpose p calculate /pT/ when x = 0, y = 1 and z = 2

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 = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}0& 3& 0\\ 2& 1& 3\\ 4& 2& 2\end{array}\right|$
PT = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}0& 2& 4\\ 2& 1& 3\\ 0& 3& 2\end{array}\right|$
/pT/ = $\left|\begin{array}{ccc}0& 2& 4\\ 3& 1& 3\\ 0& 3& 2\end{array}\right|$
= 0[2 - 6] - 2[6 - 0] + 4[9 - 0]
= 0 - 12 + 36 = 24

Ice forms on a refrigerator ice box at rate of (4 - 0.61)g per minute after 1 minute. If initially, there were 2g of ice, find the mass of ice formed in 5 minutes.

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The locus of a point which is equidistant from two given fixed points is the

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The locus of a point which is equidistant from two given fixed points is the perpendicular bisector of the straight line joining them. This means that any point on the perpendicular bisector of the straight line joining the two fixed points is equidistant from those points. To understand this concept, imagine two points on a plane and draw a straight line joining them. Now draw a perpendicular line bisecting the straight line joining them. Any point on this perpendicular line is equidistant from the two fixed points, since it is the same distance away from each of them. This is because the perpendicular line creates right angles with the straight line joining the two fixed points, and all points on a perpendicular line are equidistant from the two endpoints of the straight line it intersects.

A student has 5 courses to take from Mathematics and physics. There are 4 courses in Mathematics and 3 in Physics which he can choose his courses so that he takes exactly two courses in Physics?

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To solve this problem, we need to use the combination formula, which is nCr = n! / r!(n-r)!. Here, we have 4 Mathematics courses and 3 Physics courses. The student needs to select 2 Physics courses out of 3, which can be done in 3C2 ways (i.e., 3 different ways). For each of the 3 ways the student selects 2 Physics courses, he must also select 3 Mathematics courses out of 4, which can be done in 4C3 ways (i.e., 4 different ways). Therefore, the total number of ways the student can select exactly two courses in Physics is 3C2 * 4C3 = 3 * 4 = 12. Hence, the correct answer is 12.

If in the diagram above, FG is parallel to KM, find the value of x

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Solve the equation $y^2-11y+24=0$

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To solve the equation: y^2 - 11y + 24 = 0 We can use the quadratic formula, which states that for an equation of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, the solutions are given by: x = (-b ± sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)) / (2a) In this case, we have a = 1, b = -11, and c = 24. Substituting these values into the quadratic formula, we get: y = (-(-11) ± sqrt((-11)^2 - 4(1)(24))) / (2(1)) Simplifying this expression, we get: y = (11 ± sqrt(121 - 96)) / 2 y = (11 ± sqrt(25)) / 2 y = (11 ± 5) / 2 So the solutions to the equation are: y = 8 or y = 3 Therefore, the equation y^2 - 11y + 24 = 0 has two solutions: y = 8 and y = 3.

Factorize 9p2 - q2 + 6qr - 9r2

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If the scores of 3 students in a test are 5, 6 and 7, find the standard deviation of their scores

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To find the standard deviation of the scores, we need to first calculate the mean (average) of the scores: mean = (5 + 6 + 7) / 3 = 6 Next, we calculate the deviation of each score from the mean: deviation of 5 = 5 - 6 = -1 deviation of 6 = 6 - 6 = 0 deviation of 7 = 7 - 6 = 1 To calculate the standard deviation, we take the square root of the average of the squared deviations: standard deviation = √[(1^2 + 0^2 + (-1)^2) / 3] = √(2/3) ≈ 0.82 Therefore, the answer is option (D), √(2/3).

Resolve $\frac{3}{x^2+x-2}$ into partial fractions

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$\frac{3}{x^2+x-2}$ = $\frac{3}{(x-1)(x+1)}$
$\frac{A}{x-1}$ + $\frac{B}{x+2}$
A(x + 2) + B(x - 1) = 3
when x = 1, 3A = 3 $\to$ a = 1
when x = -2, -3B = 3 $\to$ B = -1
3 = 1 - 1
= $\frac{1}{x-1}+\frac{1}{x+2}$

If x = (all prime factors of 44) and y = (all prime factors of 60), the elements of X ∪ Y and X ∩ Y respectively are

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The prime factors of 44 are 2, 2, 11. The prime factors of 60 are 2, 2, 3, 5. To find X ∪ Y (the union of X and Y), we need to list all the distinct prime factors from both 44 and 60. These are 2, 3, 5, 11. Therefore, X ∪ Y is (2, 3, 5, 11). To find X ∩ Y (the intersection of X and Y), we need to list all the prime factors that are common to both 44 and 60. These are 2. Therefore, X ∩ Y is (2). Therefore, the answer is (2, 3, 5, 11) and (2), which corresponds to option D.

The sketch is the curve of y = ax2 + bx + c. Find a, b and c respectively

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Given the graph and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c the roots are x - 2 and 2 while its equation (x + 2)(x - 2) = y

y = x2 - 4 i.e. y = x2 + 0x - 4

a = 1, b = 0 and c = -4

In the figure, if XZ is 10cm, calculate RY in cm.

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Obtain a maximum value of the function f(x) = x${}^3$ - 12x + 11.

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To obtain the maximum value of the given function f(x) = x^3 - 12x + 11, we need to find its critical points. The critical points of a function are the points where the derivative of the function is either zero or undefined. So, let's find the derivative of the given function: f'(x) = 3x^2 - 12 Now, we'll set f'(x) = 0 and solve for x: 3x^2 - 12 = 0 x^2 - 4 = 0 (x - 2)(x + 2) = 0 So, the critical points of the function are x = 2 and x = -2. To determine whether these are maximum or minimum points, we'll take the second derivative of the function: f''(x) = 6x Now, we'll substitute the critical points into the second derivative: f''(2) = 12 f''(-2) = -12 Since f''(2) is positive, the critical point x = 2 is a minimum point. Since f''(-2) is negative, the critical point x = -2 is a maximum point. Therefore, the maximum value of the given function is obtained when x = -2. Now, we'll substitute x = -2 into the original function: f(-2) = (-2)^3 - 12(-2) + 11 f(-2) = -8 + 24 + 11 f(-2) = 27 So, the maximum value of the given function is 27, and the correct option is (D).

The probability of an event P is $\frac{3}{4}$ while that of another event Q is $\frac{1}{6}$. If the probability of both P and Q is $\frac{1}{2}$. What is the probability of either P or Q.

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The diagram is a circle with centre O. Find the area of the shaded portion.

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To find the area of the shaded portion, we need to subtract the area of the triangle from the area of the sector. First, we need to find the radius of the circle. Since the diameter is given as 6cm, the radius is half of it which is 3cm. Next, we need to find the angle of the sector. We can do this by using the properties of the isosceles triangle. The angle at the centre of the circle is twice the angle at the circumference of the circle. So, the angle at the centre of the circle is: 2 x (180 - 90) = 180 degrees This means that the angle of the sector is 180 degrees. Now we can calculate the area of the sector: Area of sector = (angle/360) x πr^2 = (180/360) x π(3)^2 = 4.5π cm^2 Next, we need to find the area of the triangle. Since the triangle is isosceles, the base angles are equal, and we can use trigonometry to find the height. The base of the triangle is equal to the diameter of the circle which is 6cm. Using trigonometry, we know that: tan(45) = height/base height = base x tan(45) height = 6 x 1 height = 6cm Now we can calculate the area of the triangle: Area of triangle = (1/2) x base x height = (1/2) x 6 x 6 = 18 cm^2 Finally, we can calculate the area of the shaded portion by subtracting the area of the triangle from the area of the sector: Area of shaded portion = Area of sector - Area of triangle = 4.5π - 18 = (9/2)(π - 2) cm^2 Therefore, the answer is 9(π−2)cm2.

If x + 1 is a factor of x3 + 3x2 + kx + 4, find the value of k

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To find the value of k, we need to use the factor theorem which states that if x - a is a factor of a polynomial, then the polynomial is zero when x = a. Since x + 1 is a factor of x^3 + 3x^2 + kx + 4, we know that x = -1 makes the polynomial zero. Substituting -1 for x in the polynomial, we get: (-1)^3 + 3(-1)^2 + k(-1) + 4 = 0 -1 + 3 - k + 4 = 0 6 - k = 0 Solving for k, we get: k = 6 Therefore, the value of k is 6.

If U = (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) is the universal set. E = (10, 4, 6, 8, 10) and F = is odd. Find (E ∩ F), where means x 1x2 = 26, x the complement of a set

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U = (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
E = (10, 4, 6, 8, 10)
F = (x : x2 = 26, x is odd)
∴ F = $\varphi$ Since x2 = 26 = 64
x = + which is even
∴ E ∩ F = $\varphi$ Since there are no common elements

What is the value of x satisfying the equation $\frac{4^{2x}}{4^{3x}}$ = 2?

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$\frac{4^{2x}}{4^{3x}}$ = 2
42x - 3x = 2
4-x = 2
(22)-x
= 21
Equating coefficients: -2x = 1
x = -$\frac{1}{2}$

What is the n-th term of the sequence 2, 6, 12, 20...?

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The given sequence is formed by adding consecutive even numbers starting from 2. The first term is 2, the second term is 2 + 4, the third term is 2 + 4 + 6, and so on. Thus, we can observe that the n-th term is obtained by adding the first n even numbers. The sum of the first n even numbers is n(n+1), which can be proved using mathematical induction. Therefore, the n-th term of the sequence is n(n+1). Hence, the correct option is: n2 + n.

$\begin{array}{ccccc}x& 2& 4& 6& 8\\ f& 4& y& 6& 5\end{array}$

If the mean of the above frequency distribution is 5.2, find y

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Mean $\overline{x}$ = $\frac{\sum fx}{\sum f}$
= $\frac{5.2}{1}$
= $\frac{8+4y+36+40}{4+y+6+5}$
= $\frac{5.2}{1}$
= $\frac{84+4y}{15+y}$
= 5.2(15 + y)
= 84 + 4y
= 5.2 x 15 + 5.2y
= 84 + 4y
= 78 + 5.2y
= 84 = 4y
= 5.2y - 4y
= 84 - 78
1.2y = 6
y = $\frac{6}{1.2}$
= $\frac{60}{12}$
= 5

If the angles of quadrilateral are (P + 10)o(2P - 30)o(3P + 20)o and 4po, find p

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In the figure, PQr is a semicircle while PQ and Qr are chords. QS is the perpendicular from Q to the diameter PR. What is the expression for QS?

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Given that $\theta$ is an acute angle and sin $\theta$ = $\frac{m}{n}$, find cos $\theta$

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For an arithmetical sequence, the first term is 2 and the common difference is 3. Find the sum of the first 11 terms

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An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers where the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant. In this case, the first term is 2 and the common difference is 3, so the sequence is: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 To find the sum of the first 11 terms of this sequence, we can use the formula for the sum of an arithmetic series: Sn = n/2 * (a1 + an) where Sn is the sum of the first n terms, a1 is the first term, and an is the nth term. In this case, n = 11, a1 = 2, and an = 32 (the 11th term can be found by adding the common difference 3, 10 times to the first term 2). So, substituting the values in the formula: Sn = 11/2 * (2 + 32) Sn = 11/2 * 34 Sn = 187 Therefore, the sum of the first 11 terms is 187. So the correct answer is.

Determine the distance on the earth's surface between two town P (latoN, Long 20oN) and Q(Lat 60oN, Long 25oW) (Radius of the earth = 6400km)

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$\begin{array}{cccccccc}\text{No. of children}& 0& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6\\ \text{No. of families}& 7& 11& 6& 7& 7& 5& 3\end{array}$

Find the mode and median respectively of the distribution above

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Find the sum to infinity to the following series 3 + 2 + $\frac{4}{3}$ + $\frac{8}{9}$ + $\frac{16}{17}$ + .....

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3 + 2 + $\frac{4}{3}$ + $\frac{8}{9}$ + $\frac{16}{17}$ + .....
a = 3
r = $\frac{2}{3}$
s $\alpha$ = $\frac{a}{1-r}$ = $\frac{3}{1-\frac{2}{3}}$
= $\frac{3}{\frac{1}{3}}$
= 3 x 3
= 9

x is a point due east of point Y on a coast Z is another point on the coast but 63m due south of y. If the distance ZX is 12Km. Calculate the bearing of Z from X

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Evaluate the integral ${\int }_{\frac{\pi }{12}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}$ 2 cos 2x dx

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let I = ${\int }_{\frac{\pi }{12}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}$ 2 cos 2x dx
= 2(sin 2x)$\frac{\pi }{4}$ (sin 2x)$\frac{\pi }{4}$$\frac{\pi }{12}$
(2)$\frac{\pi }{12}$
= -1 - $\frac{1}{2}$
= $\frac{1}{2}$