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Ibeere 1 Ìròyìn
Elements in the periodic table are arranged in the order of their
Awọn alaye Idahun
Elements in the periodic table are arranged in the order of their atomic numbers. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number from left to right and from top to bottom in the periodic table. The elements in each row, also known as a period, have the same number of electron shells, while the elements in each column, also known as a group or family, have the same number of valence electrons. This arrangement makes it possible to predict the chemical and physical properties of an element based on its position in the periodic table. Therefore, the correct answer is: - atomic numbers
Ibeere 2 Ìròyìn
The oxidation state(s) of nitrogen in ammonium nitrite is/are
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ammonium nitrite = NH4
NO2
NH+4
: Let the oxidation number of Nitrogen = x
x + 4 = 1 ⟹
x = 1 - 4
x = -3
NO−2
: x - 4 = -1
x = -1 + 4 ⟹
x = +3.
The oxidation numbers for Nitrogen in Ammonium Nitrite = -3, +3.
Ibeere 3 Ìròyìn
SO3 is not directly dissolved in water in the industrial preparation of H2 SO4 by the contact process because
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 4 Ìròyìn
Hydrocarbons which will react with Tollen's reagent conform to the general formula
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 5 Ìròyìn
Which of the following metals is the most essential in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure and osmotic equilibrium?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The metal that is most essential in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and osmotic equilibrium is sodium. Sodium is a key electrolyte that helps maintain the balance of fluids in the body, including blood volume and blood pressure. Sodium ions are positively charged and are attracted to negatively charged ions, such as chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), which together help regulate the pH of the blood. Sodium is also essential for maintaining osmotic equilibrium, which refers to the balance of solutes between cells and the extracellular fluid. Osmotic equilibrium is critical for proper cellular function and is regulated by the movement of water and electrolytes, including sodium, in and out of cells. While the other metals listed (zinc, manganese, and iron) are important for various functions in the body, such as enzyme activity and oxygen transport, they are not directly involved in regulating blood volume, blood pressure, and osmotic equilibrium in the same way that sodium is. Therefore, the answer is not options 1, 2, or 4, and the correct answer is: sodium.
Ibeere 6 Ìròyìn
The IUPAC name for CH3 CH2 COOCH2 CH3 is
Awọn alaye Idahun
The IUPAC name for the given molecule is ethyl propanoate. To arrive at the IUPAC name, we first identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms, which in this case is a 4-carbon chain (propane). We then identify and name the substituent groups attached to this chain, which are a methyl group (CH3) attached to the second carbon atom and an ethoxy group (OC2H5) attached to the third carbon atom. The ethoxy group is named as an ethyl group, and the entire molecule is named as ethyl propanoate, following the standard IUPAC naming conventions for esters.
Ibeere 7 Ìròyìn
Hydrogen diffused through a porous plug
Awọn alaye Idahun
Hydrogen gas (H2) diffuses faster than oxygen gas (O2) through a porous plug. This is because the rate of diffusion of a gas through a porous plug is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Since the molar mass of hydrogen (2 g/mol) is much smaller than that of oxygen (32 g/mol), the rate of diffusion of hydrogen through a porous plug is much faster than that of oxygen. To be more specific, the ratio of the diffusion rates of two gases through a porous plug is given by the equation: Rate of diffusion of gas A / Rate of diffusion of gas B = √(Molar mass of gas B / Molar mass of gas A) Using the molar masses of hydrogen and oxygen, we get: Rate of diffusion of hydrogen / Rate of diffusion of oxygen = √(32 g/mol / 2 g/mol) = √16 = 4 Therefore, hydrogen diffuses through a porous plug four times as fast as oxygen. Thus, the correct answer is: four times as fast as oxygen.
Ibeere 8 Ìròyìn
A compound contains 40.0% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen. If the molar mass of the compound is 180. Find the molecular formula.
[H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
Awọn alaye Idahun
The molecular formula of a compound is determined by the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule. To find the molecular formula, we need to determine the number of atoms of each element in the compound. First, we convert the percent composition to grams. For example, 40.0% carbon means 40.0 g of carbon per 100 g of compound. Then we divide the number of grams of each element by the molar mass of each element. For example, 40.0 g of carbon divided by the molar mass of carbon (12 g/mol) gives us 3.33 mol of carbon. Next, we convert the number of moles of each element to the number of atoms by multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol). Finally, we balance the numbers of atoms of each element by dividing them by the smallest number of atoms of all the elements and rounding to the nearest whole number. In this case, the smallest number of atoms is 2, which is the number of hydrogen atoms. So, we divide the number of atoms of carbon and oxygen by 2 to balance the numbers of atoms of all the elements. Therefore, the molecular formula of the compound is C6H12O6.
Ibeere 9 Ìròyìn
A radioactive nucleus has a half-life of 20 years, starting with 100,000 particles, how many particles will be left exactly at the end of 40 years
Awọn alaye Idahun
The half-life of a radioactive nucleus is the time it takes for half of its particles to decay. This means that after 20 years, 100,000 particles will become 50,000 particles. After 40 years, we can find the number of particles remaining by counting the number of half-lives that have passed. Since 40 years is double the half-life of 20 years, this means that two half-lives have passed, so the number of particles will be halved twice. Starting with 100,000 particles: - After 1 half-life (20 years), there will be 50,000 particles remaining. - After 2 half-lives (40 years), there will be 25,000 particles remaining. So, exactly at the end of 40 years, there will be 25,000 particles remaining.
Ibeere 10 Ìròyìn
A synthetic rubber is obtained from the polymerization of
Awọn alaye Idahun
A synthetic rubber is obtained from the polymerization of isoprene. Isoprene is a type of hydrocarbon that can be polymerized, or chemically joined together, to form long chains. This process is called polymerization, and the resulting material is called a polymer. When isoprene is polymerized, it forms a synthetic rubber, which is a type of polymer that is used in a wide range of products, including tires, hoses, and adhesives. Synthetic rubber offers several advantages over natural rubber, including improved durability and resistance to heat, ozone, and chemicals.
Ibeere 11 Ìròyìn
An element Z contains 80% of 168 Z and 20% of 188 Z. Its relative atomic mass is
Awọn alaye Idahun
R.A.M of Z = 16(80100)+18(20100)
= 12.8+3.6
= 16.4
Ibeere 12 Ìròyìn
The electronic configuration of element Z is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 . What is the formula of the compound formed between Z and tetraoxosulphate (VI) ion.
Awọn alaye Idahun
Z = 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p1
?
We have Z3+
and SO2?4
The reaction : Z3+
+ SO2?4
?
Z2
(SO4
)3
.
Ibeere 13 Ìròyìn
Which of the following pollutants will lead to the depletion of ozone layer?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The pollutant that leads to the depletion of the ozone layer is chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs). CFCs are man-made chemicals that were widely used in the past as refrigerants, solvents, and propellants. When CFCs are released into the atmosphere, they rise into the stratosphere, where they come into contact with ozone molecules. The chlorine atoms in CFCs react with ozone, breaking apart the ozone molecules and causing a reduction in the overall amount of ozone in the stratosphere. This process continues until all of the ozone-depleting chlorine atoms have been depleted. The resulting decrease in ozone in the stratosphere leads to an increase in the amount of harmful ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, which can have negative impacts on human health and the environment.
Ibeere 14 Ìròyìn
Which of the following pairs cannot be represented with a chemical formula?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The pair that cannot be represented with a chemical formula is air and bronze. Air is a mixture of several gases, primarily nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂), with small amounts of other gases such as argon (Ar), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and neon (Ne). Since air is a mixture and not a pure substance, it cannot be represented by a chemical formula. Bronze, on the other hand, is an alloy composed mainly of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) with small amounts of other metals. The composition of bronze can vary depending on the specific alloy, but it can be represented by a chemical formula such as CuSn. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a compound composed of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in a fixed ratio of 1:1, and it can be represented by a chemical formula. Similarly, copper (Cu) and sodium chloride (NaCl) can each be represented by a chemical formula. Cu is an element, so its chemical formula is simply its symbol, while NaCl is a compound with a fixed ratio of sodium and chlorine atoms. Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃) are both compounds that can be represented by chemical formulas. NaOH consists of one sodium atom, one oxygen atom, and one hydrogen atom, while Na₂CO₃ consists of two sodium atoms, one carbon atom, and three oxygen atoms.
Ibeere 15 Ìròyìn
When chlorine water is exposed to bright sunlight, the following products are formed
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 16 Ìròyìn
Which of the following does not support the fact that air is a mixture?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The option that does not support the fact that air is a mixture is "the constituents of air are in a fixed proportion by mass". Air is a mixture of different gases, primarily nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with small amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, and neon. The proportion of each gas in air is not fixed and can vary depending on the location and other factors. For example, the amount of carbon dioxide in air can increase in areas with high levels of pollution, while the proportion of oxygen can decrease at high altitudes. Therefore, the composition of air is not in a fixed proportion by mass. On the other hand, the fact that air cannot be represented with a chemical formula and its constituents can be separated by physical means support the fact that air is a mixture. A chemical formula represents a pure substance, and since air is a mixture of gases, it cannot be represented by a single formula. Air can be separated into its individual components through physical means such as distillation or filtration, which is a characteristic of mixtures.
Ibeere 17 Ìròyìn
In the reaction:
M + N → P
ΔH = +Q kJWhich of the following would increase the concentration of the product?
Awọn alaye Idahun
Increasing the temperature would increase the concentration of the product, P. The reaction rate, or the speed at which the reaction occurs, is influenced by temperature. An increase in temperature raises the kinetic energy of the reacting molecules, making it easier for them to collide and react. This leads to a higher rate of reaction and a higher concentration of the product, P. Adding a suitable catalyst can also increase the reaction rate, but it does not directly affect the concentration of the product. Increasing the concentration of P does not affect the reaction itself, but is a result of the reaction having taken place. Decreasing the temperature would slow down the reaction rate and reduce the concentration of the product.
Ibeere 18 Ìròyìn
Which of the following will give a precipitate with an aqueous solution of copper (I) chloride?
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 19 Ìròyìn
Which of the following factors will speed up the rate of evolution of carbon (iv) oxide in the reaction below?
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2 O + CO2
Awọn alaye Idahun
The following factors increase a reaction rate
- Increase in concentration of reactants
- Increase in temperature
- Addition of catalyst
- Increase in the surface area of reactant(s)
Ibeere 20 Ìròyìn
What mass of magnesium would be obtained by passing a current of 2 amperes for 2 hours, through molten magnesium chloride?
[1 faraday = 96500C, Mg = 24]
Awọn alaye Idahun
Current (I) = 2A; Time (t) = 2 hours = 7200 secs
Q = It
= 2 x 7200 = 14400C
1 F = 96500C
x = 14400C
x = 1440096500
= 0.15F
Mg2+
+ 2e−
→
Mg
2F →
24g
0.15F →
x
2x = 24 x 0.15
x = 24×0.152
= 1.8g
Ibeere 21 Ìròyìn
Which two gases can be used for the demonstration of the fountain experiment?
Awọn alaye Idahun
Two gases that can be used in the study of fountain experiment is ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas. The experiment introduces concepts like solubility and the gas laws at the entry level.
Ibeere 22 Ìròyìn
The velocity, V of a gas is related to its mass, M by (k = proportionality constant)
Awọn alaye Idahun
Recall:
V = √3RTM
∴V∝1√M
V=k√M
V = kM12
Ibeere 24 Ìròyìn
The IUPAC nomenclature of the compound
H3 C - CH(CH3 ) - CH(CH3 ) - CH2 - CH3
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 25 Ìròyìn
Which of the following statements does not show Rutherford's account of Nuclear Theory? An atom contains a region
Awọn alaye Idahun
Rutherford's account of Nuclear theory does not include the fact that atoms contain a massive region and cause deflection of from projectiles.
Ibeere 26 Ìròyìn
The combustion of carbon(ii)oxide in oxygen can be represented by equation.
2CO + O2 ? 2CO2
Calculate the volume of the resulting mixture at the end of the reaction if 50cm3 of carbon(ii)oxide was exploded in 100cm3 of oxygen
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 27 Ìròyìn
Which of the following alkaline metals react more quickly spontaneously with water?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra) are the second most reactive metals in the periodic table, and, like the Group 1 metals, have increasing reactivity in the higher periods. Beryllium (Be) is the only alkaline earth metal that does not react with water or steam, even if metal is heated to red heat. Additionally, beryllium has a resistant outer oxide layer that lowers its reactivity at lower temperatures.
Magnesium shows insignificant reaction with water, but burns vigorously with steam or water vapor to produce white magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas:
A metal reacting with cold water will produce metal hydroxide. However, if a metal reacts with steam, like magnesium, metal oxide is produced as a result of metal hydroxides splitting upon heating.
The hydroxides of calcium, strontium and barium are only slightly water-soluble but produce sufficient hydroxide ions to make the environment basic, giving a general equation of:
| Order of reactivity | Metal | Reactions with water or steam |
|---|---|---|
| most reactive | potassium (K) | very vigorous reaction with cold water |
| ↑ | sodium (Na) | vigorous reaction with cold water |
| ↓ | calcium (Ca) | less vigorous reaction with cold water |
| least reactive | magnesium (Mg) | slow reaction with cold water, vigorous with steam |
Ibeere 28 Ìròyìn
The molecular shape and bond angle of water are respectively
Awọn alaye Idahun
The shape of water molecule = Bent/ V- shaped
The bond angle of water = 104.5°/ 105°
Ibeere 30 Ìròyìn
Which of the following is the best starting material for the preparation of oxygen? Heating of trioxonitrate (v) with
Awọn alaye Idahun
Ibeere 31 Ìròyìn
In the reaction between sodium hydroxide and tetraoxosulphate (VI) solutions, what volume of 0.5 molar sodium hydroxide would exactly neutralize 10cm3 of 1.25 molar tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid?
Awọn alaye Idahun
Equation of reaction : 2NaOH + H2 SO4 → Na2 SO4 + 2H2 O
Concentration of a base, CB = 0.5M
Volume of acid, VA = 10cm3
Concentration of an acid, CA = 1.25M
Volume of base, VB = ?
Recall:
CAVACBVB=nAnB
... (1)
N.B: From the equation,
nAnB=12
From (1)
1.25×100.5×VB=12
12.50.5VB=12
25 = 0.5VB
VB = 50.0 cm3
Ibeere 32 Ìròyìn
Which process(es) is/are involved in the turning of starch iodide paper blue-black by chlorine gas?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The process involved in the turning of starch iodide paper blue-black by chlorine gas is option number 3: chlorine oxidizes the iodide ion to produce iodine which attacks the starch to give the blue-black color. When chlorine gas comes in contact with iodide ions on the starch iodide paper, it oxidizes the iodide ion to form iodine. The iodine that is produced in this reaction is then able to react with the starch present on the paper to form a blue-black complex. This blue-black complex is formed due to the arrangement of the starch molecules and the iodine atoms in a way that causes them to absorb light at a specific wavelength, giving the blue-black color. Therefore, the blue-black color that is observed on the starch iodide paper is due to the reaction between iodine and starch, which is made possible by the oxidation of iodide ions by chlorine gas.
Ibeere 33 Ìròyìn
The following are isoelectronic ions except
Awọn alaye Idahun
Two or more ions are said to be isoelectronic if they have the same electronic structure and the same number of valence electrons.
Na+
= 10 electrons = 2, 8
Mg2+
= 10 electrons = 2,8
O2−
= 10 electrons = 2,8
Si2+
= 12 electrons = 2,8,2
⟹
Si2+
is not isoelectronic with the rest.
Ibeere 35 Ìròyìn
Which of the following conditions will most enhance the spontaneity of a reaction?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The condition that will most enhance the spontaneity of a reaction is when ΔH is negative (i.e., the reaction releases heat) and ΔS is positive (i.e., the reaction increases the disorder or randomness of the system). This is because a negative ΔH indicates that the reaction releases energy, which is favorable for a spontaneous reaction, while a positive ΔS indicates that the system becomes more disordered, which is also favorable for spontaneous reactions. Among the given options, the first condition of a negative and greater ΔH than ΔS is the best option for enhancing the spontaneity of a reaction. The other options have either a positive ΔH or a zero ΔS, which is not favorable for spontaneous reactions.
Ibeere 36 Ìròyìn
How many electrons will be found in the nucleus of an atom with mass number 23 and 17 neutrons?
Awọn alaye Idahun
Electrons are not found in the nucleus of an atom. The nucleus of an atom only contains protons and neutrons, while electrons are located outside the nucleus in the electron cloud. The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Therefore, if an atom has a mass number of 23 and 17 neutrons, then the number of protons in the nucleus can be calculated as: Protons = Mass number - Neutrons Protons = 23 - 17 Protons = 6 This means that the nucleus of the atom contains 6 protons. The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons, so the atom also contains 6 electrons in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. In summary, the answer is that there are 6 protons and 6 electrons in the atom.
Ibeere 37 Ìròyìn
If the cost of electricity required to discharge 10g of an ion X3+ is N20.00, how much would it cost to discharge 6g of ion Y2+ ?
[1 faraday = 96,500C, atomic masses are X = 27, Y = 24]
Awọn alaye Idahun
X3+
+ 3e−
→
X
3F = 27g
xF = 10g
x3=1027⟹x=109F
109
F ≡
N20.00
1F is equivalent to x
1109=x20
910=x20⟹x=N18.00
1F is equivalent to N18.00.
Y2+
+ 2e−
→
Y
2F = 24g
xF = 6g
x = 6×224=12F
1F = N18.00
12
F = 12×N18.00
= N9.00
Ibeere 38 Ìròyìn
The heat of formation of ethene, C2 H4 is 50 kJmol−1 , and that of ethane, C2 H6 is -82kJmol−1 . Calculate the heat evolved in the process:
C2 H4 + H2 → C2 H6
Awọn alaye Idahun
The heat evolved in a chemical reaction can be calculated by subtracting the heat of formation of the reactants from the heat of formation of the products. In this case, the reactants are ethene (C2H4) and hydrogen (H2), and the product is ethane (C2H6). The heat of formation of ethene is 50 kJ/mol and that of hydrogen is 0 kJ/mol (because hydrogen is a reference element). The heat of formation of ethane is -82 kJ/mol. So, the heat evolved in the reaction is given by: Heat evolved = (Heat of formation of products) - (Heat of formation of reactants) = (-82 kJ/mol) - (50 kJ/mol + 0 kJ/mol) = -82 kJ/mol - 50 kJ/mol = -132 kJ/mol. Therefore, the heat evolved in the process is -132 kJ.
Ibeere 39 Ìròyìn
A secondary alkanol can be oxidized to give an
Awọn alaye Idahun
A secondary alkanol is an alcohol with two carbon atoms attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group (-OH). Secondary alkanols can be oxidized by a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), to give an alkanone. During the oxidation process, the oxygen atom from the oxidizing agent replaces the hydroxyl group of the secondary alkanol to form a carbonyl group (C=O) in the alkanone. Since alkanones contain a carbonyl group, they are also known as ketones. Therefore, the answer to the question is alkanone, as secondary alkanols can be oxidized to form ketones.
Ibeere 40 Ìròyìn
Which of the following statements about catalyst is false?
Awọn alaye Idahun
The false statement about catalysts is: "catalysts do not alter the mechanism of the reaction and never appear in the rate law." Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They achieve this by reducing the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are a type of biological catalysts. In a chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed and does not appear in the overall balanced equation. However, catalysts can alter the mechanism of a reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy. This alternative pathway can have a different rate-determining step, which means that the presence of the catalyst can change the rate law of the reaction. Therefore, the statement that catalysts do not alter the mechanism of the reaction and never appear in the rate law is false.
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