JAMB UTME - Government - 2019

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Like the series of political office arrangements and portfolios in the Hausa/Fulani Empire i.e the Galadima, Waziri and the rest, deconcentration of power is obtainable unlike in devolution which Options B and D implicitly cover. Option A refers to Decentralization of powers.

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The solidarity for self-governance system and liberty of Africans demonstrated by Africans and Non-Africans in diaspora is termed Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism is a political and social movement that originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century among Africans and people of African descent, both on the African continent and in the diaspora. The movement sought to promote solidarity among Africans and people of African descent, as well as to advance the cause of African self-governance and independence from colonial powers. Pan-Africanism emerged in response to the colonization of Africa and the oppression of people of African descent around the world. The movement was driven by the belief that people of African descent shared a common history, culture, and destiny, and that they should work together to achieve their liberation and equality. Pan-Africanism has taken many forms over the years, from cultural and artistic expressions to political and economic cooperation. Its goals have included the establishment of independent African states, the promotion of African unity, the advancement of economic and social development in Africa, and the elimination of racism and discrimination against people of African descent worldwide. In summary, Pan-Africanism is the term used to describe the solidarity for self-governance and liberty of Africans demonstrated by Africans and people of African descent in the diaspora. The movement seeks to promote unity and cooperation among people of African descent and to advance the cause of African self-governance and independence from colonial powers.

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The option that was not responsible for the coalition between A. G and N. C. N. C. is: Akintola's faction which broke out of A. G. to form UPP. The coalition between A. G (Action Group) and N. C. N. C. (Northern People's Congress and National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) was formed in the early 1960s, and it was primarily driven by political considerations. The Kano riot of 1953, which was one of the major factors that led to the formation of the coalition, was a violent clash between Northern and Southern Nigerians that resulted in many deaths and injuries. The riot created a sense of insecurity and unease among the political elites in Nigeria, and many saw the need for a political alliance that could bridge the gap between the North and the South. The contest for the federal election of 1964 was another factor that contributed to the coalition. The election was highly contested, and it was clear that no single party could win without forming an alliance with other parties. The A. G and N. C. N. C. saw the need to join forces to increase their chances of winning the election. The factional crisis in the A. G, which was caused by the rivalry between Awolowo's faction and Akintola's faction, also contributed to the formation of the coalition. Awolowo's faction wanted to get the N. P. C out of power, while Akintola's faction had a different opinion. This difference led to the split in the A. G, and it became clear that the party could not win the election without forming an alliance with other parties. In summary, the coalition between A. G and N. C. N. C. was primarily driven by political considerations, such as the need to bridge the gap between the North and the South, win the federal election of 1964, and resolve the factional crisis in the A. G. The formation of the UPP by Akintola's faction, therefore, was not a factor that contributed to the coalition.

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Opinion sampling may be necessary for various reasons such as aggregating popular thinking on a subject matter, preparing public expenditure, and evaluating political strength. However, it is not necessary to inspire public reasoning on population census. Opinion sampling is a method used to collect opinions from a sample of people to estimate the opinions of a larger population. It is used in various fields, including market research, politics, and social science research. Aggregating popular thinking on a subject matter is important for making informed decisions that align with the majority's views. Opinion sampling helps to collect and analyze data to reveal trends and patterns in people's thoughts and beliefs. Preparing public expenditure is another area where opinion sampling is necessary. Governments and organizations need to know what the public thinks about specific policies, budgets, and projects. This feedback helps them make decisions that reflect the needs and wants of the people they serve. Similarly, political parties often use opinion sampling to evaluate their political strength. This helps them understand the public's perception of their policies and how they can improve their chances of winning elections. However, inspiring public reasoning on population census does not require opinion sampling. Instead, this involves educating people on the importance of participating in a census and providing accurate information about their demographics.

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A public authority is said to have ultra vires when it has acted beyond the boundaries of its duties as provided for in its enabling law or as prescribed by the Executive.

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The fact that the office of the Chairman is rotational in ECOWAS makes it a perfect example of a collegiate system. In a collegiate system, decision-making power is shared among a group of individuals, rather than being held by a single leader. In the case of ECOWAS, the rotating chairmanship allows for equal representation and decision-making power among the member countries, ensuring that no one country has a dominant or controlling role in the organization. This structure helps to promote cooperation and collaboration among the member countries and supports the overall goal of regional integration and economic cooperation.

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The duty of amending the United Nations Charter, the foundational document that established the United Nations, falls under the responsibility of the General Assembly. The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the United Nations, where all member states have equal representation and participate in decision-making on important issues related to international peace and security, development, human rights, and more. Amending the Charter is a serious matter that requires a consensus among the member states, and the General Assembly plays a critical role in facilitating the process of proposing, debating, and adopting any changes to the Charter. Therefore, the General Assembly is the appropriate body to undertake this responsibility.

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Nigeria joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971. OPEC is a group of countries that produce and export oil, and it was founded in 1960. Nigeria, which is a major oil-producing country, joined OPEC a few years after its independence from British colonial rule in 1960. As a member of OPEC, Nigeria participates in discussions and decisions that affect the global oil market, such as setting production levels and prices. Joining OPEC also provided Nigeria with a platform to strengthen its relationships with other oil-producing nations and to have a greater say in the management of the global oil industry.

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Unlike the position under the present 1999 Constitution as amended, each state was permitted to elect 5 senators into the House of Representatives.

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2/3 majority support or vote of the National Assembly members was enough under the 1963 Constitution to remove a federal judge.

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The General Assembly is the most representative organ of the United Nations. This is because all 193 member states of the United Nations have equal representation in the General Assembly, meaning each country has one vote. The General Assembly meets once a year and is responsible for discussing and making recommendations on a wide range of issues, including peace and security, development, and human rights. The General Assembly is also responsible for electing members to other UN bodies, such as the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. In this way, the General Assembly represents the collective voice of all member states in the United Nations.

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The hausa/fulani empire for geo-political reasons apportioned different portfolios of authorities for serve the multiplicity of functions and administrative interests. The offices of Sarkin fada, as head of palace workers, Waziri as prime minister among others are pointers in this regard.

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The All Progressives Congress (APC) is the result of a merger of four opposition parties in Nigeria. These parties are the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), and a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA). Therefore, the answer to the question is "United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA)" because UPGA is not one of the political parties that merged to form the APC. The APC was formed in 2013 as a response to the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) which had been in power since 1999. The merger was aimed at creating a formidable opposition to the PDP in the 2015 general elections, which the APC won, leading to the inauguration of President Muhammadu Buhari as the first opposition candidate to defeat a sitting president in Nigeria's history.

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Lobbying is often a strategy adopted by pressure groups. Pressure groups are organizations or individuals that seek to influence public policy and bring attention to a specific issue or cause. Lobbying is one of the key tactics used by pressure groups to achieve their goals. Lobbying involves communicating with government officials, legislators, and other decision-makers in order to try to persuade them to support or oppose a particular policy or issue. This can take many forms, including meetings, phone calls, emails, and written communications. While political parties may engage in lobbying, they are typically focused on broader political issues and electoral campaigns, rather than specific policy outcomes. Public corporations may also engage in lobbying, but their efforts are usually geared towards promoting their own interests, rather than advocating for a particular cause or issue. Public authorities, such as government agencies, may be the subject of lobbying efforts, but they typically do not engage in lobbying themselves. Overall, lobbying is most commonly associated with pressure groups, which use it as a key strategy to advance their policy goals and influence the decisions of government officials and other decision-makers.

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The correct answer is the writ of mandamus. A writ of mandamus is a court order that requires a lower court or public corporation to perform its duties as required by law. The writ is used as a legal remedy when a government official or entity refuses to perform a duty that is required by law. This writ is often referred to as the "great writ" because of its power to force public officials to take action. In simple terms, a writ of mandamus is a way for a person to ask a higher court to make a lower court or public corporation do something that it is supposed to do, but is not doing. This helps to ensure that government officials and entities follow the law and perform their duties properly.

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Popular or political sovereignty belongs to the people through which the government by the constitution obtains all its powers and authorities.

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The National Assembly in the second republic was made up of the Lower House and the House of Representatives. The Lower House, also known as the House of Commons, was made up of elected members who represented their constituencies. They were responsible for introducing and passing bills related to the governance of the country. The House of Representatives, on the other hand, was made up of appointed members who represented various interest groups and were tasked with advising the government on policy matters. Together, the Lower House and the House of Representatives formed the National Assembly, which was the legislative arm of the government in the second republic.

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At the second stage or reading of a bill, the debate on the subject matter of concern of the bill begins, this process becomes heightened at the Third Stage and particularly at the Committee Stage.

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A liberal political party often seeks to argue for change and transformation of the present state of things in a state including those matters of relative social and economic importance.

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The newspaper established by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe to project the interest of nationalists was the West African Pilot. The West African Pilot was a newspaper founded in 1937 by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, who later became the first President of Nigeria. The newspaper was established to promote the interests of Nigerian nationalists and to serve as a platform for the expression of their political views and aspirations. The West African Pilot quickly gained popularity and became one of the most influential newspapers in the region. It advocated for Nigerian independence, social justice, and African unity, and featured articles on various topics, including politics, economics, culture, and sports. The newspaper played a critical role in the Nigerian struggle for independence and provided a voice for many Nigerians who felt marginalized or oppressed by the colonial authorities. It also served as a forum for intellectual and cultural debates and helped to shape the identity and consciousness of Nigerians as a people. In summary, the West African Pilot was a newspaper established by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe to advance the interests of Nigerian nationalists and to promote their vision of a free, just, and prosperous Nigeria. It was a significant force in the political, social, and cultural life of Nigeria and contributed to the emergence of a new generation of leaders and thinkers in the country.

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The Authur Richard Constitution of 1946 set the foundational road map for a full fledged federalism for Nigeria starting essentially with the Lyttleton's 1954 Constitution, and built upon thereafter.

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In recent times, one of the proposed solutions to address the challenges related to the federal structure of Nigeria is "restructuring". Restructuring essentially means a fundamental change in the way power and resources are distributed between the central government and the constituent units (such as states) in the country. Advocates of restructuring argue that it would help address some of the major issues facing Nigeria such as the over-concentration of power and resources in the central government, the marginalization of some regions, and the inability of the federal government to effectively address the diverse needs of the country's different regions. The specific proposals for restructuring may vary, but they generally involve reducing the powers of the federal government and devolving more powers and resources to the states, including control over natural resources, revenue generation, and the establishment of state police forces. However, there are also opposing views that restructuring could lead to the fragmentation of the country and potentially fuel secessionist movements. Ultimately, the debate around restructuring is ongoing and will require extensive dialogue and engagement among various stakeholders in Nigeria.

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The Nigerian council had a major defect that led to its replacement, which was that it was unrepresentative. This means that the council did not adequately represent the diverse interests of the Nigerian people. As a result, it failed to address the needs and concerns of all Nigerians, and its decisions and policies did not reflect the views of the majority. This defect undermined the legitimacy of the council and made it ineffective in governing the country. As a consequence, it became necessary to replace the council with a more representative and inclusive system of governance that could better serve the interests of all Nigerians.

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The dwindling and market falls in oil prices are prime indicators for Nigeria's politico-economic consideration for diversification. This means that Nigeria is looking to move away from relying solely on oil as its main source of income and looking to develop other industries and sectors that can contribute to the country's economy. This is important because relying solely on oil can be risky, as the price of oil is often affected by global market forces and can fall suddenly, leading to economic instability. By diversifying its economy, Nigeria can reduce its dependence on oil and become more resilient to economic shocks.

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Aristotle is noted for having said "man by nature is a political animal". This means that according to Aristotle, human beings have a natural inclination towards living in communities and participating in political activities. He believed that humans are social animals and require the presence of others in order to fulfill their needs and desires, and that living in a political society is necessary for human beings to reach their full potential.

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The National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) produced Nigeria's first Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. NCNC was one of the main political parties in Nigeria during the country's independence movement in the mid-20th century. Balewa, who was a member of the NCNC, became Nigeria's first Prime Minister when the country gained independence from Britain in 1960.

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The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is an organ of the United Nations. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. It has 193 member states and operates through various bodies and specialized agencies, one of which is the ECOSOC. The ECOSOC is responsible for promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. It serves as a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on issues related to economic and social development, and also provides recommendations to the UN General Assembly on these issues. In simple terms, the ECOSOC is a part of the UN that focuses on improving the world's economy and society.

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In a capitalist system, there is a clear differentiation gap between the ruling class and the ruled or the proletarates.

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The Hakimi was the titled administrative officers in charge of the districts in the heterogeneous Hausa/Fulani Empire.

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The cultural organization that metamorphosed into the Northern People's Congress (NPC) was the Jamiyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA). Jamiyyar Mutanen Arewa, which means "Society of Northern Youths," was a cultural organization formed in 1946 by a group of young educated northerners who aimed to promote the interests of the people of the northern region of Nigeria. The organization became a political party, the Northern People's Congress (NPC), in 1951, with the objective of representing the political interests of the people of the northern region. The NPC went on to become a dominant political force in the northern region, and played a significant role in the politics of Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s. The NPC was one of the three major political parties in Nigeria's First Republic, which lasted from 1960 to 1966.

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A predominant feature of the precolonial governance system was that customary laws were prevalent. This means that the laws and rules were based on traditional customs and practices of the communities and were passed down from generation to generation. These customary laws played a significant role in shaping the way people lived and governed themselves. They were generally unwritten and shaped by the cultural, social and economic conditions of the time. The governance structures in these societies were usually based on these customary laws, and the leaders were chosen based on their ability to uphold them.

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The term for the practice of dividing electoral districts in a way that gives an unfair advantage to a particular political party or group is called gerrymandering. This means that electoral boundaries are drawn in a way that makes it easier for one party to win more seats, even if they do not have more overall support from the voters. This can be done by grouping certain communities together, or by splitting up areas where certain groups tend to vote in a certain way. Gerrymandering is often considered a controversial practice, as it can undermine the democratic process and prevent fair representation of all citizens. The term delimitation is also related to the drawing of electoral boundaries, but it refers to the process of determining the geographic boundaries of electoral districts, without the implication of political manipulation.

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The principle that determines the pattern of interaction of a country in international politics is known as foreign policy. Foreign policy refers to the set of principles and strategies that guide a country's interactions with other countries and international organizations. It includes a wide range of activities, such as diplomacy, trade, defense, and development assistance, and is often shaped by a country's political, economic, and cultural interests and values. Foreign policy can be influenced by various factors, such as historical experiences, national security concerns, economic interests, ideological and cultural beliefs, and geopolitical considerations. Countries can adopt different types of foreign policies, such as isolationism, appeasement, containment, engagement, or multilateralism, depending on their goals and the international context. In summary, foreign policy is a crucial aspect of international relations, as it determines how a country interacts with others and contributes to the shaping of the global order.

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The most recent target plans and agenda of the United Nations are known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015. These goals aim to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all people by the year 2030. The SDGs cover a range of issues including poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, water and sanitation, energy, the environment, and more. They are meant to be a blueprint for a better and more sustainable future for all people, with a focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized communities.

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The ideology of regressive imperialism is pure economic advantage and enrichment of the imperialists devoid of any ethical consideration.

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The creation of twelve states in Nigeria is a significant achievement of Yakubu Gowon's regime. During his time as the military head of state, he oversaw the division of the country into twelve states from the previous four regions in 1967. This was done in an effort to address ethnic tensions and promote better governance by creating smaller administrative units. The creation of twelve states allowed for greater representation and decentralization of power, leading to better management of resources and more equitable development across the country. Overall, the creation of twelve states is widely regarded as a positive development in Nigeria's political history, and it remains a lasting legacy of Gowon's regime.

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Unlike the ethnic based philosophy, nature or outlook of the Action Group, Northern Peoples Congress in the First Republic, a multi-ethnic and all embracing political party is that with a Nation wide outlook

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As part of the Commissions set up for the review of the Nigerian federalism challenges, the Chick's commission was set up in 1953.

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The area from which one or more members or representatives are elected to hold public office is called the electoral constituency. This means that the people who live in a particular geographical area, such as a neighborhood or region, get to vote for the person they want to represent them in government. This person can be elected to represent their constituency at the local, state, or national level, depending on the rules of the particular electoral system. The electoral constituency is an important part of the democratic process, as it allows individuals to have a say in who represents them and makes decisions on their behalf.

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The form of government that has the slogan of 'ruling of the best' is Aristocracy. Aristocracy is a type of government where a small group of privileged individuals hold power, typically based on their wealth, social status, or intelligence. The term "aristocracy" comes from the Greek words "aristos," which means "best," and "kratos," which means "rule." The idea behind aristocracy is that those who are deemed to be the best and most capable individuals should be the ones to lead the government and make decisions on behalf of the people. This is in contrast to democracy, where power is held by the people as a whole, and decisions are made through a process of popular vote.