JAMB UTME - History - 2020

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The method of order used by Europeans to take over the present-day Nigeria was explorers, traders, missionaries, and imperialists. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers, particularly Britain, France, and Germany, began to explore and colonize many parts of Africa. They sent out explorers to map and survey the land, followed by traders who established trading posts and began to trade with local communities. Missionaries also played a significant role in colonization, as they sought to convert Africans to Christianity and establish churches in the region. Finally, the imperialists came, backed by their respective governments, and established colonies and protectorates in Nigeria and other parts of Africa. The Europeans used force and coercion to maintain their dominance, and their methods of colonization had a profound impact on the social, economic, and political structures of the region that is still felt today.

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The Maasai tribe of East Africa speaks the Maa language, which belongs to the Nilotic family of African tribes. The Nilotic family is a group of several hundred indigenous ethnic groups that inhabit the Nile Valley and surrounding areas of East Africa, including Kenya and Tanzania. Maa is a tonal language that is primarily spoken by the Maasai people, who are known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle and traditional cultural practices such as cattle-herding and pastoralism. While Swahili is also widely spoken in East Africa, it belongs to the Bantu family of languages, which is distinct from the Nilotic family to which Maa belongs. Bini is a language spoken in Nigeria, and Berber is spoken in North Africa.

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Due to colonialism, the new day Nigeria now has English as her official language. Nigeria was colonized by the British from the late 19th century until it gained its independence in 1960. During the period of British colonial rule, the English language was introduced and used as the official language for administrative purposes. After independence, English continued to be used as the official language for governance, education, business, and other formal communication. Today, English is spoken by the majority of Nigerians and serves as a unifying language for the country's diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. While Pidgin and Hausa are widely spoken in Nigeria, they are not official languages. French, on the other hand, was not introduced by the colonial authorities in Nigeria since Nigeria was not colonized by the French.

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The correct answer is "Queen mother, Magira," as she played a prominent role in the government of the Kanem-Borno empire. The Kanem-Borno empire was a pre-colonial state located in what is now northeastern Nigeria and eastern Chad. It was known for its powerful military and extensive trade networks, and it controlled a large area of the Sahel region of Africa. Queen mother Magira was a key figure in the Kanem-Borno empire's government, serving as an advisor to the king and playing an important role in the selection of his successors. She was also responsible for overseeing the education and training of young princes, helping to ensure that they were prepared to take on the responsibilities of ruling the empire. Magira's position as queen mother gave her a great deal of influence and power within the empire, and her role in governance was widely recognized and respected. Her contributions to the Kanem-Borno empire's political and cultural life have been recognized by historians and scholars, making her a significant figure in the history of Africa.

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The protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 became regions in 1946. This means that Nigeria, which was previously divided into different territories for administrative purposes, was restructured into larger geographic units known as regions. Each region had its own government and was made up of several provinces. The move towards regional governance was part of the process of granting more autonomy to the different parts of Nigeria and laying the foundations for its eventual independence from British colonial rule in 1960.

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The Muslim reform movement has grown due to inspiration from Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries. However, Argentina is not typically recognized as a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement. Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries have all seen significant political and social changes in recent years, which have led to increased interest in reforming traditional interpretations of Islam. These changes have been driven by a variety of factors, including political instability, economic hardship, and social inequality. As a result, many Muslims in these regions have sought new ways to practice their faith and have turned to reform movements as a means of achieving this. In contrast, Argentina is not typically recognized as a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement. While there is a small Muslim community in Argentina, it is not a major center of Islamic scholarship or activism. Therefore, it is less likely to be a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement compared to Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries.

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The Mahdist rebellion against the Egyptian authority was successful due to widespread support. The Mahdist rebellion was a religious and political movement that began in the late 19th century in Sudan. The movement was led by Muhammad Ahmad, who claimed to be the Mahdi or savior of Islam. The Mahdi and his followers were opposed to the Egyptian authorities, who were seen as corrupt and oppressive. One of the main reasons for the success of the Mahdist rebellion was the widespread support it received from the Sudanese people. The Mahdi was able to mobilize large numbers of people by appealing to their religious beliefs and promising to overthrow the Egyptian authorities and establish a just and fair Islamic state. The Mahdi's message resonated with many Sudanese who were unhappy with the Egyptian authorities and saw the Mahdi as a legitimate leader who could bring about positive change. In addition to the support of the people, the Mahdi's forces were also successful in military engagements with the Egyptian authorities. The Mahdi and his followers were able to defeat Egyptian armies in several battles, which further strengthened their position and weakened the authority of the Egyptian government. While the leadership skills of Gordon, the British Governor-General of Sudan, have been questioned in the aftermath of the rebellion, it is important to note that the rebellion was largely a result of popular dissatisfaction with the Egyptian authorities and their policies in Sudan.

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The three existing groups before the creation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963 were the Casablanca Group, the Brazzaville Group, and the Monrovia Group. The Casablanca Group was made up of African countries that supported a more unified, federal approach to African independence and the formation of a united African state. It included countries such as Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Libya, and Morocco. The Brazzaville Group, on the other hand, was made up of African countries that supported a more gradual, step-by-step approach to African unity and independence. This group included countries such as Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, and Madagascar. The Monrovia Group was made up of African countries that were considered more aligned with the Western powers and supported a more conservative, non-aligned approach to African unity and independence. It included countries such as Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. These groups had different ideas about how to achieve African unity and independence, and their different perspectives and approaches eventually led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963, which aimed to promote unity and cooperation among African nations.

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The first African to be ordained bishop by the Christian missionary school and consecrated as bishop of the Niger territory is Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a Yoruba man from western Nigeria who was captured as a slave when he was a child and taken to Sierra Leone. There, he was rescued by Christian missionaries and educated at the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, where he became a teacher and a Christian missionary. In 1843, Crowther was selected to be part of the Niger expedition, which aimed to explore and open up the River Niger for trade and missionary work. Crowther played a key role in the expedition, acting as an interpreter and mediator between the expedition members and the local communities they encountered. After the expedition, Crowther continued his work as a missionary and was ordained as a deacon in 1847 and later as a priest in 1852. In 1864, he was consecrated as the first African bishop of the Niger territory, which covered the area now known as Nigeria. Crowther is recognized as a pioneer in the spread of Christianity in Nigeria and played a key role in the translation of the Bible into Yoruba and other Nigerian languages. He is also remembered as a symbol of the resilience and determination of Africans in the face of slavery and colonialism.

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The first regime to successfully transfer power back to civil rule was Murtala/Obasanjo's regime. Murtala Ramat Muhammed became the head of state of Nigeria in a military coup in July 1975. He ruled for about 8 months before he was assassinated. Olusegun Obasanjo, his deputy, took over and ruled for about two and a half years before he handed over power to a civilian government in 1979, marking the end of military rule in Nigeria and the beginning of the country's second republic.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is considered a landmark in Nigerian history because it made way for the elective principle. This meant that for the first time, people were able to directly elect some of their representatives to the legislative council. Prior to this, all members of the legislative council were appointed by the governor. The introduction of the elective principle marked a significant step towards greater democratic representation and participation in the governance of the country.

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The second military coup d'état in Nigeria took place on July 29, 1966. This coup was carried out by a group of military officers, mainly from the Igbo ethnic group, in response to the first military coup which had taken place on January 15, 1966. The January 1966 coup was led by mostly Igbo officers who overthrew the democratic government of Nigeria, which led to the assassination of several prominent Nigerian politicians from the Northern and Western regions. The July 1966 coup was a retaliatory response by Northern Nigerian military officers who overthrew the military government that came to power after the January coup. The coup was a violent and bloody one, and it led to the death of the then Head of State, Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, who was from the Igbo ethnic group. This event further exacerbated the already-tense ethnic and regional divisions within Nigeria, which ultimately led to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War in 1967.

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The trans-Atlantic slave trade was replaced with a search for raw materials by the British due to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, brought about a massive increase in the demand for raw materials to fuel the growth of new industries. The British, who were at the forefront of this economic transformation, began to look for new sources of raw materials to feed their growing factories. This led to a shift away from the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which had been a major source of labor for British colonies in the Americas, and towards the search for raw materials in other parts of the world. This change had a profound impact on the global economy and shaped the course of world history in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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The person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates was Flora Shaw. She was a British journalist and writer who was married to Lord Lugard, the first Governor-General of Nigeria. In 1914, Lord Lugard oversaw the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates, which created the country now known as Nigeria. Flora Shaw, who was then a colonial correspondent for The Times newspaper, suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory. The name "Nigeria" was derived from the Niger River, which flows through the country, and was suggested by Flora Shaw in an article she wrote for The Times. The name quickly gained acceptance and was adopted as the official name of the country after its amalgamation. In summary, Flora Shaw was the person who formed the name Nigeria after the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern protectorates. She suggested the name "Nigeria" as a way to describe the newly created territory, and the name was quickly adopted and became the official name of the country.

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Freetown, which is the capital city of Sierra Leone, was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several British organizations and individuals began advocating for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and the emancipation of enslaved Africans. After the British Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, many enslaved Africans were freed and needed a place to settle. In 1822, the British government established a settlement for freed slaves in Freetown, which had been founded by the Sierra Leone Company in 1792 as a home for repatriated Africans and other people of African descent. The freed slaves, known as the "recaptives," were resettled in Freetown and other parts of Sierra Leone. Freetown became a center of resettlement for freed slaves from all over West Africa, and the settlement of the recaptives continued until the early 20th century. Freetown also became a hub for the anti-slavery movement and the promotion of Christianity, as many of the recaptives were evangelized by Christian missionaries and educated in Christian schools. In summary, Freetown was used to facilitate the settlement of freed slaves from 1822 to the early 20th century, as the British government established a settlement for them in the city.

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The first capital of the Kanem-Bornu empire was Njimi. Kanem-Bornu was a medieval empire that existed in what is now Chad and Nigeria. Njimi was the first capital of the empire, where the ruling king and government were based. Over time, the capital was moved to different locations, but Njimi remained an important city in the empire's history.

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The main factor that led to depopulation of Nigerians around 1715 to 1789 was the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This involved the capture, transport, and sale of millions of African people, including Nigerians, to European slave traders who took them across the Atlantic to work on plantations and in mines in the Americas. The slave trade resulted in significant loss of life, separation of families, and displacement of communities, which led to depopulation in many parts of Nigeria and other African countries.

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The crown colony system is a form of British direct rule over territory that was annexed by the British Empire. Under this system, a colony was ruled directly by a governor appointed by the British government, rather than through the use of traditional rulers or local elites. The governor had significant power over the colony's administration, including the power to make laws, establish courts, and appoint officials. This system was commonly used in Africa and other parts of the British Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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The Efik serve as middlemen between the white traders on the coast and the inland tribes of Cross River. This means that they act as intermediaries or go-betweens who facilitate trade and communication between these two groups. The Efik were skilled traders who were able to navigate the complex trade networks of the region, and they played an important role in the exchange of goods and services between the coast and the interior. They were also able to use their knowledge of the region and its people to negotiate fair deals and resolve disputes, making them valuable helpers and mediators in the trade process.

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The discovery of Terracotta in 1928 on NOK soil in Kaduna state was made by Colonel Dent Young, a British colonial administrator who was serving as the Resident of the Northern Province of Nigeria at the time. During a routine inspection of a tin mine in the village of Nok, Young stumbled upon some strange objects that turned out to be ancient terracotta sculptures. These sculptures were unlike anything he had seen before, and he immediately recognized their significance. Young made the discovery of the Nok Terracotta figurines by chance, but his efforts to document and preserve the findings helped to launch the study of ancient Nigerian art and culture. Today, the Nok Terracotta remains a crucial piece of African history, and a symbol of the rich cultural heritage of Nigeria.

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Egyptian nationalism in the late 18th century and early 20th century mainly aimed at ensuring Egyptian independence. During this time period, Egypt was under the control of various foreign powers, including the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France. Egyptian nationalists believed that their country should be governed by its own people and not by foreign powers. They sought to establish a sense of Egyptian identity and to create a government that was responsive to the needs and desires of the Egyptian people. One of the key figures in the Egyptian nationalist movement was Saad Zaghloul, who led the Wafd Party in the early 20th century. The Wafd Party called for an end to British occupation and for the establishment of a democratic government in Egypt. The party also demanded that Egypt be granted full independence and control over its own affairs. The Egyptian nationalist movement was also influenced by the rise of pan-Arabism, which sought to unite the Arab world and create a single, independent Arab state. Egyptian nationalists believed that Egypt should be at the forefront of this movement and should lead the way in creating a strong, independent Arab nation. In summary, Egyptian nationalism in the late 18th century and early 20th century aimed at ensuring Egyptian independence, as nationalists sought to establish a government that was responsive to the needs and desires of the Egyptian people and to end foreign control over their country.

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The General Assembly is not an organ of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was established to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries. The main organs of OPEC are the Conference, the Board of Governors, and the Secretariat. The Conference is the supreme authority of OPEC and is comprised of representatives from each member country. The Board of Governors is responsible for overseeing the implementation of OPEC's policies and decisions, while the Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization.

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The Oyo empire wielded the administrative power over other Yoruba land in the 19th century. The Oyo empire was a powerful kingdom that emerged in what is now southwestern Nigeria in the 14th century. At its peak in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Oyo empire was one of the most powerful states in West Africa and had significant influence over other Yoruba-speaking communities in the region. In the 19th century, the Oyo empire continued to exercise significant administrative power over other Yoruba lands. The empire had a well-structured administrative system with a central authority and local chiefs who had various responsibilities such as collecting taxes and maintaining law and order. The Oyo empire also had a powerful army which was used to maintain its authority over other Yoruba-speaking communities and protect its borders from external threats. Despite its power, the Oyo empire faced several challenges in the 19th century, including conflicts with other Yoruba states and European powers who were beginning to colonize the region. These challenges eventually led to the decline of the Oyo empire and the fragmentation of the Yoruba-speaking communities in the region.

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