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Question 1 Report
Aggregate view of individuals in a society is referred to as
Answer Details
The term used to describe the aggregate view of individuals in a society is called public opinion. Public opinion represents the collective attitudes, beliefs, and preferences on a particular topic or issue held by the general population, usually in the context of political, social, or economic matters.
Public opinion is often measured through surveys and polls, and it provides insights into what people think, feel, and believe at a given point in time. Understanding public opinion helps policymakers, leaders, and organizations gauge the mood of the society, predict future trends, and make informed decisions.
Question 2 Report
The bipolar world was a major factor for the formation of
Answer Details
The term "bipolar world" is often associated with the period during the Cold War, where the world was primarily divided into two major power blocs: the United States and its allies, representing the capitalist Western bloc, and the Soviet Union along with its allies, representing the communist Eastern bloc. This division created a tension-filled global environment where countries felt pressured to align with one of these superpowers.
The formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was significantly influenced by this bipolar world order. NAM emerged during the Cold War as countries, primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, sought to maintain their independence and resist becoming pawns in the geopolitical power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. These countries desired to avoid being directly involved in the conflict between these two superpowers and instead focus on their own sovereignty, economic development, and social progress.
The philosophy of non-alignment promoted political and economic cooperation, peace, and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. It provided a platform that allowed member countries to stand united on certain issues without being categorized as belonging to either the Western or Eastern bloc. Thus, the bipolar dynamics of the global order encouraged these countries to form a movement where they could pursue a path free from the direct influence of the two superpowers.
Question 3 Report
The Nigerian Civil War was fought during the military regime of
Answer Details
The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was fought during the military regime of Yakubu Gowon. This war lasted from 1967 to 1970. It began due to ethnic, political, economic, and religious tensions among the various regions of Nigeria.
Yakubu Gowon became the head of state after Major General Aguiyi Ironsi was assassinated in 1966. Gowon was tasked with keeping Nigeria united during a period of intense upheaval. When the Southeastern region, led by Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, declared independence as the Republic of Biafra in 1967, it led to a brutal and devastating conflict.
Gowon's administration focused on reunifying the country through military action, which eventually led to the surrender of Biafra in 1970. Under his leadership, efforts were made to rebuild and reconcile the nation following the end of hostilities. Thus, the Nigerian Civil War is closely associated with Yakubu Gowon's regime.
Question 4 Report
Nigerian Ports Authority is an example of
Answer Details
The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) is an example of a Public Corporation.
To understand why, let's break down the term "Public Corporation". A public corporation is a state-owned enterprise established by the government to carry out specific functions, often of a commercial nature, for the benefit of the public. They are characterized by the following:
The Nigerian Ports Authority fits this description because it is a government-owned organization responsible for managing and operating the ports in Nigeria. It ensures that the ports function efficiently, handling imports and exports crucial for the country's economy. While it performs this essential public service, it also engages in commercial activities by charging fees for its services in loading, unloading, and storage in the ports.
In summary, the NPA functions as a government-established entity that balances public service with commercial operations, typifying a Public Corporation.
Question 5 Report
A major instrument designed to promote the workings of Nigerian federalism is
Answer Details
A major instrument designed to promote the workings of Nigerian federalism is the Federal Character Commission.
The Federal Character Commission (FCC) is tasked with ensuring that there is equal representation and diversity across all sectors of the Nigerian government, which is crucial for maintaining balance in a federal system like Nigeria's. Nigeria is a multicultural and multi-ethnic nation, and federalism here demands that every ethnic group feels represented and included in government affairs.
The FCC works to ensure that appointments and the distribution of resources reflect the geographic diversity of the country. It aims to eliminate any form of dominance by a particular region or group over others, thus promoting fairness and inclusivity. This is key to fostering national unity and stability, as it helps to prevent regional and ethnic tensions by giving all groups a sense of participation in the federation.
By focusing on equitable inclusion, the Federal Character Commission plays a vital role in enhancing social cohesion, which is essential for the effective functioning of Nigerian federalism.
Question 6 Report
Military intervention in Nigerian politics was first witnessed in
Answer Details
The first military intervention in Nigerian politics occurred in the year 1966. This intervention marked a significant and drastic shift in Nigeria's political landscape. Prior to this, Nigeria had functioned as a parliamentary democracy after gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1960.
In January 1966, Nigeria experienced its first military coup, which was led by a group of army officers. These officers were dissatisfied with the political climate at the time, which was characterized by alleged corruption, ethnic tension, and political instability within the civilian government.
During the coup, several political leaders, including the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, were assassinated. This coup ultimately led to the suspension of the constitution and the end of the First Republic, paving the way for military rule in Nigeria.
The consequences of this intervention were far-reaching, as it started a series of coups and counter-coups in the years that followed, profoundly impacting Nigeria's political history and development. The military would go on to rule for many years, with brief interruptions by civilian administrations, until the eventual return to civilian rule in 1999.
Question 7 Report
Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under
Answer Details
Shehu Shagari won the 1979 Presidential Election under the political party known as the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). This was a significant event in Nigerian history as it marked the transition from military rule to a civilian government. The NPN was known for its appeal across various regions of Nigeria and promoted a message of national unity. It was a dominant political force during the Second Republic of Nigeria, which began in 1979 after the military handed over power to the civilian government. The election of Shehu Shagari as President reflected the support and influence the NPN had at that time.
Question 8 Report
The organs of ECOWAS do NOT include the
Answer Details
ECOWAS, which stands for the Economic Community of West African States, is a regional group established to promote economic integration in all fields of economic activity among the West African countries. The organization has several principal organs through which it implements its functions and responsibilities. Here’s a breakdown to clarify which one does not belong:
1. Council of Ministers: This is an organ of ECOWAS, comprising ministers from the member states. It is responsible for taking decisions on matters under the direction of the Heads of State and Government, and for implementing policies.
2. Secretariat: Initially, ECOWAS had a Secretariat, but it has been transformed into the ECOWAS Commission. This change emphasizes greater efficiency and the improvement of ECOWAS's functions. The Commission serves as the executive arm, implementing policies, fostering economic integration, and driving development programs.
3. Conference: There is no organ named “Conference” in ECOWAS. The highest decision-making body within ECOWAS is the Conference of Heads of State and Government. This body sets major priorities and policies, providing direction for the organization.
4. Community Tribunal: ECOWAS has a Community Court of Justice, commonly referred to as the ECOWAS Court of Justice. It ensures the observance of law and justice in the interpretation and application of ECOWAS Treaty provisions.
Based on the information provided, "Conference" is not formally referred to as an organ. Instead, it might refer to the gathering of the Heads of State and Government, which is formally organized but not labeled as an organ.
Question 9 Report
Public corporations can be controlled by
Answer Details
The courts can declare any act made by some corporations illegal or unconstitutional. This is done when they are breaching the Act upon which they are set up.
Question 10 Report
Lack of separation of power is a feature of
Answer Details
Lack of separation of power is primarily a feature of a military government.
In a typical democratic framework, like a presidential system or a cabinet system, power is usually divided among different branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. This division is known as the separation of powers. It ensures that no single entity has absolute control, and it balances the powers among various branches of government.
On the other hand, a military government usually centralizes power within a single authority or group, often led by military leaders. In such systems, the military might control the executive power and possibly influence or directly control legislative and judicial functions. This centralized control eliminates the typical checks and balances provided by a separation of powers, leading to a system where one group or leader may wield broad, unchecked authority.
Question 11 Report
Delegated legislation can be regulated through
Answer Details
Delegated legislation refers to laws or regulations that are created by an individual or body under powers given to them by an Act of Parliament. It is an essential part of the legislative process as it allows for laws to be made without having to pass a new Act through Parliament.
There are several ways in which delegated legislation can be regulated effectively:
1. Ministerial Control: This involves the supervision and management of delegated legislation by the ministers who have been given the authority to create these laws. Ministers often have the power to approve, amend, or annul delegated legislation, ensuring that it aligns with the broader legislative intentions of the government.
2. Legislative Control: Parliament retains some degree of control over delegated legislation through various mechanisms. For example, delegated legislation may be subject to an affirmative resolution, requiring explicit approval by Parliament. Alternatively, there might be a negative resolution procedure, where the legislation automatically becomes law unless Parliament explicitly rejects it within a certain timeframe.
3. Executive Control: This refers to the oversight exercised by the executive branch, which includes government departments and agencies. They ensure that delegated legislation is consistent with existing policies and does not overstep the boundaries set by the parent Act. The executive may also conduct reviews and update the delegated legislation as necessary.
4. Judicial Control: The judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring that delegated legislation is within the limits of the authority granted by the enabling Act. Courts can conduct judicial reviews to determine whether delegated legislation is valid. If a court finds that the legislation goes beyond the powers given or is unreasonable or oppressive, it can declare it invalid.
In conclusion, the regulation of delegated legislation is ensured through the combined efforts of ministerial, legislative, executive, and judicial controls, each serving as checks and balances to maintain proper legal and administrative order.
Question 12 Report
A form of government where the powers of the state is determined by the citizens is
Answer Details
The form of government where the powers of the state are determined by the citizens is Democracy.
In a Democracy, the power to make decisions about laws, policies, and the leadership of the country is vested in the hands of the people. This is typically done through various forms of participation such as voting in elections. When citizens vote for their leaders and on specific political issues, they exercise their power to shape the way the government operates.
A Democracy is characterized by several core principles:
In contrast to other forms of government such as Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy, where power is held by one person or a specific group, a Democracy ensures that the power rests with the people, making it the most inclusive form of governance.
Question 13 Report
The party that controlled the government of South West States after the 1979 General Elections was
Answer Details
After the 1979 General Elections in Nigeria, the party that controlled the government of the South West states, which were predominantly Yoruba-speaking areas, was the **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)**.
The **Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)** was founded by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a prominent Yoruba leader and politician, who had a significant influence in the South West region. The UPN was known for its emphasis on progressive ideologies, including free education and social welfare programs, which resonated strongly with the people of the South West.
Due to the party's strong presence and organization in the region, the UPN won the majority of votes in the South West states, allowing them to form the government in those areas. This success can be attributed to both the popularity of its founder and the alignment of its policies with the needs and aspirations of the South West people.
Question 14 Report
Recruitment and promotion of civil servants in Nigeria remain the responsibility of
Answer Details
The responsibility for the recruitment and promotion of civil servants in Nigeria falls under the **Civil Service Commission**. This Commission is an essential governmental body specifically tasked with overseeing and managing the employment lifecycle of civil servants within the public sector. This includes their **recruitment**, **promotion**, **disciplinary actions**, and **retirement**.
The **Civil Service Commission** is designed to ensure that there is a **fair and transparent** process in the management of civil servants, which is crucial for upholding the principles of **meritocracy** and **efficiency** in public service. They are responsible for setting **guidelines**, conducting **interviews**, administering **exams**, and executing **promotional reviews** to ensure that the principles of a **professional and accountable civil service** are maintained.
In summary, while there are other commissions for specific sectors such as the **Federal Character Commission**, **National Universities Commission**, and the **Federal Judicial Commission**, it is the **Civil Service Commission** that is primarily concerned with the affairs of civil servants in terms of recruitment and promotion. Their work plays a critical role in maintaining a **competent and equitable** public service system in Nigeria.
Question 15 Report
The power of prerogative of mercy rests with the
Answer Details
The power of prerogative of mercy is vested in the executive branch of government. This power allows the head of the executive, usually the president or governor, to exercise mercy in the case of criminal offenders. This can include granting pardons, reducing sentences, or commuting penalties. The purpose is to provide a means to achieve justice or compassion beyond the scope of the judiciary.
Key Points:
Question 16 Report
Which of the following is a basic feature of the rule of law?
Answer Details
The rule of law is a fundamental concept in legal and political theory that ensures that all individuals and entities are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced. Among the features listed, a basic feature of the rule of law is the concept of Equality before the law.
Equality before the law means that every person, regardless of status, wealth, ethnicity, or power, is subject to the same laws and entitled to the same legal protections. This feature ensures that the laws are applied uniformly, providing a foundation for fairness and justice in society. It contrasts with practices or systems where certain individuals or groups may be above the law or treated differently based on arbitrary distinctions.
In comparison, the other features mentioned, such as secret trials of offenders, unlimited power of the executive, and a dependent judiciary, do not align with the principles of the rule of law. Secret trials undermine transparency and accountability, unlimited power of the executive leads to tyranny, and a dependent judiciary erodes justice by compromising independence and impartiality.
Question 17 Report
ECOWAS was established in
Answer Details
The **Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)** was established on 28 May 1975. This establishment happened when a treaty was signed in Lagos, Nigeria, by the Heads of State and Government of 15 West African countries. The primary goal of ECOWAS is to promote economic integration and cooperation among its member states, which includes the free movement of goods, capital, and people, as well as the harmonization of policies and development of a unified economic space in the West African region.
Question 18 Report
An agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialisation is the
Answer Details
The agent in which the state undertakes direct political socialization is the school.
Here's why:
Schools play a crucial role in political socialization, which is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a political culture. Unlike other agents, schools are often directly influenced and regulated by the state. They are used as formal settings where the government can introduce and emphasize civic education, national history, laws, and political systems.
This means that students learn about their country’s political system, responsibilities as citizens, and democratic principles through the curriculum designed and enforced by the educational authorities, which are typically linked to the state. Schools also celebrate national holidays and instill patriotic sentiments through various activities and programs.
On the other hand, the church may impart spiritual and moral values, the peer groups influence behavior and social norms, and the mass media shape public opinion. However, these are not typically under direct state control for political socialization.
Question 19 Report
The party system that Nigeria operated in the aborted Third Republic is
Answer Details
Nigeria operated a two-party system during the aborted Third Republic. This system involves having only two major political parties that dominate the political landscape, often leading to simpler choices for voters. In the case of Nigeria's Third Republic, the government officially sanctioned and recognized two political parties:
In this system, both parties competed for political power, emulating a structure seen in several Western democracies, such as the United States. The goal was to create a more stable and efficient political environment by reducing the complexities and conflicts that can arise from multiple parties. Unfortunately, this attempt was short-lived because the Third Republic was prematurely ended by a military coup before the system could become entrenched.
Question 20 Report
Which of these is a major challenge of public corporations in Nigeria?
Answer Details
A major challenge of public corporations in Nigeria is political interference. Public corporations in Nigeria often face significant challenges due to political interference for several reasons:
In conclusion, political interference poses a significant challenge because it undermines the ability of public corporations to operate efficiently, make strategic decisions, and focus on their core missions, leading to poor service delivery and financial performance.
Question 21 Report
One of the functions of political party is
Answer Details
One of the primary functions of a political party is the organisation of elections. Political parties are crucial in the democratic process, as they **help to organize and manage election campaigns** to ensure that their candidates have the best opportunity to be elected. This involves several steps, including candidate selection, organizing rallies, preparing campaign materials, and mobilizing voters to participate in the election. By effectively organizing elections, political parties can present their policies and candidates to the electorate, which allows citizens to make informed decisions about who they want to represent them in government. This process is essential for the functioning of democratic systems as it provides a structured way for citizens to engage politically and express their preferences.
Question 22 Report
The rule of law is an essential ingredient of
Answer Details
The rule of law is an essential ingredient of democracy.
To understand why, let me explain the key concepts:
Rule of Law: It means that the laws of a country are applied equally and fairly to all its citizens. No one is above the law, not even leaders or government officials. It ensures justice, equality, and accountability within a society.
Democracy: It is a system of government where the power comes from the people. Citizens elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. Democracy relies on principles such as freedom, equality, and transparency.
Now, let's see why the rule of law is crucial for democracy:
In summary, without the rule of law, a democracy cannot function effectively as it ensures that everyone is treated fairly, rights are upheld, and government power is kept in check.
Question 23 Report
The main argument against the 1999 Constitution is that
Answer Details
The **1999 Constitution** of Nigeria is often criticized primarily because it was **imposed by the military**. Here is a simple explanation of this argument:
Imposed by the Military:
One of the primary criticisms of the 1999 Constitution is that it was crafted and enacted under the military regime of **General Abdulsalami Abubakar** without broad-based public participation or input. This means that it was not derived from a comprehensive democratic consensus but rather from a top-down decree format. Many critics argue that because it was imposed by the military, it lacks **legitimacy** and does not truly reflect the aspirations and desires of the Nigerian people.
Other points of argument can be discussed for a comprehensive understanding:
The Executive Have Immunity Clause:
This clause provides certain immunities for the president, vice president, governors, and deputy governors from civil or criminal prosecutions while in office. Critics argue that this provision grants too much protection to these officeholders and can be a shield against accountability.
It is Expensive to Operate:
The constitution provides for a large and complex government structure, with a **bicameral legislature, multiple layers of political offices**, and robust financial allocations for running these structures. Maintaining such a system is considered costly and may divert essential resources from pressing national developmental needs.
It Did Not Create Additional States:
Another argument is its failure to create additional states to correct perceived imbalances or foster further decentralization. Some groups feel underrepresented and believe that creating more states could enhance political representation and economic distribution.
In summary, while the most significant argument remains its military origin, other structural issues and ramifications inherent in the constitution contribute to the critiques it faces.
Question 24 Report
The commission that conducted elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is
Answer Details
The commission responsible for conducting the elections that ushered in the Fourth Republic in Nigeria is the **Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).
1. Background: Nigeria has had a series of transitions between different government structures, moving from military rule to democratic governance. The Fourth Republic, which is the current phase of Nigeria's democratic history, started in 1999.
2. Role of INEC: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was established in 1998 and was given the responsibility of overseeing and conducting the elections that led to the transition to the Fourth Republic in 1999. INEC organized and supervised the elections for various political offices, including the presidency, which marked the beginning of civilian rule after a long period of military government.
3. **Importance:** The establishment of INEC and the successful conduct of the 1999 elections were crucial as they paved the way for democratic governance in Nigeria. INEC continues to be responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria, ensuring transparency and fairness in the electoral process.
In summary, INEC played a pivotal role in ushering in the Fourth Republic by conducting the elections that transitioned Nigeria from military rule to a democratic government in 1999.
Question 25 Report
naturalised citizen can lose his citizenship if found guilty of
Answer Details
A naturalized citizen is someone who has obtained citizenship by fulfilling the legal criteria set by a country. However, even after becoming a citizen, certain serious offenses can lead to the revocation of one's citizenship.
The offense that can lead to the loss of citizenship for a naturalized citizen is treason. Treason is defined as the act of betraying one's own country by attempting to overthrow the government or harming the nation's sovereignty.
This is because treason signifies a fundamental betrayal of the nation's trust and security. Countries take this offense very seriously, as it poses a direct threat to national security and the well-being of its citizens.
On the other hand, offenses such as evading taxes, electoral violence, or loitering, although potentially serious, do not typically result in the loss of citizenship. These crimes are usually addressed through other legal penalties like fines, imprisonment, or other corrective measures.
Question 26 Report
NEPAD stands for
Answer Details
NEPAD stands for New Partnerships for Africa's Development.
The New Partnerships for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an economic policy framework for Africa that was established by African leaders in the early 2000s. The main aim of NEPAD is to address challenges facing African countries through a novel partnership approach. This approach is centered on providing African solutions by promoting cooperation, collaboration, and mutual assistance among African states.
NEPAD focuses on several key areas including economic growth, sustainable development, regional integration, and political governance. It recognizes that in order to foster development, there needs to be dedication from African leaders to implement strategies that prioritize the welfare of their people, investment in infrastructure, advancement in technology, and agricultural growth.
Through NEPAD, Africa seeks to achieve strategic objectives such as eradicating poverty, placing Africa on a sustainable development path, halting the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process, and enhancing the role of women in all activities. By establishing new partnerships within Africa and with the international community, NEPAD aims to facilitate the attainment of its goals.
Question 27 Report
Absence of a Red-tape is a merit of
Answer Details
The **absence of red tape** is typically considered a merit of a **unitary government structure**.
Here's why:
Overall, the **unitary structure** is seen as an efficient means to enact policies and changes due to the **reduction of procedural hurdles** that are more common in other government structures.
Question 28 Report
A union of states with a common recognised authority is
Answer Details
The term you are looking for is a federal system. In a federal system, a group of states, regions, or provinces come together to form a union under a common, central government that has authority over the entire nation. However, each state maintains its own government and has certain powers that are not overridden by the central authority. This system allows for a balance of power between the central government and the individual states. Examples of countries with a federal system include the United States, Canada, and Germany.
In contrast, a unitary system is one where a single central government holds most of the power, and any administrative divisions benefit from devolved powers that can be revoked by the central authority.
A representative system is a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, but it does not inherently describe the relationship between a central authority and regions or states.
A confederal system is a loose alliance of independent states where the central authority has limited power, and the individual states retain the majority of governmental power. It is essentially the opposite of a unitary system.
Question 29 Report
Dual citizenship was a feature of the
Answer Details
Dual citizenship was a feature of the French colonial system.
In the French colonial system, the concept of dual citizenship existed under the idea called "assimilation." This meant that individuals living in French colonies, if they adopted French culture, language, and law, could gain some rights similar to those of French citizens. However, this was not automatic and usually applied to a select group within the colonies.
The French had two main groups in their colonies: "citoyens," who were considered full French citizens and had extensive rights, and "sujets," who were subjects of the French Empire with fewer rights. Through the process of assimilation, a subject could become a citizen, thus obtaining French citizenship while retaining their original identity, thereby leading to the idea of dual citizenship.
This approach was somewhat unique to the French system compared to other colonial systems where such a concept did not prominently exist.
Question 30 Report
One of the internal factors that led to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was
Answer Details
One of the internal factors that contributed significantly to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria was the return of ex-service men after World War II. These men had served alongside soldiers from other nations, gaining exposure to international ideas and practices. Here is a simple explanation:
In summary, the return of ex-service men was a catalyst in fostering a stronger sense of national identity and solidarity among Nigerians, fueling the desire for independence and self-governance.
Question 31 Report
The fragmented nature of the Igbo pre-colonial political system qualified it to be described as
Answer Details
The pre-colonial Igbo political system is often described as acephalous in nature. This is because it lacked a centralized authority or head such as a king or chief, which is common in centralized political systems. Instead, the Igbo society was organized around individual communities or villages, each of which had its own set of rules and governance structures. These communities were largely independent and operated through a system of direct democracy.
In the Igbo culture, governance was conducted through a council of elders, age grades, and other traditional institutions. Decisions were made collectively, often through consensus, rather than by a single ruler. This decentralized and balanced approach to governance can also be described as fragmented because power and authority were spread out over various age groups and societal institutions, rather than being concentrated in one central figure or body.
Overall, the Igbo political system exemplified a grassroots and community-centered approach to decision-making, which allowed for a high degree of autonomy and flexibility within each village or community.
Question 32 Report
Which of these colonial constitutions in Nigeria endured for the longest period?
Answer Details
The colonial constitution in Nigeria that endured for the longest period was the Clifford Constitution. It was introduced by Governor Hugh Clifford in 1922 and remained in effect until the introduction of the Macpherson Constitution in 1951. Therefore, the Clifford Constitution lasted approximately 29 years.
The Clifford Constitution is significant because it introduced the first electoral system, allowing Nigerians to elect representatives to the legislative council in Lagos and Calabar. This introduction marked the beginning of elective representation in Nigeria. The Clifford Constitution also laid the foundation for future constitutional developments by encouraging political consciousness and participation among Nigerians.
Question 33 Report
Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it has to be approved by the
Answer Details
Before a treaty can be binding on a country, it typically has to be approved by the legislature. This is because the legislative branch of government is usually responsible for making laws and approving international agreements. The process involves a few key steps. First, the treaty is negotiated and signed by members of the executive branch, such as the president or prime minister and other officials. However, signature alone does not mean the treaty is fully accepted. To ensure that the treaty is consistent with the country's laws and policies, the legislature must review and ratify it.
Once the legislature has examined the treaty, they may hold debates and discussions to assess its implications. They need to ensure that the treaty aligns with the country's national interest and legal framework. If the legislature agrees, they will give their consent, thereby making the treaty legally binding. This legislative approval process allows for checks and balances in government, ensuring that the treaty undergoes thorough scrutiny by representatives of the people.
The judiciary is not directly involved in the treaty approval process; instead, they interpret laws and may address any legal disputes regarding treaties. The military does not play a role in approving treaties; their role is more about implementing defense-related strategies and policies that may arise from such treaties once they are enacted.
Question 34 Report
Pressure groups are different from political parties because they
Answer Details
Pressure groups are different from political parties in the sense that while political parties analyse and contest elections and aggregate interests (i.e. bring together people who have differing interests together), pressure groups articulate the interest of people how share a common goal.
Question 35 Report
The June 12 election in Nigeria was annulled by the regime of
Answer Details
The June 12, 1993, presidential election in Nigeria, widely regarded as one of the country's fairest and freest elections, was annulled by the regime of **Ibrahim Babangida**. General Babangida was the military ruler of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993. Under his leadership, the country was in a political transition towards democracy.
The election saw **Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola**, often referred to as M.K.O. Abiola, as the leading candidate. However, despite being a pivotal moment that could have ushered in democratic governance, the election results were never officially released, and the election was annulled on June 23, 1993, by Babangida's administration. This decision led to political unrest and was widely condemned both domestically and internationally.
There were several factors and speculations surrounding the annulment, such as allegations of electoral malpractice, but many believed it was due to military and political interest in maintaining power and control over Nigeria's political sphere. The annulment had far-reaching consequences, including political instability and eventually contributing to the continuation of military rule until democratic elections were finally held in 1999.
Question 36 Report
The Nigerian Youth Movement pursued its objectives through the use of
Answer Details
The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) played a significant role in advocating for the rights and interests of Nigerians during the colonial period. They pursued their objectives through a mix of **protest**, **newspapers**, and **strike actions**. Here’s a simple explanation:
The combination of these strategies helped the Nigerian Youth Movement to effectively pursue their objectives and lay the groundwork for future political activism in Nigeria. They demonstrated the power of organized advocacy in challenging unjust systems.
Question 37 Report
The most effective instrument adopted by Nigeria against the East-West Cold War in the 1960s was
Answer Details
In the context of Nigeria during the 1960s, the **most effective instrument** adopted by the country against the East-West Cold War was the **Non-alignment policy**. This policy aimed to maintain Nigeria's independence and neutrality by avoiding formal alliances with either of the two superpower blocs, the United States-led Western bloc or the Soviet Union-led Eastern bloc.
The **Non-alignment policy** provided several key benefits that contributed to its effectiveness:
Independence and Sovereignty: By not aligning with either superpower, Nigeria was able to maintain its sovereignty and make independent foreign policy decisions without the pressure or influence from either side.
Flexibility in Diplomacy: The policy allowed Nigeria to engage diplomatically with various nations, regardless of their ideological leanings. This enabled Nigeria to pursue bilateral relationships that were beneficial for its own national interest without being confined to a specific bloc.
Focus on Development: By adopting a stance of non-alignment, Nigeria could focus more on its domestic economic development and regional leadership within Africa, rather than getting entangled in the Cold War conflicts.
Overall, the **Non-alignment policy** effectively allowed Nigeria to navigate the geopolitical tensions of the Cold War while preserving its independence and focusing on its national interests and development goals.
Question 38 Report
The electoral process in a representative government does NOT include
Answer Details
In a representative government, the electoral process is fundamentally about ensuring that citizens have a clear path to select their representatives. This includes conducting free and fair elections where all eligible voters can participate without undue influence or barriers. An independent electoral commission is also essential as it ensures that the process is managed fairly, transparently, and impartially.
Additionally, a free press plays a pivotal role in keeping the electorate informed. It allows for the dissemination of information and offers a platform for public discussion, ensuring voters understand the choices available to them.
However, registration of birth is not a direct part of the electoral process. While birth registration is important for documenting an individual's existence and identity, it is not a step in the process of organizing or conducting elections. It is more of a civil registration system that helps in establishing the identity for various purposes, which can indirectly relate to voter identification, but it is not an electoral activity in itself.
Thus, registration of birth is the element that does not directly belong to the electoral process in a representative government.
Question 39 Report
The commander of the army under the Hausa/ Fulani pre-colonial administration was
Answer Details
Under the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration, the **commander of the army** was known as the Madawaki. The Hausa/Fulani societies in pre-colonial times had an organized political structure in which roles and titles were clearly defined. The Madawaki was charged with the responsibility of leading the army, planning military strategies, and ensuring the security and defense of the state.
In contrast, other titles like Waziri, Galadima, and Maaji were associated with different administrative or advisory roles. The Waziri acted as the chief adviser or prime minister to the ruler, the Galadima was responsible for the administration of a particular province or area, while the Maaji handled financial matters and the treasury. Each of these roles was crucial to the functioning of the state, but the primary responsibility for military leadership rested with the Madawaki.
Question 40 Report
The right to vote and be voted for is
Answer Details
The right to vote and be voted for is commonly referred to as a franchise or electoral right. This right is a vital aspect of a democratic society, allowing citizens to participate in choosing their government representatives and leaders. It ensures that the government reflects the will of the people. By voting, individuals express their preferences and influence the decision-making process within their country.
The terms franchise and electoral right can be used interchangeably in this context; however, the term "franchise" traditionally emphasizes the right to vote specifically, while "electoral right" may encompass broader participation in the electoral process, including being a candidate in elections.
While it is a form of freedom of expression, because through voting you express your choices, and it can be considered a fundamental human right in democratic societies, the specific term that directly identifies the right to vote and be elected is franchise.
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