JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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The type of computer network that is not among the options is DAN (Distributed Area Network). The other three options are all types of computer networks: VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a type of network that allows remote users to securely access a private network over the internet. CAN (Controller Area Network) is a type of network used in industrial and automotive applications to connect electronic devices such as sensors and controllers. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a type of network that uses wireless technology to connect devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, or campus. Therefore, DAN is not a commonly used type of computer network.

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A DBMS (Database Management System) provides comprehensive solutions to reduce data redundancy, inconsistency, dependence, and unauthorized access of data. Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data in a database, which can lead to inconsistencies and take up unnecessary storage space. A DBMS helps to eliminate data redundancy by ensuring that each piece of data is stored only once and is consistently maintained. Data inconsistency refers to the occurrence of conflicting data in a database, which can lead to problems when trying to make decisions based on the data. A DBMS helps to maintain data consistency by enforcing constraints and rules that ensure that data is entered consistently and accurately. Data dependence refers to the relationship between different pieces of data in a database. A DBMS helps to reduce data dependence by allowing data to be stored in separate tables and establishing relationships between those tables. This reduces the risk of changes in one table affecting the data in another table. Finally, a DBMS provides security features to prevent unauthorized access to the data stored in the database. This includes controlling access to the database through user authentication and authorization, as well as ensuring that sensitive data is encrypted to protect it from being accessed by unauthorized individuals. In short, a DBMS provides a centralized and organized way to store, manage, and secure data to ensure its accuracy, consistency, and security.

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The base 10 system, also known as the decimal system, is unique because it is the most widely used number system in the world and has been adopted by nearly all cultures and civilizations. The reason for this widespread usage is that it is based on the number of human fingers, with 10 being the number of digits on two hands. This made it a convenient and intuitive system for early humans to count and perform mathematical operations with. Additionally, the base 10 system allows for easy representation of numbers using only 10 symbols (0 to 9), making it simple to write, communicate, and perform mathematical operations with larger numbers.

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CRACKING is a type of computer crime. It refers to the unauthorized access and manipulation of computer systems or networks. Cracking is usually done by malicious individuals with the intention of stealing information, causing damage or disrupting services. It is different from hacking, which is the process of finding vulnerabilities in computer systems in order to improve their security. Crackers use a variety of techniques, including exploiting security weaknesses, stealing passwords, and installing malware. Cracking is a serious offense that can result in legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment. To protect against cracking, it is important to use strong passwords, keep software up-to-date, and use antivirus software.

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MS-DOS cannot be categorized as an application software. MS-DOS is an operating system, not an application. An operating system is the underlying software that manages and controls the hardware and software resources of a computer. An application software, on the other hand, is a program designed to perform a specific task, such as word processing, spreadsheets, or database management.

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The correct answer is "Directories." Directories are special files that organize the hierarchical structure of the file system by grouping related files together into named collections. They act like folders, allowing users to easily locate and access the files they need. Each directory can contain other directories (sub-directories) and files. For example, in a Windows system, the "C:\Users" directory contains a sub-directory for each user account on the computer, and each user account directory contains sub-directories for documents, pictures, music, etc. In short, directories allow us to maintain a structured and organized file system.

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Destruction of files for malicious reasons, such as access by fraudulent people, is classified as "unauthorized access". This means that someone who is not authorized to access the files has gained access to them, and has intentionally damaged or deleted the files. This type of access is illegal and is a violation of the owner's rights to the information stored in the files.

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The tier in which the database resides along with the query processing language is called the data tier. In software architecture, the data tier is one of the three layers of a typical multi-tier architecture, with the other two being the presentation tier (dealing with the user interface) and the application tier (containing the business logic). The data tier is responsible for managing the storage and retrieval of data, as well as the processing of queries that operate on that data. The data tier typically consists of one or more database management systems (DBMS), which are specialized software systems designed to manage large amounts of structured data. The DBMS provides a structured way to store data and a language for querying and manipulating that data, such as SQL (Structured Query Language). In summary, the data tier is the layer in a multi-tier software architecture where the database resides, and where queries are processed using a specialized query language like SQL. It is responsible for managing the storage and retrieval of data in an efficient and secure manner.

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The rules that govern the structure of a command or programming language is called Syntax. Syntax determines the proper order and format of the elements that make up a command or program, such as keywords, variables, and operators. These rules must be followed precisely to create a functioning program. Syntax errors occur when these rules are not followed, and the program will not execute properly. So, in summary, Syntax is a set of rules that define the correct structure and formatting of a command or programming language.

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Information is the combination of already processed data. Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures. For example, a list of numbers or a set of survey answers are data. Information is created when data is processed, organized, and given meaning. For example, taking the average of the numbers in the list would turn the data into meaningful information.

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Sheet tabs in Microsoft Excel can be renamed by double-clicking on the sheet tab and entering the new name. To do this, simply click on the sheet tab that you want to rename and wait for it to become active. Then, double-click on the tab, and the name will become editable. Type in the new name you want for the sheet and press the Enter key or click outside the tab to save the changes.

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Sensitive data can be protected from prying eyes using encryption. Encryption is the process of converting data into a code or a form that cannot be easily understood without a special key or password. When data is encrypted, it is scrambled and transformed into a form that is not easily recognizable. The only way to unlock or decrypt the data is to have the specific key or password that was used to encrypt it. This means that even if someone gains unauthorized access to the encrypted data, they will not be able to read or understand it without the key or password. Encryption can be applied to many types of sensitive data, including passwords, financial information, personal data, and sensitive documents. It can be used to protect data both while it is being transmitted (e.g., through email or messaging) and while it is being stored (e.g., on a computer or server). In summary, encryption is a powerful tool for protecting sensitive data from prying eyes, by converting it into a code or a form that is not easily recognizable without the specific key or password that was used to encrypt it.

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The Windows Explorer is divided into five categories, which are: 1. Quick Access: This category contains shortcuts to frequently accessed folders and files, such as the Desktop, Documents, and Downloads folders. 2. OneDrive: This category displays files and folders stored on OneDrive, Microsoft's cloud storage service. 3. This PC: This category displays all the drives and storage devices connected to the computer, including the hard drive, external drives, and USB flash drives. 4. Network: This category displays other devices on the local network, such as other computers or printers that are connected. 5. Recycle Bin: This category contains files and folders that have been deleted from the computer and are waiting to be permanently deleted or restored. These categories help users easily navigate and find files and folders on their computer, as well as access files and folders stored in the cloud or on other devices connected to the network.

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The logical structure of a database can be depicted through its data model. A data model is a conceptual representation of data and the relationships between data elements in a database. It defines the structure of the database, including tables, columns, and the relationships between them. The data model can be thought of as a blueprint or a map for the database, showing how data is organized and how it can be accessed. It is an abstract representation of the database, separate from the specific software or hardware used to implement it. By using a data model, designers and developers can ensure that the database is structured in a logical and consistent way, which can improve performance, scalability, and ease of use.

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The illegal access to a network or computer system is called hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to a computer system or network with the intention of compromising its security and potentially causing harm. This can include stealing sensitive information, installing malicious software, or disrupting the normal functioning of the system. Hacking is illegal and can result in serious consequences for the hacker, such as fines and imprisonment. It is important for individuals and organizations to take steps to secure their networks and systems to prevent unauthorized access.

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The permanent memory built into a computer is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). It is called "read-only" because, unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which can be written to and rewritten, the information stored in ROM cannot be changed by the computer or the user. ROM is a type of memory that is built into the computer's hardware and contains the basic instructions that the computer needs to boot up and run its basic functions. These instructions are often referred to as the "firmware" of the computer, and include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that controls the startup process, as well as other low-level software that interacts directly with the computer's hardware. CD-ROM, on the other hand, is a type of storage medium that can be used to store data or programs, but it is not built into the computer itself. CDs and DVDs can be used to store data, programs, or other types of media, but they are not considered a type of permanent memory built into the computer.

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A linker program is a software tool that links different parts of a computer program together. Think of a computer program as a puzzle with many pieces. The linker takes all those pieces and puts them together to make the complete program. The linker performs tasks such as combining object files, resolving symbol references, and creating the final executable file. The linker program takes care of the following tasks: 1. Linking the program with other programs needed for its execution. For example, if a program uses a library like the C standard library, the linker will link the program with that library so that the program can use its functions. 2. Relocating the program to execute from a specific memory area allocated to it. This means that the linker will place the program in a specific area of the computer's memory so that it can be executed. 3. Interfacing the program with the entities generating its input data. This means that the linker will make sure that the program can receive data from other parts of the system, such as user input or data from a file. In summary, the linker program is responsible for putting all the pieces of a computer program together so that it can be executed correctly.

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ios is not a programming language. HTML, Java, and C++ are all programming languages, while ios is an operating system created by Apple Inc. for its mobile devices, such as the iPhone and iPad. Programming languages are used to write computer programs, while operating systems provide a platform for those programs to run on.

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Computer softwares like iOS, Ubuntu, Chrome OS are classified as operating systems, also known as system software. An operating system is a type of software that acts as the backbone of a computer, managing its resources and allowing other software to run on it. It controls the hardware, such as the CPU, memory, and storage, and provides a platform for other software to run on. This includes basic functions like managing files, running applications, and providing access to the internet. In short, the operating system is what makes a computer work and provides a foundation for other software to run on.

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Dividing a number by zero is an impossible mathematical operation, which leads to a type of error called an "Arithmetic error". When a program encounters such an operation, it is unable to perform the calculation, and it generates an error message to indicate the issue. Arithmetic errors are a type of runtime error because they occur during the execution of the program, rather than during the compilation or writing of the code (syntax errors). Logical errors are different from arithmetic errors because they occur when the program's logic is flawed, leading to incorrect results. So, in summary, dividing by zero results in an arithmetic error because it is a mathematical impossibility that cannot be computed.

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The main page of a website is called the "Home page." It's the first page that you see when you visit a website, and it often contains an overview of the website's content, as well as links to other pages on the site. The Home page is like the front door of a house, welcoming visitors and guiding them to different parts of the website. You can think of it as the main hub for a website, where you can start exploring the site's content and find what you're looking for. So, when you're visiting a website and you want to get back to the main page, just look for the "Home" button or link.

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The type of storage that retains data even when the power is turned off is called non-volatile storage. Non-volatile storage is different from volatile storage, which loses all data when the power is turned off. To help you understand the difference, imagine that you have two types of memory: a whiteboard and a notebook. The whiteboard is like volatile memory because anything you write on it will disappear as soon as you erase it or turn off the lights. On the other hand, the notebook is like non-volatile memory because anything you write in it will remain there until you deliberately erase or destroy it. Similarly, non-volatile storage, such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash drives, can retain data even when the power is turned off. This is because the data is stored using physical means that do not require an electrical charge to be maintained. In contrast, volatile storage, such as RAM, loses all data when the power is turned off because the data is stored using electrical charges that require a constant supply of power to be maintained. Overall, non-volatile storage is essential for long-term data storage because it can retain data even in the absence of power, whereas volatile storage is useful for short-term storage of data that does not need to be preserved beyond the current session or power cycle.

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The program that translates programs to a simpler language that the computer can execute is called a compiler. A compiler is a program that takes the source code of a program written in a high-level programming language and translates it into machine code or executable code that the computer can understand and execute. The process of compiling involves several steps, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. When a programmer writes a program in a high-level programming language such as Java or Python, the code is not directly executable by the computer. Instead, the code must be translated into machine code, which is a low-level language that the computer can understand and execute. This is where the compiler comes in. The compiler takes the source code written in the high-level programming language and converts it into machine code that can be executed by the computer. The advantage of using a compiler is that the resulting executable code is usually faster and more efficient than code interpreted by an interpreter, which we will discuss next. Additionally, since the code is already translated into machine code, it can be executed multiple times without the need for further translation, making it faster to execute. Overall, a compiler is a program that translates high-level programming code into machine code that a computer can execute, allowing programmers to write code in a more human-readable language and then have it translated into a language that the computer can understand and execute.

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The computer type that is not based on the operation is "Remote." This is because "remote" does not refer to how a computer operates, but rather where it is located or how it is accessed. A remote computer is one that is accessed through a network connection, such as the internet, rather than being physically present with the user. On the other hand, "analog" and "digital" are types of computers based on their method of operation. Analog computers operate by processing continuous physical variables such as voltage, while digital computers operate by processing discrete data in the form of binary digits (bits). Finally, "hybrid" computers are a combination of both analog and digital computers, where they use both continuous and discrete data to perform calculations.

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Computers are commonly used in offices for a variety of tasks, but some of the major purposes include: 1. Creating and editing documents: Computers are used to create and edit documents such as letters, reports, presentations, and spreadsheets. This is because computers offer a range of software applications that allow users to create and edit documents easily and quickly. 2. Communication: Computers are used to communicate with other employees, clients, and customers through email, video conferencing, and instant messaging. 3. Data management: Computers are used to store and manage data such as customer information, financial records, and inventory lists. This is because computers offer software that allows users to organize and track data efficiently. 4. Accounting: Computers are used for accounting purposes such as bookkeeping, payroll, and invoicing. This is because computers offer specialized software that allows users to manage financial data accurately and quickly. 5. Security: Computers are also used for security purposes such as monitoring and controlling access to sensitive data and systems. This is because computers offer software and hardware tools that can be used to safeguard against unauthorized access and cyber threats. Overall, computers have become an essential tool in the modern office environment, enabling employees to work more efficiently, communicate more effectively, and manage data and information more securely.

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The device primarily used to provide hardcopy is the "printer". A printer is a device that produces a physical or hardcopy of electronic documents or images, typically on paper. It can be connected to a computer or other device through a cable or wireless connection, and it can print text, graphics, or images in black and white or color. Printers come in many different types, including inkjet, laser, and thermal, and they can be used in homes, offices, and other settings. Card readers, computer consoles, and CRTs (cathode ray tubes) are not primarily used to provide hardcopy. A card reader is a device used to read information from a magnetic stripe or chip on a plastic card, such as a credit card. A computer console is the part of a computer system that contains the keyboard, monitor, and other components used to interact with the computer. A CRT is an older type of display technology that was used in older computer monitors and televisions, but has largely been replaced by newer technologies such as LCD and LED displays.

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The term that describes accessing files from a computer other than the one where the files are stored is "remote access". Remote access means that you can access files, data or resources from a different computer or server that is located elsewhere, using a network connection like the internet. This allows you to work with files and data as if they were stored on your local computer, even though they are actually stored on a different computer or server. For example, if you are working from home and need to access files that are stored on your work computer, you can use remote access to connect to your work computer over the internet and access those files. Similarly, if you use cloud storage services like Dropbox or Google Drive, you can access your files from any computer with an internet connection, which is also a form of remote access.

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The first option, "They both deal with memory," is correct. RAM and ROM are both types of memory used in computers and other electronic devices. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory that stores data temporarily and is used for running programs and applications. When the power is turned off, the data stored in RAM is lost. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that stores data permanently and is used for storing the basic input/output system (BIOS) that helps to boot up the computer. The data stored in ROM cannot be easily altered or deleted. In summary, both RAM and ROM are types of memory used in electronic devices, and they both deal with storing and accessing data.

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The set of rules that defines the combination of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured statements or expressions in a language is called Syntax. Think of syntax as the grammar of a language. Just like in English, there are certain rules that dictate what combinations of words and punctuation are considered to be a proper sentence, in programming languages there are rules that dictate what combinations of symbols and syntax are considered to be a proper statement or expression. The syntax of a language determines how code should be written in order for it to be properly understood by the computer and executed as intended.

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The full form of UDP is User Datagram Protocol. It is a communication protocol used for sending and receiving data over the internet. UDP is a lightweight, connectionless protocol that operates at the Transport layer of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. Unlike TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which guarantees delivery of data, UDP does not provide any guarantees regarding delivery or sequencing of packets. Instead, UDP is often used for applications that require faster data transfer, such as video streaming or online gaming, where small amounts of lost data are acceptable. The "User Datagram" part of the name refers to the fact that UDP sends data in the form of datagrams, which are discrete chunks of data that are sent as individual packets. The "Protocol" part of the name indicates that UDP is a set of rules and procedures that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. In summary, UDP is a fast and lightweight protocol used for sending data over the internet. Its name reflects the fact that it operates using datagrams and is a protocol for communication.

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A keyboard is usually made up of around 101 to 105 keys, depending on the type and model of the keyboard. The most common keyboard layout is called the QWERTY layout, which includes letters, numbers, and various symbols and functions. The number of keys can vary based on the size of the keyboard and additional features, such as multimedia buttons or a numeric keypad. Overall, the number of keys on a keyboard can range from a basic 101-key layout to a more advanced 105-key layout with additional buttons.

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End users are able to operate at the "presentation" tier. The presentation tier is the user interface layer of a software application or system. It's the part of the system that the end user interacts with directly, and it includes all the components that allow the user to view and manipulate data. This can include things like graphical user interfaces, web pages, and other visual elements that the user can see and interact with. Because the presentation tier is designed specifically for end users, it's the layer that they are most comfortable operating in. This is where they can view data, input information, and interact with the system to achieve their desired tasks. While there may be other tiers (such as the model, application, and data tiers) that are responsible for processing and managing data behind the scenes, it's the presentation tier where the end user has the most control and where their actions have the most direct impact on the system.

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The second generation of computers had expensive operation costs compared to other generations. The second generation of computers, which emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s, were characterized by the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes that were used in the first generation. While transistors were smaller, more reliable, and more energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, they were still relatively expensive to produce and required a significant amount of power to operate. In addition, the second generation of computers required air conditioning systems to keep them cool, which added to their overall operating costs. The high cost of production, maintenance, and operation made these computers expensive and limited their accessibility to only large organizations, such as government agencies, research institutions, and corporations, which had the resources to invest in them. In contrast, the third and fourth generations of computers, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, respectively, were characterized by the use of integrated circuits and microprocessors, which greatly reduced the cost of production and operation, making computers more accessible and affordable to individuals and small businesses.

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Running other software on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization is called theft of computer time. This means that the person is using the resources (e.g. processing power, memory, storage) of the computer without permission, which can slow down the performance of the computer and potentially interfere with the work of others. This unauthorized use of resources can be seen as equivalent to theft, since the person is taking something (in this case, computer time) without permission.

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Firefox is an example of application software. Application software is a type of software that is designed to perform specific tasks for the user, such as creating documents, browsing the web, sending emails, etc. In other words, it is a program that is used to accomplish specific tasks and is meant to be used by the end-user, as opposed to system software, which is designed to run the computer itself and support the application software. Firefox is a web browser, which is a type of application software that allows users to access, browse and interact with websites on the Internet.

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Among the options given, critical thinking is not a model used in problem solving. Critical thinking is a mental process that involves analyzing and evaluating information, reasoning, and making decisions. It is a skill that is used to approach problems in a thoughtful and logical way. However, it is not a formal problem-solving model that provides a structured approach to solving a problem. On the other hand, SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle), waterfall, and prototype are models used in problem solving. SDLC is a structured approach used to develop and maintain software. It involves a series of phases that includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. This model provides a framework to guide the development of software systems. Waterfall is a linear sequential approach to software development where each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. It is a model used to manage the development of software systems, and it emphasizes the importance of planning and documentation. Prototype is a model used in problem solving where a working model of a product or solution is developed to test and refine its features and functionalities. It is used to gather feedback and identify areas for improvement before the final product is developed. In summary, critical thinking is a mental process that is used in problem solving, but it is not a formal problem-solving model. SDLC, waterfall, and prototype are examples of problem-solving models that provide structured approaches to solving problems in various fields.