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Question 1 Report
When wet and dry bulb thermometers record the same temperature, it means
Answer Details
When wet and dry bulb thermometers, which together form a psychrometer, record the same temperature, it indicates that the air is saturated. This means that the air has reached its maximum capacity to hold water vapor, also known as reaching the dew point.
Normally, the wet bulb thermometer, which has a cloth soaked in water wrapped around it, shows a lower temperature than the dry bulb thermometer because evaporation cools it down. However, when the temperatures are the same for both thermometers, no evaporation is taking place. This is because the air cannot accept more water vapor, pointing to a humidity level of 100%, which is known as saturation.
Question 2 Report
Mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the earth's crust are
Answer Details
The mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the Earth's crust are known as fold mountains. Fold mountains are created when two tectonic plates collide, and the compressional forces involved cause the layers of the Earth's crust to crumple and fold.
Imagine it like pushing two pieces of paper together from opposite ends; they begin to crumple and form folds. Similarly, when large sections of the Earth's crust are subjected to immense pressures from the sides, they buckle and bend into wave-like structures called folds. These folds then rise over time to form fold mountains.
Some of the most well-known mountain ranges in the world, like the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Rockies, are examples of fold mountains.
In summary, fold mountains are formed by the compression and folding of the Earth's crust, making them a direct result of tectonic forces that push the land upwards to form mountains.
Question 3 Report
Which of the following is not true of pie chart?
Answer Details
Pie charts are not suitable for representing data with wide extremes, as they are better suited for showing proportions and percentages.
Question 4 Report
Which of the following is not a sea route?
Answer Details
The route that is not a sea route is the one involving London, Moscow, and Baghdad.
Here's the explanation:
This is why the route from London, Moscow, and Baghdad is not a sea route.
Question 5 Report
The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called
Answer Details
The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called the hydrosphere.
Let's break it down logically:
Therefore, the term that correctly describes the part of the Earth's crust covered by water bodies like oceans and seas is the hydrosphere.
Question 6 Report
On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer,places in the Northern Hemisphere experience
Answer Details
On June 21st, the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, marking the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. This is the point in the year when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted closest to the sun. As a result, places in the Northern Hemisphere experience their longest day and shortest night. This means that there is more daylight compared to nighttime.
To summarize, on this date, locations in the Northern Hemisphere will experience a longer day and a shorter night. This is due to the tilt of the Earth's axis, which maximizes sunlight exposure to these regions.
Question 7 Report
All the following are problems of mining in Africa except
Answer Details
Mining in Africa faces several challenges, but understanding these issues helps in realizing the unique dynamics of the industry on the continent.
Inadequate Unskilled Labour: This is generally not a problem in Africa. The continent has a large population that provides sufficient unskilled labor for mining activities. Thus, an abundance of unskilled labor makes this factor not a significant issue for mining operations.
Use of Obsolete Technology: Many mining operations in Africa struggle with outdated or insufficient technology. This affects the efficiency and safety of mining activities, making it a significant challenge for the industry.
Shortage of Power: Power shortages are common in many African countries and can severely impact mining operations, which require consistent and significant energy for their activities. This is a critical challenge in mining across the continent.
Inadequate Foreign Capital: Many African nations experience difficulty in attracting sufficient foreign capital to invest in modernizing and expanding their mining sectors. This capital is crucial for technology upgrades and infrastructural development in the industry.
In summary, inadequate unskilled labour is not typically a problem for mining in Africa, whereas the other issues listed are significant challenges impacting the industry.
Question 8 Report
A conurbation can best be described as
Answer Details
A conurbation is a term used to describe a group of cities, towns, or urban areas that have merged together to form a single urban entity, while still retaining their individual identities.
Question 9 Report
Which of the following environmental hazards is due primarily to human activities?
Answer Details
The environmental hazard that is due primarily to human activities is ozone depletion.
The ozone layer is a protective shield in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. The thinning of the ozone layer is mainly caused by the release of man-made chemicals. The most significant contributors to this environmental hazard are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) which have been used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam production, and aerosol propellants. When these chemicals reach the stratosphere, they break down ozone molecules, leading to what is known as the "ozone hole."
In contrast, the other environmental hazards listed—hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—are natural phenomena. While human activities can influence the severity or impact of these events, such as through climate change exacerbating the intensity of hurricanes or human settlement in earthquake-prone areas, they are not primarily caused by human actions.
Question 10 Report
Answer Details
Life expectancy refers to the average age at which people die. It is a statistical measure that estimates the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Life expectancy can vary significantly based on various factors such as geography, lifestyle, healthcare quality, and socioeconomic status. It serves as an important indicator of a population's overall health and quality of life.
Question 11 Report
Sills, dykes and batholiths are examples of
Answer Details
Sills, dykes, and batholiths are examples of intrusive volcanic landforms. These are geological formations that are created below the Earth's surface from cooled and solidified magma.
Here's a simple explanation of each:
Sills are formed when magma intrudes between pre-existing layers of rock, creating a horizontal or near-horizontal sheet of solid rock. Over time, they cool and solidify, forming a flat or gently undulating body of igneous rock parallel to the layers it intruded.
Dykes occur when magma cuts across pre-existing rock layers, forming a vertical or steeply inclined body of rock. They act as pathways for magma movement and can be seen as wall-like structures that cut through layers of surrounding rock.
Batholiths are massive formations created when large amounts of magma slowly cool and solidify deep beneath the Earth's surface over a long period. These large rock bodies can cover thousands of square kilometers and are often exposed at the surface after extensive erosion.
All of these formations are created through the intrusion of magma into existing rock. As a result, they are classified as intrusive volcanic landforms, due to their origin beneath the Earth's surface, in contrast to extrusive volcanic landforms formed by lava cooling on the surface.
Question 12 Report
If the local time at a place X is 12.00 noon when the G.M.T is 5.00a.m then X is located on longitude
Answer Details
To determine the longitude of place X, we need to understand the relationship between time and longitude. The Earth is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, and it completes one full rotation (360 degrees) in 24 hours. Therefore, for every hour, the Earth rotates 15 degrees of longitude.
The given information is this:
The difference in time between GMT and the local time at place X is 7 hours (from 5:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon).
Calculation:
Now, we need to determine whether place X is east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude, the reference line for GMT).
- Since the local time at place X is ahead of GMT (12:00 noon compared to 5:00 a.m.), it means X is east of the Prime Meridian.
Thus, place X is located on 105°E.
Question 13 Report
Answer Details
The nearest planet to the Sun is Mercury.
Here's a simple explanation: The Solar System consists of eight major planets, which include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, arranged in that order from closest to the Sun to farthest. Pluto, once considered the ninth planet, has been reclassified as a "dwarf planet" and is well beyond Neptune.
Mercury, being the closest planet to the Sun, has a very short orbit compared to other planets. It completes one orbit around the Sun in just about 88 Earth days. Because of its proximity to the Sun, Mercury experiences significant temperature variations, extremely hot during the day and very cold at night.
Question 14 Report
One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that
Answer Details
One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that urban settlements are areas of secondary and tertiary activities.
Let's break this down:
To summarize, the primary distinction is that urban settlements focus on secondary and tertiary activities, providing goods and services, ultimately making them different in function and character from rural settlements, which focus more on primary activities.
Question 15 Report
Which of the following geographical regions of Nigeria covers one-fifth of the country and has a generally flat surface dotted with granitic hills? The
Answer Details
The geographical region of Nigeria described in the question is the North-Central Highlands. This area covers about one-fifth of the country and is characterized by a generally flat surface with granitic hills, known as inselbergs, scattered throughout the landscape. These hills are composed of hard rock formations that have resisted erosion, thereby standing out from the flatter surroundings.
This region is situated in the north-central part of Nigeria and is significant for its geological features and agricultural potential. The flat terrain provides an expansive area suitable for farming, while the inselbergs add to the region's natural beauty and sometimes serve as landmarks. The North-Central Highlands are an important and distinct geographical region within Nigeria due to these unique characteristics.
Question 16 Report
Which of the following settlement type is the largest?
Answer Details
In the context of settlement types and their sizes, the largest is a megalopolis.
Let me explain this in simple terms:
In summary, of all the settlement types listed, a megalopolis is the largest as it comprises multiple, even significant urban areas that have expanded to form a vast, continuous area.
Question 17 Report
All the following are advantages of the bush fallowing system in West Africa except that it
Answer Details
The bush fallowing system in West Africa is not very economical in the use of land. Bush fallowing involves leaving land fallow for several years to regain its fertility, which can lead to inefficient use of land.
Question 18 Report
Which of the following is not a type of mountain?
Answer Details
There is no such thing as a "mountain of accumulation". The other options - conical mountain, block mountain, and fold mountain - are all types of mountains.
Question 19 Report
Rocks which have been formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called
Answer Details
Rocks that are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called igneous rocks.
To put it simply, when rocks melt deep beneath the Earth's surface because of the high temperatures, they turn into a liquid called magma. This magma can sometimes rise to the surface in the form of lava. Once either the magma or lava cools down and becomes solid, it forms a new type of rock known as igneous rock.
These rocks can be formed inside the Earth when the magma cools slowly, creating large crystals, or on the Earth's surface, when the lava cools quickly, often resulting in smaller crystals. The word "igneous" comes from a Latin word meaning "fire," which appropriately describes how these rocks form from the hot, molten magma.
Question 20 Report
Cement factory is usually located near
Answer Details
The location of a cement factory is primarily influenced by its proximity to the source of raw materials. Cement production involves the use of abundant natural resources such as limestone, clay, and rock, which are crucial ingredients in the manufacturing process. These raw materials are usually heavy and bulky, making transportation costly. Therefore, by situating the cement factory near these resources, transportation costs can be minimized, leading to more efficient and cost-effective production. This proximity also ensures a steady and reliable supply of raw materials, which is essential for uninterrupted production.
Question 21 Report
The longest river in Africa is River
Answer Details
The longest river in Africa is the Nile River. The Nile River is renowned for its extraordinary length, stretching approximately 6,650 kilometers (about 4,130 miles). This majestic river traverses several countries in northeastern Africa, including Uganda, Sudan, and primarily Egypt. Its extensive reach makes it the longest river not only in Africa but also in the world, although there is some debate with the Amazon River.
The Nile plays a crucial role in the cultures and economies of the nations it flows through. In ancient Egypt, for instance, it was vital for agriculture, enabling civilizations to thrive by providing a reliable source of water and fertile land for farming. Today, the Nile continues to be a lifeline for millions of people, supporting agriculture, transport, and providing drinking water.
In contrast, the other rivers mentioned, such as the Zambezi, Senegal, and Congo, though significant in their own right, are shorter and do not match the extraordinary length of the Nile River.
Question 22 Report
Which of the following climatic types is found on the western margins of continents between altitude 300 and 400 North and South of the Equator?
Answer Details
The climatic type found on the western margins of continents between latitudes 30° and 40° North and South of the Equator is the Mediterranean climate.
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by its unique seasonal weather pattern:
This type of climate is well-known for supporting specific kinds of ecosystems and is suitable for growing certain crops, such as olives, grapes, and wheat. Typical regions with a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, parts of California in the United States, central Chile, the southern tip of South Africa, and southwestern Australia.
Question 23 Report
Answer Details
When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the mast is seen before the hull. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the shape of the Earth and how light travels.
The Earth is a large sphere, and because of its curvature, objects that are farther away become obscured by the Earth's surface as they move over the horizon. The upper parts of an object, such as the mast of a ship, are further away from the Earth's surface compared to the lower parts, like the hull. As a result, the top parts become visible first as an object like a ship comes over the horizon.
Therefore, due to the curvature of the Earth, the mast, being higher and more elevated, comes into view before the hull as the ship approaches from a distance.
Question 24 Report
A settlement developed at the meeting point of roads is known as a
Answer Details
A settlement developed at the meeting point of roads is known as a nodal town.
Let's break this down in a simple way:
In contrast, a port town develops around a harbor, a confluence town forms where rivers meet, and a gap town evolves in mountain pass regions. Thus, a town at the meeting point of roads is distinctly identified as a nodal town.
Question 25 Report
A major problem in agricultural development in Nigeria is
Answer Details
One of the major problems in agricultural development in Nigeria is the insufficient storage facilities.
The agricultural sector in Nigeria often faces difficulties after crops are harvested. Poor storage facilities mean that a substantial portion of the agricultural produce is lost due to spoilage, pests, or damage. This is a significant challenge because:
Improving storage facilities would provide farmers with the ability to manage their production better, ensuring a more consistent supply of agricultural products and contributing significantly to the development of agriculture in Nigeria.
Question 26 Report
The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is
Answer Details
The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is solar energy.
Let me explain why:
Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun. It is critical for life on Earth as it powers the process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and with the help of sunlight, they produce glucose and oxygen. This process provides the necessary energy and organic material to support life.
Here is why it is important:
In comparison, other energy sources like geothermal energy, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power play relatively minor roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These energies are not as directly involved in powering the basic life-sustaining processes as solar energy is. Therefore, it is clear that solar energy is the predominant power source for life on land.
Question 27 Report
The process of head ward erosion will lead to the formation of
Answer Details
Let's understand the term **headward erosion**. **Headward erosion** refers to the process where a river or stream erodes its source region, causing the stream's origin to move backward away from the direction of water flow. This process can have several impacts and can lead to the formation of certain landforms.
Among the options provided, **headward erosion** is most commonly associated with the formation of **river capture**. When **headward erosion** continues over time, it can cause one river to extend its course and intersect with a neighboring river, capturing its flow. This event is known as **river capture** or **stream piracy**. Essentially, the rapid erosion at the river's source enables it to cut through the drainage divide and capture the headwaters of another river.
Let's briefly see why the other options are less relevant to **headward erosion**:
Therefore, the process of **headward erosion** most directly leads to the formation of **river capture**.
Question 28 Report
The Gezira scheme and the Manaquil Extension are famous for the cultivation of
Answer Details
The **Gezira Scheme** and the **Manaquil Extension** are famous for the cultivation of **cotton**. These agricultural projects are located in **Sudan** and are among the largest irrigation projects in the world dedicated to agriculture.
The Gezira Scheme utilizes the waters of the **Blue Nile** to irrigate the land, making it suitable for growing cash crops. The scheme's infrastructure, including an extensive network of canals and ditches, supports the broad-scale cultivation of cotton. Similarly, the Manaquil Extension enhanced the irrigation reach, further bolstering cotton agriculture.
**Cotton** is highly suitable for growth in the hot climate of Sudan, especially under irrigation, as it requires a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and water. This makes it an ideal crop for the region, contributing significantly to Sudan's economy through both local use and export. Additionally, cotton plays a crucial role in the livelihood of many farmers in the region, being a major source of income.
Cultivating cotton in **Gezira** and **Manaquil** not only supports the textile industry but also generates employment for thousands of people engaged in farming, processing, and trade.
Question 29 Report
The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the
Answer Details
The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the availability of suitable sites for dams. While suitable sites are necessary for building dams, other factors such as a regular supply of water and high mountains are more critical for hydro-electric power development.
Question 30 Report
The climatic belts recognized by the Greek were
Answer Details
The ancient Greeks were pioneers in observing and classifying the Earth's climate zones. They recognized three primary climatic belts based on their understanding of the Earth's environment. These belts were:
Thus, the Greeks recognized these **three climatic belts**: Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid. This classification was an early attempt to systematically understand the Earth's climatic patterns using observable natural phenomena, such as sunlight and temperature differences.
Question 31 Report
In which part of the atmosphere does rain clouds develop?
Answer Details
Rain clouds most commonly develop in the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and extends from the Earth's surface up to about 8 to 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles) above sea level, depending on your location.
This layer is where we experience weather, including rain, thunderstorms, and clouds. The reason for this is that the troposphere contains most of the atmosphere's water vapor, which is essential for cloud formation and precipitation.
In this layer, the air becomes cooler as you go higher, which allows the moist air to rise, cool, and condense to form clouds. When these clouds get heavy enough with condensed water droplets, they release the water in the form of rain.
The layers above the troposphere, such as the stratosphere, do not usually have the right conditions for rain cloud formation because they lack sufficient moisture and their temperatures are not typically conducive to the processes needed for cloud formation.
Question 32 Report
Sunrise and sunset are not proofs that the Earth is spherical in shape, as they can be observed on other celestial bodies as well.
Answer Details
Mercury and Venus are the two planets that lie between the Sun and Earth.
Question 33 Report
Copper is an important raw material in the
Answer Details
Copper is an important raw material in the electrical industry. This is because copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, which means it allows electrical current to flow through it easily with minimal resistance. This property makes copper ideal for use in electrical wiring, motors, transformers, and other electrical components. Additionally, copper is highly durable, resistant to corrosion, and versatile, which further enhances its usefulness in electrical applications. The electrical industry relies heavily on copper to ensure reliable and efficient power transmission.
Question 34 Report
Which of the following lines of latitudes divides the earth into two hemispheres
Answer Details
The line of latitude that divides the Earth into two hemispheres is the Equator. The Equator is an imaginary line that is drawn around the middle of the Earth. It is equidistant from the North and South Poles, and it is located at 0 degrees latitude.
Because it sits exactly halfway between the poles, the Equator splits the Earth into two equal parts: the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The land and water areas located to the north of the Equator make up the Northern Hemisphere, while those located to the south comprise the Southern Hemisphere.
The importance of the Equator is not just in the division of hemispheres; it also plays a crucial role in climate. Regions located near the Equator typically experience a tropical climate with minimal temperature variations year-round.
In contrast, lines like the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are found north and south of the Equator, respectively, and they define the limits of the tropical zone. The Antarctic Circle is situated further south and marks a different climatic boundary.
Question 35 Report
The world's busiest shipping routes are on the
Answer Details
The world's busiest shipping routes are found on the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean plays a crucial role in global trade and transportation due to several factors:
While other oceans like the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also important for global trade, the Atlantic Ocean remains particularly significant due to its connectivity and the economic powerhouses it links. The Antarctic Circle is not a major route due to its harsh environmental conditions and minimal human inhabitation, which reduces commercial sea traffic in that region.
Question 36 Report
Which of the following regions in Nigeria has an average height of over 100 metres above sea level?
Answer Details
The Biu Plateau has an average height of over 100 meters above sea level. The Biu Plateau is a region of high ground in northeastern Nigeria
Question 37 Report
All the following are causes of mechanical weathering except
Answer Details
Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition. There are several causes of mechanical weathering, but not all processes that affect rocks are related to mechanical weathering.
The options listed include:
Temperature changes: This is a cause of mechanical weathering. When rocks are exposed to fluctuating temperatures, they expand when it's hot and contract when it's cold. Over time, these repeated expansions and contractions can cause the rocks to crack and break apart.
Frost action: Also known as freeze-thaw weathering, this is another form of mechanical weathering. Water can seep into cracks in the rocks, and as temperatures drop, the water freezes and expands. This expansion exerts pressure on the rock, gradually breaking it apart.
Alternate wetting and drying: This causes mechanical weathering by changing the volume of clay minerals found in some rocks. When these rocks get wet, the clay swells, and when dry, it contracts. This constant expansion and contraction lead to mechanical breakdown.
Rain action: This is not primarily a cause of mechanical weathering. While rain can contribute to weathering processes, such as chemical weathering where it reacts with minerals in rocks to form new compounds, its primary role in mechanical weathering is minimal compared to other factors.
Therefore, among the options provided, rain action is the one that is not a direct cause of mechanical weathering.
Question 38 Report
The major problem facing the utilization of human resources in West Africa is
Answer Details
One of the major problems impacting the effective utilization of human resources in West Africa is unemployment.
Unemployment is a significant issue because it leads to several challenges that adversely affect both individuals and the economy at large. When people, especially those who are capable and willing to work, do not have jobs, it results in a waste of potential human resources. Let's break down a few reasons why unemployment is such a pressing problem:
Addressing unemployment requires collaborative efforts involving government policies, education systems, and private sector initiatives to create more job opportunities and develop skills that match the demands of the labor market. Therefore, unemployment remains a critical concern in achieving optimal utilization of human resources in West Africa.
Question 39 Report
A conurbation is a settlement
Answer Details
A conurbation is a large urban area where several towns or cities have grown and merged together over a significant geographical area. This results in a continuous urban environment that functions as a single economic, social, and administrative unit. It is characterized by not only the physical merging but also the economic and social integration of these urban areas. Importantly, while these towns join together, they often retain their individual identities to some extent, but collectively they function as a larger urban zone.
Hence, the most accurate explanation is that a conurbation is a settlement where a large number of towns join together over a considerable area. This results in significant density and sometimes shared infrastructure and services. It is not merely about the number of people, nor does it focus primarily on an agricultural economy (such as predominantly farmers). Likewise, even though two or more towns combine, the emphasis is on the large-scale joining and integration process across numerous towns, rather than solely retaining distinct identities.
Question 40 Report
The outer layer of the earth is called the
Answer Details
The outer layer of the Earth is called the crust. Let's understand this in simple terms:
The Earth is made up of several layers. Imagine the Earth like an onion with different layers, with each layer varying in composition and physical properties. The outermost of these layers is the crust.
The crust is similar to a thin shell around the Earth. It is very thin compared to the other layers and can be thought of as the Earth's skin. It is made up of solid rocks and minerals and is where we live and see landscapes, mountains, and oceans.
Below the crust is the mantle, which is much thicker and composed primarily of semi-solid rock. Therefore, when talking about the outermost layer, we refer specifically to the Earth's crust.
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