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Question 1 Report
The elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in which Nigerian cities?
Answer Details
The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is significant in Nigerian history as it introduced the **elective principle**, which allowed for elections for the first time in the country. This was a major shift from the previous system where all legislative members were appointed by the colonial government. However, it is important to note that this **elective principle** had limited reach.
Under the Clifford Constitution, elections were held only in designated areas. The cities that were granted the opportunity to elect members to the Legislative Council were **Lagos** and **Calabar**. These places were two of the more developed urban centers at the time and were considered the main cities with a sufficient number of eligible voters.
So, the correct cities where the elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in Nigeria are **Lagos** and **Calabar**. This electoral development laid the foundation for future expansions of the electoral process in Nigeria.
Question 2 Report
Which policy implemented by the British in the 1930s aimed at developing infrastructure and boosting agriculture in Nigeria?
Answer Details
The policy implemented by the British in the 1930s aimed at developing infrastructure and boosting agriculture in Nigeria was the Colonial Development and Welfare Act. This policy was introduced to address the economic and social development of the British colonies, including Nigeria. The Act provided specific funds for the development of infrastructure such as roads, railways, and ports as well as for agricultural improvements.
This initiative was part of a broader strategy to stimulate economic growth within the colonies by investing in critical sectors and improving the living standards of the population. The Act recognized the need for financial support from the British government to ensure that colonies were self-sufficient and could contribute to the overall strength of the British Empire. By focusing on infrastructure and agriculture, the policy aimed to create a more productive and stable economic environment in Nigeria.
Question 3 Report
One major effect of the establishment of Native Authorities was
Answer Details
The establishment of Native Authorities had a significant effect on the empowerment of traditional rulers within the colonial administration. During the colonial era, European powers sought ways to administer their colonies efficiently and with minimal resistance. One approach they adopted was the system of indirect rule, where local traditional rulers were incorporated into the colonial governance structure. This meant that these rulers were given roles and responsibilities within the colonial administration, hence they were empowered in several ways.
Firstly, traditional rulers were entrusted with enforcing colonial laws and collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government. This increased their influence and authority within their communities.
Secondly, they played an intermediary role by acting as a link between the colonial authorities and the local people, thus gaining some level of political significance.
Lastly, while the empowerment of traditional rulers helped the colonial administration maintain control, it also meant that these rulers were sometimes restricted in their actions and had to balance their traditional roles with their new administrative duties.
In summary, the establishment of Native Authorities led to the **empowerment** of traditional rulers within the colonial framework, enabling them to play substantial roles in governance under the indirect rule system.
Question 4 Report
The Sokoto Caliphate's relations with the British colonial powers in the 19th century were
Answer Details
The Sokoto Caliphate's relations with the British colonial powers in the 19th century were based on treaties and trade agreements leading to mutual cooperation. This cooperation was evident in various agreements and interactions between the Caliphate and the British authorities during that period.
Question 5 Report
Which of the following social changes was a direct result of urbanization in colonial Nigeria?
Answer Details
Urbanization in colonial Nigeria resulted in significant social changes. Among the options provided, the growth of labor unions and political activism was a direct outcome of urbanization.
Here's why:
1. **Emergence of New Economic Opportunities:** As cities grew, they became centers of economic activities, providing job opportunities in industries, transport, trade, and administration. People from various backgrounds, including rural areas, migrated to urban centers in search of better opportunities.
2. **Increase in Labor Force:** The influx of people into cities resulted in a significant increase in the labor force. This concentrated workforce found themselves with a common interest in improving their working and living conditions, which laid the foundation for the formation of labor unions.
3. **Formation of Unions:** Labor unions were formed to address issues such as fair wages, decent working conditions, and workers' rights. These unions played a crucial role in articulating the challenges faced by workers and negotiating on their behalf, which was a direct impact of urbanization.
4. **Rise of Political Activism:** As labor unions grew, they became a platform for political activism. Workers' demands extended beyond labor issues; they began to address broader socio-political concerns, such as independence from colonial rule and self-governance. This activism gradually became an essential part of Nigeria's political landscape, influencing the push for independence.
In contrast, urbanization did not lead to the complete assimilation of Nigerian elites into British culture, the immediate decline of traditional chieftaincy institutions, or the eradication of ethnic and regional differences. While these may have been influenced indirectly, the direct social change was the rise of labor unions and political awareness among the urban populace.
Question 6 Report
The British amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914 was primarily motivated by
Answer Details
The British amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914 was primarily motivated by economic considerations, particularly the need to make the Northern Protectorate financially viable. At that time, the Northern Protectorate of Nigeria was running at a financial deficit, as it was significantly less economically vibrant compared to the Southern Protectorate, which enjoyed a booming trade, particularly in palm oil and other natural resources.
By merging the two regions, the British colonial administration sought to use the surpluses from the economically prosperous south to offset the costs of administering the north. This fusion was not driven by the aim of promoting cultural unity or responding to nationalist influences, as cultural and political unity were not priorities for the British. Moreover, the League of Nations did not play any role in this decision, as it had not yet been established (it was formed in 1920).
Thus, the primary reason for the amalgamation was to increase administrative efficiency and reduce the financial burden on the British government by creating a more economically self-sustaining colony. This move allowed for a centralized administration, which in turn facilitated the easier extraction of resources and management of the colony.
Question 7 Report
The Nupe kingdom reached its peak under the leadership of which notable ruler?
Answer Details
The Nupe Kingdom reached its peak under the leadership of Etsu (King) Mamudu. He was a significant ruler in the 19th century, known for consolidating power, expanding the kingdom, and making the Nupe a dominant force in the region. Etsu Mamudu strengthened the military and administration, contributing to the kingdom's prosperity and influence during his reign.
Question 8 Report
The Voortrekker Monument, inaugurated in 1949, is a symbol of Afrikaner nationalism. It commemorates which historical event?
Answer Details
The Voortrekker Monument, inaugurated in 1949, commemorates The Great Trek. The Great Trek was a significant event during the mid-19th century when Dutch-speaking settlers, known as the Boers or Voortrekkers, moved away from the British-controlled Cape Colony into the interior of South Africa. They embarked on this journey to seek independence and preserve their cultural and linguistic identity, free from British rule.
This migration led to the establishment of several Boer republics. The Voortrekker Monument celebrates this pioneering spirit and the determination of the Afrikaner people to maintain their sovereignty and way of life. It stands as a symbol of Afrikaner nationalism and heritage.
Question 9 Report
The apartheid policy of "separate development" was also known as
Answer Details
The apartheid policy of "separate development" was also known as **Homelands** or **Bantustans**.
This policy was part of South Africa's apartheid system, a racial segregation system institutionalized in 1948. The concept was to create **self-governing territories** referred to as **Bantustans** or **Homelands**. The primary aim was to give an illusion of independence to divide the country into various **ethnically distinct areas** for different African ethnic groups. The government justified this policy by claiming it allowed for the development of self-determination among the black South African population. However, in reality, these areas were often economically disadvantaged and lacked genuine autonomy.
It's important to understand that this was a measure to enforce racial separation and reinforce the idea of white supremacy by keeping majority black South Africans outside of meaningful political, economic, and urban life within South Africa.
Question 10 Report
Which of the following Yoruba states rose to prominence as a result of the decline of Oyo?
Answer Details
The Yoruba state that rose to prominence following the decline of Oyo was Ibadan.
To understand how this happened, let's look at a brief historical context:
1. Oyo's Decline: The Oyo Empire was a powerful Yoruba empire located in present-day Nigeria. However, by the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Oyo experienced a decline due to internal strife, conflicts, and external pressures from Fulani jihads. This decline led to the weakening of its central authority.
2. Rise of Ibadan: As Oyo's power waned, there was a vacuum of power in the region. Ibadan, originally established as a war camp in 1829, took advantage of this power vacuum. Comprising various groups of warriors, including disbanded soldiers from Oyo and refugees from other regions, Ibadan's strategic location and military ability enabled it to grow rapidly.
3. Trade and Military Power: Ibadan became a significant military force, using its strength to expand control over surrounding territories. The town also became a commercial hub due to its involvement in regional trade. By mid-19th century, Ibadan was one of the largest and most influential Yoruba cities.
In summary, the decline of Oyo created an opportunity for Ibadan to rise as a dominant force in the region, leveraging its military prowess and strategic trade position to achieve prominence.
Question 11 Report
The capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire moved from Kanem to Borno primarily due to
Answer Details
The capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire moved from Kanem to Borno primarily due to external invasions. Here’s a simple explanation:
The Kanem-Borno Empire, composed of the regions of Kanem and Borno, was once a powerful empire in central Africa. The original capital was in Kanem, located northeast of Lake Chad. Over time, the empire faced numerous pressures, notably from external attacks. These invasions, primarily by external forces like the Sahelian nomadic groups, placed significant strain on Kanem.
As these external threats intensified, it became increasingly difficult to maintain political and military stability in Kanem. The constant invasions threatened the security and prosperity of the capital, making it a less viable location for the empire's seat of power. Consequently, the leaders decided to relocate the capital to Borno, situated southwest of Lake Chad. This new location in Borno offered a safer and more defensible position against external threats, helping to ensure the continued growth and stability of the Kanem-Borno Empire.
By moving to Borno, the empire could better protect itself from invasions and maintain its influence and power in the region.
Question 12 Report
The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 was a turning point in the struggle against apartheid because it led to
Answer Details
The correct answer is Increased support for anti-apartheid policies. The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, where 69 people were killed by police during a peaceful protest, led to increased international condemnation of apartheid policies.
Question 13 Report
The amalgamation of 1914 resulted in the creation of
Answer Details
The amalgamation of 1914 resulted in the creation of separate administrative structures for North and South. It led to the unification of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria, creating distinct administrative regions.
Question 14 Report
One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was
Answer Details
One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was the imposition of the French legal system and civil code. This means that the French introduced their own laws and legal practices into the colonies they controlled. Instead of using the traditional or indigenous laws that the local people used, the territories had to follow the rules set by the French authorities.
This change had significant repercussions:
Overall, the imposition of the French legal system and civil code was a key tool of colonial administration and control, shaping the governance and social fabric of the West African regions affected by French colonialism. It left a lasting legacy that continued to influence the legal systems of many West African countries even after gaining independence.
Question 15 Report
Which economic factor was a major influence behind the 1914 amalgamation?
Answer Details
The desire to unify currency systems was a major economic factor behind the 1914 amalgamation of Nigeria. The British colonial administration aimed to streamline economic policies and governance by unifying the currency systems in the region.
Question 16 Report
The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to
Answer Details
The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to the control of trans-Saharan trade routes. The location of the Kanem-Borno Empire was strategic as it was situated in a region that connected the North African trade networks with Sub-Saharan Africa. This allowed the empire to become a critical hub for traders passing through these routes. Through controlling these trade routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire was able to collect taxes and tariffs, accumulating wealth that was crucial for its growth and stability.
The trans-Saharan trade routes facilitated the exchange of valuable goods such as salt, gold, and slaves. These goods were in high demand, making the trade routes highly valuable. By dominating these routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire could ensure they benefited economically, which contributed significantly to their power and influence in the region.
The wealth generated from this trade was used to strengthen and expand the empire's infrastructure, military, and influence. This, in turn, allowed for the sustained growth of the empire and enabled it to engage in further diplomatic relations and sometimes conquests, contributing to its overall prominence and durability throughout history.
Question 17 Report
Christian missionary activities in Liberia were primarily dominated by which denomination in the 19th century?
Answer Details
In the 19th century, Christian missionary activities in Liberia were primarily dominated by the Methodist denomination. This was largely because the Methodist Episcopal Church was actively involved in the early beginnings of Liberia, especially since the country was established as a settlement for freed African-American slaves from the United States.
The Methodists contributed significantly to the religious and educational landscape of Liberia. They established schools and churches, playing a crucial role in the socio-cultural development of the nation during its formative years. Their influence was profound, as they were among the first to introduce formal education and Christian teachings to the Liberian people.
Thus, considering their substantial early involvement and lasting impact, the Methodist Church stands out as the principal denomination involved in missionary work in Liberia during the 19th century.
Question 18 Report
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in 1973 declaring apartheid as a
Answer Details
In 1973, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that declared apartheid as a crime against humanity. This was a significant international stance against the apartheid policies that were being practiced in South Africa at the time, which involved systemic racial segregation and discrimination primarily against non-white populations. By labeling it as a crime against humanity, the UN emphasized the severe human rights violations and the global responsibility to combat and end such practices.
The declaration was not merely directed at South Africa's domestic policy or its legal system, but rather it was a strong condemnation of the **injustice and inhumane treatment** that apartheid represented on a broader, universal level. The term crime against humanity signifies that apartheid's effects go beyond local or national boundaries, recognizing it as a moral and ethical issue that should concern everyone around the world.
Question 19 Report
Which constitution laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria?
Answer Details
The constitution that laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria is the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954. This constitution was significant because it introduced a formal federal structure in the country. Prior to this, Nigeria operated under a unitary system where powers and authority were centralized.
The Lyttleton Constitution achieved several things:
Overall, the Lyttleton Constitution was a clear departure from the centralized systems of governance that preceded it and laid an essential groundwork for the development of a federal system in Nigeria.
Question 20 Report
Which ancient civilization built the Great Zimbabwe?
Answer Details
The Great Zimbabwe was built by the Shona civilization. The correct option that matches this answer is "The Shona'. The Shona people constructed the Great Zimbabwe, which was a significant ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Question 21 Report
Which Christian missionary is credited with the translation of the Bible into Yoruba?
Answer Details
The Christian missionary credited with the translation of the Bible into Yoruba is Samuel Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a prominent figure in the spread of Christianity in West Africa during the 19th century. Born in 1809 in what is now Nigeria, he was captured by slave traders but eventually liberated by the British. He became a dedicated Christian, went on to study theology, and became the first African Anglican Bishop.
His significant achievement was the translation of the Bible into Yoruba, which greatly facilitated the spread of Christianity among the Yoruba-speaking population. His work not only made religious texts accessible to more people but also had a lasting impact on education and literacy in Nigeria. The translation process involved a deep understanding of both the source language and the culture of the target audience, ensuring that the messages were conveyed accurately and meaningfully.
Therefore, Samuel Ajayi Crowther's contributions were crucial in the development of the Yoruba language and the propagation of Christianity in the region.
Question 22 Report
The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War was exacerbated by
Answer Details
The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War, often referred to as the Biafran War, was primarily exacerbated by a blockade imposed by the Nigerian government on Biafra. This war, which lasted from 1967 to 1970, was marked by severe humanitarian suffering, especially in the Biafran region.
Here is why the blockade was a significant factor:
While other factors like the destruction of infrastructure and international sanctions played roles in the conflict, it was the blockade imposed by the Nigerian government that most acutely amplified the humanitarian crisis.
Question 23 Report
Which of the following was a significant factor in the rise of Nigerian nationalism in the early 20th century?
Answer Details
In the early 20th century, a significant factor in the rise of Nigerian nationalism was the British colonial policy of indirect rule. This policy, introduced by the British, meant that they governed the colonies by using local traditional leaders and existing indigenous political structures. While this system was cost-effective for the British, it led to several unintended consequences that fueled Nigerian nationalism.
Firstly, by relying on local rulers, it allowed Nigerians to maintain some level of traditional governance and institutions, which kept the spirit of self-determination alive. People began to see the contradictions in British governance and started asserting their desire for greater participation in their own governance.
Secondly, the indirect rule often led to the empowerment of local leaders who sometimes prioritized colonial interests over the needs of their own people. This caused dissatisfaction among the populace, who began to demand change and more control over their political futures.
Lastly, the education and exposure of many Nigerians to Western ideas of democracy and self-government further galvanized efforts towards nationalism, as educated Nigerians began to actively push for reforms and self-rule.
In summary, the indirect rule policy indirectly strengthened the resolve among Nigerians to control their own governance, contributing significantly to the rise of nationalism. This set the stage for the eventual quest for independence from colonial rule.
Question 24 Report
The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan was primarily a response to
Answer Details
The Mahdiyya Movement in Sudan was primarily a response to **Egyptian and Ottoman control**.
This movement emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against the political domination and social strain imposed by the Egyptian rulers who were under the influence and authority of the Ottoman Empire. The local Sudanese population experienced heavy taxation and social injustice under this regime, and there was a sense of nationalistic and religious fervor to liberate Sudan from foreign rule.
The leader of this movement, Muhammad Ahmad, proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the "Guided One," believed to be an Islamic messianic figure. His declaration and guidance were rooted in the belief that he would restore justice, reform Islam, and remove foreign imperialism and corrupt local practices.
Thus, the Mahdiyya Movement was fundamentally driven by **the desire to overthrow the existing control of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire**, intending to establish a self-governed state based on Islamic principles and Sudanese national identity.
Question 25 Report
The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of which commodity?
Answer Details
The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of gold. The Ashanti Empire, located in the region that is now modern-day Ghana, was rich in gold resources. This abundance of gold was a significant asset that attracted trade and commerce with various groups and empires, including the Europeans. The wealth generated from gold trade contributed to the growth of political power, military strength, and economic prosperity of the Ashanti Empire, making it one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during its peak.
Question 26 Report
Which economic policy introduced by the Buhari regime had a significant impact on Nigeria's foreign exchange market?
Answer Details
The economic policy introduced by the Buhari regime that significantly impacted Nigeria's foreign exchange market was the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). SAP was implemented in the mid-1980s, during the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida, but its foundation was laid during the Buhari regime as Nigeria faced economic instability.
The program aimed to manage the country's crippling foreign debt and improve economic conditions through a series of reforms. The Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) primarily focused on the liberalization of the foreign exchange market. Here’s how it worked:
The implementation of SAP had a profound impact, as it led to a more market-determined exchange rate system. However, it also had mixed effects, with some adverse outcomes like inflation and increased cost of living, but it was crucial in adjusting the exchange rate mechanism. Therefore, the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) stands out as the policy with a significant impact on Nigeria's foreign exchange market.
Question 27 Report
Which Islamic reform leader established the Massina Empire in present-day Mali?
Answer Details
The Islamic reform leader who established the **Massina Empire** in present-day Mali was **Ahmad Lobbo**. He was a prominent Muslim scholar and military leader in the 19th century. Ahmad Lobbo led a movement to spread and enforce Islamic practices within the region. The Massina Empire emerged as part of a series of 19th-century Islamic states in West Africa, and it was particularly known for its strict adherence to the principles of the **Maliki School** of Islamic jurisprudence. Lobbo's leadership and religious reforms had a significant impact on the socio-political landscape of the area, promoting Islamic values and governance.
Question 28 Report
The rise of consular authority in Africa during the colonial era involved
Answer Details
The rise of consular authority in Africa during the colonial era primarily involved European consuls exercising political and economic control in their respective regions. During this period, European powers sought to exert influence over African territories, and one of the ways they accomplished this was through the establishment of consular offices. These consuls acted as representatives of their respective colonial governments and had a significant amount of authority in managing and overseeing the affairs in the regions where they were stationed.
These consuls were responsible for ensuring that European interests were protected and they often had a hand in shaping the political landscape in these areas. This control extended to economic activities, as these consular offices often played a crucial role in managing and facilitating trade between the European colonies and their home countries.
While consuls did have a significant amount of power, it's essential to understand that African engagement, such as the promotion of African trade unions and cooperatives or the establishment of local African consulates, were not primary components of the rise of consular authority. Instead, the focus remained on maintaining European dominance and control throughout the colonial territories.
In summary, the essence of the rise of consular authority was about European consuls taking charge of political and economic matters to further European interests in African regions during that era.
Question 29 Report
Which leader, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century?
Answer Details
The leader who established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, was Seku Amadu.
Seku Amadu, also known as Amadu Hammadi Bubu, was a Fulani Islamic leader and reformer. Under the inspiration of the reformist ideology of the Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Usman dan Fodio, Seku Amadu sought to establish a similar religious and political structure in what is now modern-day Mali. The Sokoto Caliphate, established in present-day Nigeria, was known for its promotion of Islamic governance based on Sharia law.
In the early 19th century, Seku Amadu led a jihad to overthrow the existing local traditional rulers in the region of Masina. This resulted in the creation of the Massina Empire, also referred to as the Massina Theocratic State, where Islamic laws and educational systems were strictly enforced. The legacy of Seku Amadu's rule highlights the spread and influence of Islamic governance in West Africa during this period, modeled after other successful theocratic states like the Sokoto Caliphate.
Question 30 Report
The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by
Answer Details
The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by a lack of experienced administrative personnel and leadership.
When many African countries gained independence in the mid-20th century, they faced the colossal task of establishing new political structures. However, this process was hindered by a shortage of individuals who had experience in running administrative and governmental functions. During the colonial period, most of the key administrative roles were held by the colonial powers, and the native population was often excluded from high-level decision-making positions. This resulted in a significant gap in expertise and skills necessary to manage new state institutions effectively.
Furthermore, leadership was crucial to steer nations through the complexities of political transition. Many newly independent states struggled to find leaders who had both the vision and the experience needed to forge national unity while establishing stable governance systems. This lack of experienced leadership often led to political instability and weakened governance.
As a result, without the foundation of seasoned administrative and leadership skills, newly independent African states faced numerous challenges in building political institutions that were capable of fostering democracy, development, and national cohesion.
Question 31 Report
Indirect rule was most successful in
Answer Details
The concept of indirect rule refers to a system of governance used by the British during their colonial rule, whereby they utilized existing traditional power structures and local leaders to administer colonial territories. Indirect rule was particularly successful in Northern Nigeria.
Northern Nigeria had a well-established system of governance through the Emirate system, which the British found to be efficient for administration. The Emirs, who were traditional rulers, had significant influence and respect among their people. The British colonial administration leveraged these existing hierarchies to implement their rule, thereby maintaining peace and order, as well as reducing administrative costs.
The success in the north contrasted with other regions like Eastern Nigeria, where centralized traditional authority structures were less defined. In the east, the people were organized into smaller, segmented societies without a dominant central figure equivalent to the northern emirs, which made the implementation of indirect rule more challenging.
Similarly, in Southern Nigeria and the Niger Delta region, the complexity and diversity of ethnic groups and socio-political organizations made indirect rule less effective. The British faced difficulties in finding equivalent local leaders to work with as they did in the north.
Therefore, the significant presence of an organized and influential traditional governance system explains why indirect rule was most successful in Northern Nigeria.
Question 32 Report
The infamous Middle Passage refers to
Answer Details
The infamous Middle Passage refers to the journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It wa
a horrific and inhumane voyage that resulted in immense suffering and loss of life among the enslaved population.
Question 33 Report
The Satiru Uprising of 1906 was a significant event in colonial Nigeria. What was the primary cause of this rebellion?
Answer Details
The primary cause of the Satiru Uprising of 1906 was resistance to the imposition of colonial rule. The British colonial rule was seen as oppressive and exploitative, leading to various uprisings and rebellions across Nigeria.
Question 34 Report
The fall of which kingdom marked a significant milestone in the British conquest of the Nigerian area?
Answer Details
The correct answer is Benin Kingdom in 1897. The fall of the Benin Kingdom marked a significant milestone in the British conquest of the Nigerian area as it led to the British annexation of Benin and the looting of valuable artifacts.
Question 35 Report
One of the key factors that led to military intervention in Nigeria's First Republic was
Answer Details
One of the key factors that led to military intervention in Nigeria's First Republic was widespread corruption and political instability. During this period, there were significant levels of corruption within the government, leading to a loss of trust among the citizens and creating tension between different ethnic and political groups.
The political instability was further exacerbated by disputed elections and uneven distribution of power among the regions, which led to constant political unrest and violence. This environment made it difficult for the government to function effectively and maintain order, creating an opportunity for the military to step in as a stabilizing force.
The perception that civilian leaders were ineffective in handling national issues and ensuring fair governance led to dissatisfaction among the people and within the military ranks. As a result, the military viewed intervention as necessary to restore order and integrity in governance.
In summary, the combination of widespread corruption and political instability created a situation where the military felt compelled to intervene in Nigeria's First Republic to bring about peace and reform.
Question 36 Report
Which of the following best describes the main cause of the Mfecane?
Answer Details
The main cause of the Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa during the early 19th century, can be best described as competition over scarce resources.
During this time, various African communities were facing significant pressures due to several factors, including population growth and environmental changes. These pressures led to increased competition for land, water, and grazing resources, essential for the subsistence and expansion of communities. As different groups sought to expand their territories and access these vital resources, conflicts arose. These conflicts often resulted in migration, warfare, and social upheaval as groups sought to secure their survival and dominance.
While the spread of Christianity, European colonization, and internal trade disputes played roles in the broader historical context of the region, they were not the primary drivers of the Mfecane. Instead, the competition over scarce resources was the fundamental factor that triggered the extensive migrations and conflicts characteristic of this period.
Question 37 Report
Which of the following cash crops became highly significant in Nigeria during the colonial period?
Answer Details
During the colonial period in Nigeria, cocoa became highly significant as a cash crop. Cocoa was introduced to Nigeria by the British, and its cultivation spread notably in the southwestern regions, primarily in areas like the Western and Midwestern states. This was due to the suitable climate and fertile soil found in these regions, which are conducive for growing cocoa.
Cocoa quickly became an essential crop for a number of reasons:
Overall, the significance of cocoa during the colonial period was primarily due to its high economic value, which helped establish Nigeria as a major cocoa producer on the global stage.
Question 38 Report
Mohammed Ali's economic reforms in Egypt included
Answer Details
Mohammed Ali, who is sometimes referred to as the modern founder of Egypt, implemented significant economic reforms during the early 19th century. These reforms were mainly aimed at transforming Egypt into a powerful and self-sufficient state. One of the key components of his economic reforms was the establishment of state monopolies over key industries.
Here's a breakdown of what this entailed:
In summary, Mohammed Ali’s reforms focused on creating a strong, centrally-controlled state economy with state monopolies over key industries to ensure economic independence and promote industrial growth. This contrasts with ideas like a free market economy and privatization, which advocate for less government control and more private sector involvement. Instead, Mohammed Ali's approach was about empowering the state to guide and sustain economic development.
Question 39 Report
One of Gowon's major achievements was the hosting of which international event in Lagos in 1973?
Answer Details
One of Gowon's major achievements was the hosting of the All-Africa Games in Lagos in 1973. This event was significant as it was the second edition of the All-Africa Games, which is a continental multi-sport event held every four years. Organized by the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa, it follows a format similar to the Olympic Games but is focused on bringing together athletes from across Africa.
The successful hosting of the games showcased Nigeria's capability to facilitate a major international sporting event. It helped in promoting unity among African countries and provided a platform for African athletes to demonstrate their talents. The occasion was particularly momentous for Nigeria, as it not only highlighted the country's growing influence and leadership on the African continent but also fostered a spirit of continental camaraderie.
Overall, hosting the All-Africa Games was a milestone in Gowon's administration, reflecting Nigeria's prominence in the African sporting arena during that era.
Question 40 Report
The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. It was a standoff between which two superpowers?
Answer Details
The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was a dramatic 13-day confrontation during which the world came perilously close to nuclear war. It was a standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. This crisis stemmed from the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was only 90 miles from the U.S. coast.
To understand the importance of this event, it's crucial to note the global context at the time. The world was in the middle of the Cold War, a period of intense rivalry and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, who were the two superpowers leading massive military blocs. During this era, both nations amassed large stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and their ideological conflict had significant global implications.
The crisis began when the United States, under President John F. Kennedy's leadership, identified that the Soviet Union had secretly installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. These missiles had the capacity to strike major U.S. cities, posing a direct threat to national security.
After a tense period of negotiation, President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reached an agreement. The Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba and later removing U.S. missiles from Turkey.
The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis is seen as a pivotal moment in history because it prevented the escalation into a full-scale nuclear war. This event highlighted the need for clear communication and established direct communication lines between the two superpowers, leading to future arms control agreements.
In summary, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a critical standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union, and its resolution helped avert a potential nuclear catastrophe.
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