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Question 1 Report
Seku Amadu initiated a jihad in the early 19th century and established the Massina Empire. His jihad was primarily against
Answer Details
Seku Amadu initiated a jihad against the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was a powerful Islamic state in the region, and Seku Amadu's jihad was aimed at challenging their authority and establishing his own empire.
Question 2 Report
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in 1973 declaring apartheid as a
Answer Details
In 1973, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that declared apartheid as a crime against humanity. This was a significant international stance against the apartheid policies that were being practiced in South Africa at the time, which involved systemic racial segregation and discrimination primarily against non-white populations. By labeling it as a crime against humanity, the UN emphasized the severe human rights violations and the global responsibility to combat and end such practices.
The declaration was not merely directed at South Africa's domestic policy or its legal system, but rather it was a strong condemnation of the **injustice and inhumane treatment** that apartheid represented on a broader, universal level. The term crime against humanity signifies that apartheid's effects go beyond local or national boundaries, recognizing it as a moral and ethical issue that should concern everyone around the world.
Question 3 Report
Which Islamic reform leader established the Massina Empire in present-day Mali?
Answer Details
The Islamic reform leader who established the **Massina Empire** in present-day Mali was **Ahmad Lobbo**. He was a prominent Muslim scholar and military leader in the 19th century. Ahmad Lobbo led a movement to spread and enforce Islamic practices within the region. The Massina Empire emerged as part of a series of 19th-century Islamic states in West Africa, and it was particularly known for its strict adherence to the principles of the **Maliki School** of Islamic jurisprudence. Lobbo's leadership and religious reforms had a significant impact on the socio-political landscape of the area, promoting Islamic values and governance.
Question 4 Report
One major effect of the establishment of Native Authorities was
Answer Details
The establishment of Native Authorities had a significant effect on the empowerment of traditional rulers within the colonial administration. During the colonial era, European powers sought ways to administer their colonies efficiently and with minimal resistance. One approach they adopted was the system of indirect rule, where local traditional rulers were incorporated into the colonial governance structure. This meant that these rulers were given roles and responsibilities within the colonial administration, hence they were empowered in several ways.
Firstly, traditional rulers were entrusted with enforcing colonial laws and collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government. This increased their influence and authority within their communities.
Secondly, they played an intermediary role by acting as a link between the colonial authorities and the local people, thus gaining some level of political significance.
Lastly, while the empowerment of traditional rulers helped the colonial administration maintain control, it also meant that these rulers were sometimes restricted in their actions and had to balance their traditional roles with their new administrative duties.
In summary, the establishment of Native Authorities led to the **empowerment** of traditional rulers within the colonial framework, enabling them to play substantial roles in governance under the indirect rule system.
Question 5 Report
The apartheid policy of "separate development" was also known as
Answer Details
The apartheid policy of "separate development" was also known as **Homelands** or **Bantustans**.
This policy was part of South Africa's apartheid system, a racial segregation system institutionalized in 1948. The concept was to create **self-governing territories** referred to as **Bantustans** or **Homelands**. The primary aim was to give an illusion of independence to divide the country into various **ethnically distinct areas** for different African ethnic groups. The government justified this policy by claiming it allowed for the development of self-determination among the black South African population. However, in reality, these areas were often economically disadvantaged and lacked genuine autonomy.
It's important to understand that this was a measure to enforce racial separation and reinforce the idea of white supremacy by keeping majority black South Africans outside of meaningful political, economic, and urban life within South Africa.
Question 6 Report
Which of the following social changes was a direct result of urbanization in colonial Nigeria?
Answer Details
Urbanization in colonial Nigeria resulted in significant social changes. Among the options provided, the growth of labor unions and political activism was a direct outcome of urbanization.
Here's why:
1. **Emergence of New Economic Opportunities:** As cities grew, they became centers of economic activities, providing job opportunities in industries, transport, trade, and administration. People from various backgrounds, including rural areas, migrated to urban centers in search of better opportunities.
2. **Increase in Labor Force:** The influx of people into cities resulted in a significant increase in the labor force. This concentrated workforce found themselves with a common interest in improving their working and living conditions, which laid the foundation for the formation of labor unions.
3. **Formation of Unions:** Labor unions were formed to address issues such as fair wages, decent working conditions, and workers' rights. These unions played a crucial role in articulating the challenges faced by workers and negotiating on their behalf, which was a direct impact of urbanization.
4. **Rise of Political Activism:** As labor unions grew, they became a platform for political activism. Workers' demands extended beyond labor issues; they began to address broader socio-political concerns, such as independence from colonial rule and self-governance. This activism gradually became an essential part of Nigeria's political landscape, influencing the push for independence.
In contrast, urbanization did not lead to the complete assimilation of Nigerian elites into British culture, the immediate decline of traditional chieftaincy institutions, or the eradication of ethnic and regional differences. While these may have been influenced indirectly, the direct social change was the rise of labor unions and political awareness among the urban populace.
Question 7 Report
Which Christian missionary is credited with the translation of the Bible into Yoruba?
Answer Details
The Christian missionary credited with the translation of the Bible into Yoruba is Samuel Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a prominent figure in the spread of Christianity in West Africa during the 19th century. Born in 1809 in what is now Nigeria, he was captured by slave traders but eventually liberated by the British. He became a dedicated Christian, went on to study theology, and became the first African Anglican Bishop.
His significant achievement was the translation of the Bible into Yoruba, which greatly facilitated the spread of Christianity among the Yoruba-speaking population. His work not only made religious texts accessible to more people but also had a lasting impact on education and literacy in Nigeria. The translation process involved a deep understanding of both the source language and the culture of the target audience, ensuring that the messages were conveyed accurately and meaningfully.
Therefore, Samuel Ajayi Crowther's contributions were crucial in the development of the Yoruba language and the propagation of Christianity in the region.
Question 8 Report
The Pan-African Congress of 1945, which called for an end to colonial rule in Africa, was held in which city?
Answer Details
The Pan-African Congress of 1945, which is historically significant for calling for an end to colonial rule in Africa, was held in Manchester. This congress was a pivotal event in the movement toward independence for many African countries. It brought together African leaders and activists from around the world to discuss strategies and strengthen the push against colonialism. The congress in Manchester marked a critical moment where the collective voices of Africans were united to demand their rights and set the stage for the decolonization efforts that followed soon after.
Question 9 Report
The Omani Sultanate's control over Zanzibar led to
Answer Details
The Omani Sultanate's control over Zanzibar significantly impacted the region, particularly through the establishment of a major center for the East African slave trade. Zanzibar became a crucial hub for the trade of slaves, along with spices and other goods, and operated predominantly under the influence of Omani Arab merchants.
This period saw Zanzibar flourish as a bustling trading center due to its strategic location along the East African coast. The island's economy was heavily reliant on the export of goods, most notably cloves, which attracted traders from different parts of the world. However, the island's prominence as a major slave trading post remained a defining characteristic of this era.
The Omani control did not lead to a widespread conversion to Christianity or the complete cessation of the slave trade, as slaves were still largely sought after for labor on clove plantations and other enterprises. Additionally, the Omani influence did not create a unified East African political entity, as their rule was mainly focused on economic gains and trade dominance rather than political unification.
Question 10 Report
Christian missionary activities in Liberia were primarily dominated by which denomination in the 19th century?
Answer Details
In the 19th century, Christian missionary activities in Liberia were primarily dominated by the Methodist denomination. This was largely because the Methodist Episcopal Church was actively involved in the early beginnings of Liberia, especially since the country was established as a settlement for freed African-American slaves from the United States.
The Methodists contributed significantly to the religious and educational landscape of Liberia. They established schools and churches, playing a crucial role in the socio-cultural development of the nation during its formative years. Their influence was profound, as they were among the first to introduce formal education and Christian teachings to the Liberian people.
Thus, considering their substantial early involvement and lasting impact, the Methodist Church stands out as the principal denomination involved in missionary work in Liberia during the 19th century.
Question 11 Report
The Ebira people, also from the Niger-Benue Valley, are known for their resistance to which British colonial policy in the early 20th century?
Answer Details
The Ebira people, located in the Niger-Benue Valley, are notably recognized for their active resistance against the British colonial policy of Indirect rule in the early 20th century.
In this policy, the British sought to govern their colonies by using local traditional power structures and leaders to enforce colonial governance. This system was designed to make administration more efficient and less costly. However, the Ebira people, under the leadership of their paramount leader, resisted this approach vehemently.
The core of their resistance was driven by a strong desire to maintain their autonomy and traditional system of governance, as they felt the indirect rule undermined their cultural and political identity. They viewed the installation of British-appointed local leaders as a direct challenge to their traditional authority and societal structure.
The resistance by the Ebira is a significant example of how indigenous communities reacted to colonial strategies that attempted to blend traditional leadership with colonial oversight, often leading to conflicts and a struggle for cultural preservation.
Question 12 Report
The role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in post-apartheid South Africa was to
Answer Details
The role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in post-apartheid South Africa was primarily to investigate human rights violations and promote national healing. Established in 1995 after the end of apartheid, the TRC's main objective was to help South Africans come to terms with their past by uncovering the truth about the atrocities committed during apartheid. This process involved listening to the testimonies of victims and perpetrators of human rights abuses and documenting these events to ensure that they were acknowledged and addressed.
By focusing on truth-telling and acknowledgment, the TRC aimed to facilitate a process of national healing and reconciliation. It provided a platform where victims could share their experiences and perpetrators could confess their actions, sometimes in exchange for amnesty. This helped to foster understanding and forgiveness among South Africans and sought to prevent such violations from happening again. The TRC's efforts were crucial in building a more unified and peaceful society, allowing South Africa to transition from a divided apartheid state to a democratic nation.
Question 13 Report
The primary economic activity that drew Europeans to Nigeria in the early period was
Answer Details
In the early period, the **primary economic activity** that drew Europeans to Nigeria was the **transatlantic slave trade**. This trade began in the 15th century and continued into the 19th century. Europeans were heavily involved in the capture, buying, and selling of enslaved Africans, primarily for labor in the Americas.
The **slave trade** was immensely profitable for European traders, as African slaves were exchanged for goods like guns, textiles, and manufactured products. These goods were then sold for high prices in Europe and the Americas. The coastal regions of Nigeria became key locations for the exchange of slaves due to their ability to access the interior where the enslaved individuals were captured.
While **agricultural exports** and other industries did play a role in Nigeria’s interaction with Europeans, it was not until the abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century that these activities became more prominent. After slavery was banned, Europeans shifted their focus to agricultural products like palm oil, cocoa, and groundnuts, which were highly valuable as raw materials for industries back in Europe.
In summary, although **textile manufacturing** and **agricultural exports** were important economic activities, it was the **transatlantic slave trade** that initially attracted European interest and economic involvement in Nigeria.
Question 14 Report
Which treaty did Menelik II reject, leading to the Italian invasion and the subsequent Battle of Adwa?
Answer Details
The treaty that Menelik II rejected, which led to the Italian invasion and the subsequent Battle of Adwa, was the Treaty of Wuchale. Signed in 1889 between Italy and Ethiopia, this treaty was intended to establish a friendship and define boundaries.
However, a dispute arose over the translation of a key article in the treaty. The Italian version implied that Ethiopia agreed to become a protectorate of Italy, giving Italy significant control over Ethiopian foreign affairs. In contrast, the Ethiopian version did not reflect such a commitment. Menelik II, recognizing the loss of sovereignty that the Italian version entailed, rejected this interpretation, seeing it as a threat to Ethiopian independence.
Menelik's refusal to accept the Italian version of the treaty led to tensions that escalated into the First Italo-Ethiopian War. This culminated in the Battle of Adwa in 1896, where Ethiopian forces, under the leadership of Menelik II, decisively defeated the Italian army. The victory helped Ethiopia maintain its independence and assert its sovereignty on the world stage.
Question 15 Report
Which of the following was a significant factor in the rise of Nigerian nationalism in the early 20th century?
Answer Details
In the early 20th century, a significant factor in the rise of Nigerian nationalism was the British colonial policy of indirect rule. This policy, introduced by the British, meant that they governed the colonies by using local traditional leaders and existing indigenous political structures. While this system was cost-effective for the British, it led to several unintended consequences that fueled Nigerian nationalism.
Firstly, by relying on local rulers, it allowed Nigerians to maintain some level of traditional governance and institutions, which kept the spirit of self-determination alive. People began to see the contradictions in British governance and started asserting their desire for greater participation in their own governance.
Secondly, the indirect rule often led to the empowerment of local leaders who sometimes prioritized colonial interests over the needs of their own people. This caused dissatisfaction among the populace, who began to demand change and more control over their political futures.
Lastly, the education and exposure of many Nigerians to Western ideas of democracy and self-government further galvanized efforts towards nationalism, as educated Nigerians began to actively push for reforms and self-rule.
In summary, the indirect rule policy indirectly strengthened the resolve among Nigerians to control their own governance, contributing significantly to the rise of nationalism. This set the stage for the eventual quest for independence from colonial rule.
Question 16 Report
Khedive Ismail's ambitious modernization projects in Egypt led to
Answer Details
Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt in the 19th century, and he had a grand vision to modernize the country, hoping to make it part of Europe. His ambitious projects included developing infrastructure, such as building railways and the Suez Canal, as well as modernizing the economy, military, and education system.
However, these ambitious plans required a lot of money. To finance his projects, Khedive Ismail borrowed heavily from European banks. As a result, Egypt accumulated massive debt. His efforts to transform Egypt were far more expensive than the country could afford. This financial strain eventually led to a situation where Egypt was unable to pay back its loans.
The inability to repay these loans gave European powers, particularly Britain and France, control over Egyptian finances. They began to dictate Egyptian economic policies to ensure the repayment of their loans. Eventually, this led to a significant loss of Egyptian sovereignty, and in 1879, Khedive Ismail was deposed by pressures from these European powers.
In summary, Khedive Ismail's modernization projects resulted in massive debt and eventual control by European powers, rather than making Egypt an independent economic powerhouse or leading to the full industrialization or unification of the Arab world. The consequences were long-lasting, leaving Egypt under foreign financial control and influence.
Question 17 Report
The Nupe rulers, known as the Emir, exercised control through
Answer Details
The Nupe rulers, known as the Emir, exercised control through a complex system of provincial governors and military commanders. This governance structure allowed them to effectively manage and oversee their territory. By delegating authority to provincial governors, the Emir could extend their influence and maintain order across various regions under their control. The military commanders played a crucial role in providing security and enforcing the Emir's laws and directives, ensuring the stability and continuity of rule. This approach allowed for a well-organized and structured administration, enabling the Emir to exert power and control over the Nupe Kingdom efficiently.
Question 18 Report
The Battle of Blood River in 1838 was fought between the Boers and which indigenous group?
Answer Details
The Battle of Blood River, which took place on December 16, 1838, was fought between the Boers, who were Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa, and the Zulus, a powerful indigenous group in the region. The Boers, led by Andries Pretorius, were a part of the Great Trek, which was a movement of settlers who left the Cape Colony in search of land and independence.
The Zulus were a dominant military power in the area under the leadership of their king, Dingane. Conflict arose due to tensions over land and resources as the Boers encroached on territories traditionally inhabited by the Zulus. The battle was notable for the use of laager tactics by the Boers, who formed a defensive circle with their wagons to fend off the Zulu warriors.
The Boers' strategic formation and superior firepower led to their victory. The event is considered significant in South African history, as it marked a turning point in the country's colonial dynamics, with the Boers gaining influence and territory.
Thus, the indigenous group involved in the Battle of Blood River with the Boers was the Zulus.
Question 19 Report
The rise of nationalist movements in Nigeria was significantly influenced by
Answer Details
The rise of nationalist movements in Nigeria was significantly influenced by World War II and the Atlantic Charter. Before World War II, Nigeria was a British colony, and the colonial system limited the political and economic rights of the Nigerian people. However, during and after World War II, several factors contributed to the growth of nationalism in Nigeria.
First, World War II exposed Nigerians to ideas of freedom and self-determination as many Nigerians served in the war alongside British forces. They became aware of the universal aspirations for freedom and were inspired to seek similar liberties for themselves at home. The experiences during the war helped many Nigerians realize the disparities in treatment and rights between themselves and their colonial rulers, leading to an increased desire for independence.
Furthermore, the Atlantic Charter, a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II by the United States and the United Kingdom, advocated for the rights of all people to self-determination. Although initially aimed at nations opposing Axis powers, the principles of the Charter resonated with colonized people worldwide, including Nigerians. They seized upon the ideals of self-governance and equality as an impetus to challenge colonial rule and to demand political and economic autonomy.
Consequently, the combination of wartime experiences and the principles espoused in the Atlantic Charter propelled Nigerian leaders and the general population to organize and push for independence from British control, leading to the rise of nationalist movements in the country.
Question 20 Report
Which leader, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century?
Answer Details
The leader who established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, was Seku Amadu.
Seku Amadu, also known as Amadu Hammadi Bubu, was a Fulani Islamic leader and reformer. Under the inspiration of the reformist ideology of the Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Usman dan Fodio, Seku Amadu sought to establish a similar religious and political structure in what is now modern-day Mali. The Sokoto Caliphate, established in present-day Nigeria, was known for its promotion of Islamic governance based on Sharia law.
In the early 19th century, Seku Amadu led a jihad to overthrow the existing local traditional rulers in the region of Masina. This resulted in the creation of the Massina Empire, also referred to as the Massina Theocratic State, where Islamic laws and educational systems were strictly enforced. The legacy of Seku Amadu's rule highlights the spread and influence of Islamic governance in West Africa during this period, modeled after other successful theocratic states like the Sokoto Caliphate.
Question 21 Report
The Satiru Uprising of 1906 was a significant event in colonial Nigeria. What was the primary cause of this rebellion?
Answer Details
The primary cause of the Satiru Uprising of 1906 was resistance to the imposition of colonial rule. The British colonial rule was seen as oppressive and exploitative, leading to various uprisings and rebellions across Nigeria.
Question 22 Report
The Yoruba city-state of Ibadan rose to prominence in the 19th century primarily due to
Answer Details
The Yoruba city-state of Ibadan rose to prominence in the 19th century primarily due to its military prowess. This was a period marked by warfare and competition among various Yoruba city-states. Ibadan successfully expanded its influence and territory by demonstrating remarkable military strength. The city was able to attract warlords, military leaders, and refugees seeking security and opportunities for power. This foundation of military strength allowed Ibadan to defend its territory and even dominate other Yoruba states. As a result, the city prospered economically and politically, becoming a dominant force in the region.
Although its location on major trade routes and other factors such as education and resources could have contributed to its development, it was the exceptional military capabilities and organization of its leaders that made Ibadan particularly prominent during this era.
Question 23 Report
Which of the following best describes the main cause of the Mfecane?
Answer Details
The main cause of the Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa during the early 19th century, can be best described as competition over scarce resources.
During this time, various African communities were facing significant pressures due to several factors, including population growth and environmental changes. These pressures led to increased competition for land, water, and grazing resources, essential for the subsistence and expansion of communities. As different groups sought to expand their territories and access these vital resources, conflicts arose. These conflicts often resulted in migration, warfare, and social upheaval as groups sought to secure their survival and dominance.
While the spread of Christianity, European colonization, and internal trade disputes played roles in the broader historical context of the region, they were not the primary drivers of the Mfecane. Instead, the competition over scarce resources was the fundamental factor that triggered the extensive migrations and conflicts characteristic of this period.
Question 24 Report
The arrival of the Portuguese on the West African coast in the 15th century marked the beginning of European influence in the region. Their primary interest was in
Answer Details
The arrival of the Portuguese on the West African coast in the 15th century was primarily driven by their interest in trading gold and spices. At that time, Europe had a high demand for these commodities, and the Portuguese were keen on finding new trade routes to Asia and Africa to capitalize on the rich resources found there.
Initially, the Portuguese were looking for direct access to the lucrative spice trade from Asia and gold from Africa without having to go through the middlemen in the Mediterranean. Later on, their focus also shifted towards other trade aspects including the trans-Atlantic slave trade, especially as the demand for labor in the New World colonies grew. However, it is important to note that their initial and primary interest was centered on trading valuable goods like gold and spices.
Question 25 Report
The Islamic reform movement led by Al-Hajj Umar Tall was characterized by
Answer Details
The Islamic reform movement led by Al-Hajj Umar Tall is best characterized by the establishment of a theocratic state in Senegal and the western Sudan.
Al-Hajj Umar Tall, a prominent West African scholar and religious leader, sought to reform Islam in the region. His movement was part of a broader Islamic revival during the 19th century, aimed at purifying the practice of Islam and ruling based on religious principles. To achieve this, he implemented a system of governance grounded in Islamic law, thereby establishing a theocratic state. This state was governed by religious leaders who sought to ensure that laws and social norms were aligned with Islamic teachings.
On the other hand, his movement was not primarily focused on introducing Western education or technology, nor was it characterized by alliances with European colonial powers, who were often seen as adversaries. Additionally, while trade may have been a factor in the region's economy, the chief goal of Al-Hajj Umar Tall was religious reform and the administration of a state guided by Islamic principles.
Question 26 Report
The activities of the British East Africa Company led to
Answer Details
The activities of the British East Africa Company primarily led to the establishment of protectorates in East Africa. This company was a commercial and imperialistic venture that played a significant role in the colonization efforts during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century. It was chartered by the British government to administer and develop the British interests in East Africa.
The British East Africa Company functioned as an agent of the British government, and its operations led to the establishment and administration of British protectorates in areas that are now part of Kenya and Uganda. The goal was to secure the region for British interests, manage resources, and facilitate trade routes for ivory and other goods. Moreover, establishing these protectorates also paved the way for the construction of infrastructure such as the Uganda Railway, connecting the interior to the coastal regions.
In summary, the company's actions were instrumental in laying the groundwork for British colonial rule in East Africa.
Question 27 Report
The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of which commodity?
Answer Details
The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of gold. The Ashanti Empire, located in the region that is now modern-day Ghana, was rich in gold resources. This abundance of gold was a significant asset that attracted trade and commerce with various groups and empires, including the Europeans. The wealth generated from gold trade contributed to the growth of political power, military strength, and economic prosperity of the Ashanti Empire, making it one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during its peak.
Question 28 Report
What was a significant change introduced by the Shehus in the administration of Borno?
Answer Details
The significant change introduced by the Shehus in the administration of Borno was the centralization of the military. This helped in strengthening the control and power of the Shehus over the region. The correct option that matches this answer is 'Centralization of the military'.
Question 29 Report
Nigeria's involvement in which UN agency has been crucial in addressing global health issues?
Answer Details
Nigeria's involvement in the World Health Organization (WHO) has been crucial in addressing global health issues. WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its main objectives include promoting health, keeping the world safe, and serving the vulnerable. Nigeria's participation in WHO involves collaboration on various health-related projects and initiatives.
Some key areas of Nigeria's involvement with WHO include:
Overall, Nigeria's involvement in WHO is pivotal for addressing and managing public health challenges not only within the country but also contributing to global health security and sustainability.
Question 30 Report
Which economic factor was a major influence behind the 1914 amalgamation?
Answer Details
The desire to unify currency systems was a major economic factor behind the 1914 amalgamation of Nigeria. The British colonial administration aimed to streamline economic policies and governance by unifying the currency systems in the region.
Question 31 Report
One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was
Answer Details
One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was the imposition of the French legal system and civil code. This means that the French introduced their own laws and legal practices into the colonies they controlled. Instead of using the traditional or indigenous laws that the local people used, the territories had to follow the rules set by the French authorities.
This change had significant repercussions:
Overall, the imposition of the French legal system and civil code was a key tool of colonial administration and control, shaping the governance and social fabric of the West African regions affected by French colonialism. It left a lasting legacy that continued to influence the legal systems of many West African countries even after gaining independence.
Question 32 Report
The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by
Answer Details
The challenge of building effective political institutions in newly independent African states has been exacerbated by a lack of experienced administrative personnel and leadership.
When many African countries gained independence in the mid-20th century, they faced the colossal task of establishing new political structures. However, this process was hindered by a shortage of individuals who had experience in running administrative and governmental functions. During the colonial period, most of the key administrative roles were held by the colonial powers, and the native population was often excluded from high-level decision-making positions. This resulted in a significant gap in expertise and skills necessary to manage new state institutions effectively.
Furthermore, leadership was crucial to steer nations through the complexities of political transition. Many newly independent states struggled to find leaders who had both the vision and the experience needed to forge national unity while establishing stable governance systems. This lack of experienced leadership often led to political instability and weakened governance.
As a result, without the foundation of seasoned administrative and leadership skills, newly independent African states faced numerous challenges in building political institutions that were capable of fostering democracy, development, and national cohesion.
Question 33 Report
Which of the following cash crops became highly significant in Nigeria during the colonial period?
Answer Details
During the colonial period in Nigeria, cocoa became highly significant as a cash crop. Cocoa was introduced to Nigeria by the British, and its cultivation spread notably in the southwestern regions, primarily in areas like the Western and Midwestern states. This was due to the suitable climate and fertile soil found in these regions, which are conducive for growing cocoa.
Cocoa quickly became an essential crop for a number of reasons:
Overall, the significance of cocoa during the colonial period was primarily due to its high economic value, which helped establish Nigeria as a major cocoa producer on the global stage.
Question 34 Report
Which Nigerian leader led the resistance against British colonization in the Aba Women's War of 1929?
Answer Details
The Aba Women's War of 1929, also known as the "Aba Women's Riots," was a significant event in Nigeria's colonial history where women mobilized to protest against the colonial policies imposed by the British. The leader associated with this resistance was Ikonna Nwanyi. She was one of the female leaders who played a crucial role in organizing and guiding the women during this protest.
This uprising was primarily triggered by the colonial administration's attempt to impose direct taxation on the women of southeastern Nigeria and the oppression they suffered under the colonial government. The women were particularly displeased about the plans to tax them and the disrespect shown by warrant chiefs, who were native officials selected by the British.
The women used the protest as an opportunity to articulate their grievances against the colonial system, demanding an end to unfair taxation, better representation, and the removal of corrupt chiefs. Although many women were involved in the riots, Ikonna Nwanyi's leadership symbolized the collective strength and resilience of Nigerian women confronting colonial powers. The Aba Women's War stands as an important demonstration of early resistance to colonial rule in Nigeria.
Question 35 Report
Which economic policy introduced by the Buhari regime had a significant impact on Nigeria's foreign exchange market?
Answer Details
The economic policy introduced by the Buhari regime that significantly impacted Nigeria's foreign exchange market was the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). SAP was implemented in the mid-1980s, during the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida, but its foundation was laid during the Buhari regime as Nigeria faced economic instability.
The program aimed to manage the country's crippling foreign debt and improve economic conditions through a series of reforms. The Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) primarily focused on the liberalization of the foreign exchange market. Here’s how it worked:
The implementation of SAP had a profound impact, as it led to a more market-determined exchange rate system. However, it also had mixed effects, with some adverse outcomes like inflation and increased cost of living, but it was crucial in adjusting the exchange rate mechanism. Therefore, the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) stands out as the policy with a significant impact on Nigeria's foreign exchange market.
Question 36 Report
The elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in which Nigerian cities?
Answer Details
The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is significant in Nigerian history as it introduced the **elective principle**, which allowed for elections for the first time in the country. This was a major shift from the previous system where all legislative members were appointed by the colonial government. However, it is important to note that this **elective principle** had limited reach.
Under the Clifford Constitution, elections were held only in designated areas. The cities that were granted the opportunity to elect members to the Legislative Council were **Lagos** and **Calabar**. These places were two of the more developed urban centers at the time and were considered the main cities with a sufficient number of eligible voters.
So, the correct cities where the elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in Nigeria are **Lagos** and **Calabar**. This electoral development laid the foundation for future expansions of the electoral process in Nigeria.
Question 37 Report
The Kanem-Borno Empire was one of the most powerful states in the Nigeria area during the 19th century. Its capital during this period was
Answer Details
During the 19th century, the capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire was Ngazargamu. This city served as the political and administrative center of the empire, showcasing its power and influence in the Nigeria area.
Question 38 Report
The fall of which kingdom marked a significant milestone in the British conquest of the Nigerian area?
Answer Details
The correct answer is Benin Kingdom in 1897. The fall of the Benin Kingdom marked a significant milestone in the British conquest of the Nigerian area as it led to the British annexation of Benin and the looting of valuable artifacts.
Question 39 Report
Which of the following was a major export commodity of the Oyo Empire during the pre-colonial period?
Answer Details
During the pre-colonial period, the Oyo Empire, which was one of the largest and most influential states in what is today Nigeria, was known for exporting kola nuts. Kola nuts are seeds from the kola tree and were highly prized in trading activities across West Africa due to their stimulating properties. They were often used in social and cultural rituals, as well as for their caffeine content, which made them valuable in trade.
While other commodities such as ivory, salt, and gold were significant in various African trade networks, kola nuts were distinctive as they were considered quite important in the domestic and regional trade of the Oyo Empire. The demand for kola nuts was strong, making them a major export of this empire during that time.
Question 40 Report
Which constitution laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria?
Answer Details
The constitution that laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria is the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954. This constitution was significant because it introduced a formal federal structure in the country. Prior to this, Nigeria operated under a unitary system where powers and authority were centralized.
The Lyttleton Constitution achieved several things:
Overall, the Lyttleton Constitution was a clear departure from the centralized systems of governance that preceded it and laid an essential groundwork for the development of a federal system in Nigeria.
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