JAMB UTME - History - 2021

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The Afrikaans Groot Trek, which was a migration of Boers from the Cape Colony in South Africa, took place between 1835 and 1840. This means that the correct answer is the first option: 1835/1840. During this time, the Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and felt that they were losing their independence and culture. They decided to leave the Cape Colony and head north, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. This journey, which took several years and was marked by many hardships and conflicts with indigenous peoples, is known as the Groot Trek. Ultimately, the Boers were successful in establishing several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal). However, these republics would eventually come into conflict with the British Empire, leading to the Anglo-Boer War in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) was founded under the leadership of Yakubu Gowon. Yakubu Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. In May 1975, he hosted the summit of the Heads of State and Government of West African countries in Lagos, Nigeria. During the summit, the idea of creating a regional economic community was proposed, and on May 28, 1975, the Treaty of Lagos was signed, establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The main objective of ECOWAS was to promote economic integration among West African countries and to create a common market for the region. It aimed to promote cooperation in trade, investment, agriculture, and industry, as well as to improve the transport and communication infrastructure of the region. Today, ECOWAS has expanded its scope to include political and security cooperation, as well as promoting democratic governance in the region. In summary, Yakubu Gowon, the head of state of Nigeria, was the leader under whose leadership ECOWAS was founded in 1975.

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Sierra Leone's name can be traced back to the 15th century when Portuguese explorers arrived on its shores. The name "Sierra Leone" is derived from the Portuguese phrase "Serra Leoa," which means "Lion Mountains." The name refers to the mountainous area around the capital, Freetown, which is located on a peninsula surrounded by hills. The Portuguese used the name to refer to the region's mountains, which they believed resembled a lion's profile when viewed from a distance. The name stuck and was later adopted by other European powers that colonized the region, including the British, who established a colony there in the late 18th century. So, the answer is Portuguese.

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At the bight of Benin, the ethnic group that occupied the interland include the Edo, Yoruba, Urhobo. The Bight of Benin is a bay on the West African coast, and in the past, it was an important region for trade and commerce. The interland, or the interior part of the region, was inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Edo, Yoruba, and Urhobo. The Edo people are the largest ethnic group in the region and they are the indigenous people of the Benin Kingdom, which was a pre-colonial African state located in what is now southern Nigeria. The Yoruba people are also a large ethnic group in the region and they are known for their rich cultural heritage, including art, music, and religion. The Urhobo people are a smaller ethnic group, but they also have a rich cultural heritage and have made significant contributions to the development of the region. These three ethnic groups, the Edo, Yoruba, and Urhobo, were among the groups that occupied the interland at the bight of Benin, and they continue to play important roles in the region to this day.

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The Savannah region in Nigeria was characterized by large vegetation. The Savannah is a type of ecosystem characterized by grasslands and scattered trees, and it covers a significant portion of Nigeria's northern region. The vegetation in this region is typically grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees, with a relatively open canopy that allows for easy movement and visibility. Due to its large vegetation, the Savannah region is home to a variety of wildlife, including antelopes, lions, and elephants, as well as many species of birds. In addition, the vegetation provides a source of food and shelter for local communities, who practice agriculture and pastoralism in the region. However, the Savannah region also faces challenges such as soil erosion, desertification, and frequent droughts. These environmental issues have made it difficult for the local population to sustain their livelihoods and have contributed to poverty and food insecurity in the region.

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The administration that favored decolonization as self-determination of African states was the Murtala/Obasanjo regime. This administration was in power in Nigeria from 1975 to 1979. General Murtala Mohammed was the military head of state, and General Olusegun Obasanjo was his deputy. The Murtala/Obasanjo regime was known for its Pan-Africanism and commitment to the liberation of other African countries from colonial rule. The administration strongly supported the movements for independence and self-determination in southern Africa, particularly in Angola, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. The regime also took a leading role in pushing for the end of apartheid in South Africa. The Murtala/Obasanjo regime was instrumental in establishing the Frontline States, a group of southern African countries that were committed to the liberation of the region from colonial rule. The regime provided military and financial support to the liberation movements in these countries, and also hosted meetings and conferences to coordinate their efforts. In summary, the Murtala/Obasanjo regime favored decolonization as self-determination of African states, and actively worked towards the liberation of other African countries from colonial rule.

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The Berlin Conference was the formalized colonial penetration into Africa. It was a meeting of European colonial powers held in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885. During the conference, the European nations divided up Africa among themselves, with little regard for the existing ethnic and cultural borders of the African nations. The conference marked the beginning of the "Scramble for Africa," as European powers rushed to claim as much of the continent as possible for themselves. The decisions made at the Berlin Conference had a profound and lasting impact on Africa, shaping its borders and political landscape for decades to come.

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The formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in the year 1967. Before 1967, Nigeria was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western regions. Each region was made up of several provinces, and these provinces were further divided into districts. However, in May 1967, the then military Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, announced the creation of 12 states in Nigeria, which replaced the previous regional structure. The new states were designed to reflect Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups and promote national unity. The 12 states were: Lagos, Western State, Mid-Western State, Eastern State, Benue-Plateau State, North-Eastern State, Kwara State, Kano State, North-Western State, Cross River State, Rivers State, and South-Eastern State (later renamed to Anambra State). The creation of these states was not without controversy, as some ethnic groups felt they were not adequately represented in the new state boundaries. Nevertheless, the move was seen as an important step towards addressing Nigeria's diverse and complex sociopolitical landscape. In summary, the formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in 1967, replacing the previous regional structure and reflecting Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups.

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The Mfecane, also known as the Difaqane, was a period of widespread chaos, violence, and displacement in Southern Africa in the early 19th century. It was caused by a combination of factors, including the rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka, droughts, and the arrival of European settlers. Estimating the number of deaths during the Mfecane is difficult because of the lack of reliable records and the fact that many people were displaced and may have died of starvation or disease. However, historians and researchers generally agree that the number of deaths was significant. Based on the available historical records and estimates, it is generally believed that the number of deaths during the Mfecane was somewhere between 1 to 2 million people. However, it is important to note that this is a rough estimate, and the actual number may be higher or lower. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: - Over 1 to 2 million people died in the Mfecane war.

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The administrative headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located in Abuja, which is the capital city of Nigeria. ECOWAS is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established to promote economic cooperation and integration among the 15 countries in West Africa. The headquarters in Abuja serves as the central administrative hub for ECOWAS, where important decisions and policies are formulated and implemented. The location of the headquarters in Nigeria was a result of a decision made by the founding fathers of ECOWAS, who recognized Nigeria's leadership and influence in the region.

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The leader of the South African's black consciousness movement, Steve Biko, died in 1977. Steve Biko was a prominent anti-apartheid activist and a leading figure in the black consciousness movement in South Africa. He worked tirelessly to fight against the oppressive apartheid system, which discriminated against black people in South Africa. In 1977, Biko was arrested by the South African authorities and was severely beaten during his detention. He suffered a head injury and was denied medical treatment, which resulted in his death. Therefore, the correct answer is 1977.

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The Omani Empire vied with Portugal and Britain for trade. This means that Oman was in competition with both Portugal and Britain to control and benefit from the trade that took place in the region. The Portuguese and British were major naval powers in the Indian Ocean, and they were also involved in the spice trade that was important to Oman's economy. The Omani Empire competed with these two powers to maintain their control over the trade routes and to protect their own commercial interests. This competition was a significant factor in the history of Oman and the broader region, as it influenced the development of the Omani Empire and the larger geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.

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Mai Dunama Dibbalemi was considered the greatest ruler in the Kanem Borno Empire. He ruled the empire from 1221 to 1259 CE and during his reign, he expanded the empire's territory, strengthened its military, and oversaw a period of cultural and economic growth. Dunama Dibbalemi was known for his military prowess and strategic alliances, which allowed him to conquer neighboring territories and extend the empire's reach. He also established a new capital city, Njimi, which became the center of political and cultural life in the empire. Under his leadership, the Kanem Borno Empire became one of the largest and most powerful states in West Africa. In addition to his military and political accomplishments, Dunama Dibbalemi was also known for his support of learning and scholarship. He invited scholars and intellectuals from throughout the Islamic world to his court, and he sponsored the translation and study of classical texts in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. This patronage of learning helped to make the Kanem Borno Empire a center of intellectual and cultural exchange in the region. Overall, Dunama Dibbalemi is considered the greatest ruler in the Kanem Borno Empire due to his many achievements in expanding the empire's territory, strengthening its military, and promoting learning and scholarship.

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Arabic is a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Omani Empire was a powerful Islamic state that controlled vast territories across the Middle East, East Africa, and South Asia from the 17th to the 19th century. Arabic is the official language of Oman and has been spoken in the region for centuries, making it a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Arabic language played a significant role in the spread of Islam and the development of Islamic civilization, which was an important aspect of the Omani Empire. Today, Arabic is still widely spoken in Oman and is an important part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity.

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The Ogiso dynasty in Benin failed due to a combination of factors, including economic disorder, weakness and dependence on rulers, and resentment against the system. During the Ogiso dynasty, which lasted from approximately 900 BC to 1170 AD, the rulers of Benin were regarded as divine and enjoyed significant power and wealth. However, over time, the economic system became increasingly disordered, and there were growing tensions between the rulers and the people. In addition, the rulers became increasingly weak and dependent on their subordinates, who often acted as de facto rulers. This weakened the overall authority of the Ogiso dynasty and made it more vulnerable to internal and external threats. Finally, there was growing resentment against the system, as many people felt that the rulers were abusing their power and failing to provide adequate protection and support for the people. This led to growing unrest and eventually contributed to the collapse of the Ogiso dynasty. Therefore, it was not just one factor but a combination of economic, political, and social factors that contributed to the failure of the Ogiso dynasty in Benin.

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The Alkali is the official who presides over the Shariah Law court in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was a Muslim empire that existed in what is now Nigeria in the 19th century, and it was known for its strict adherence to Islamic law. The Alkali was responsible for interpreting and enforcing Islamic law in the region, and his decisions were final and binding. The position of Alkali was highly respected and regarded as one of the most important in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Alkali was appointed by the Sultan of Sokoto, who was the supreme leader of the Caliphate.

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It is difficult to definitively say that "none" of these options is not an achievement under colonial rule, as each could be considered an achievement in certain respects. However, if we consider the impact of colonial rule on Nigeria as a whole, one could argue that the creation of political regions is not necessarily an achievement. While the creation of political regions did establish a more organized and efficient system of governance, it also perpetuated divisions between different ethnic and cultural groups within Nigeria. This ultimately contributed to conflicts and tensions that have persisted long after the end of colonial rule. On the other hand, the creation of the Nigerian Council and the issuance of proclamations were both significant achievements under colonial rule. The Nigerian Council represented a step towards self-government and greater autonomy for Nigeria, while proclamations helped to establish legal frameworks and regulations that would ultimately shape the country's political, economic, and social systems.

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The system of government in the Benin pre-colonial era was a monarchy. The kingdom of Benin, located in what is now southern Nigeria, was ruled by an Oba or king who held absolute power over the kingdom. The king was considered a divine ruler and was believed to have been appointed by the gods. The king's power was maintained through a complex system of officials and councils, including a council of chiefs and a council of elders. These officials served as advisors to the king and helped to administer the kingdom's affairs. The monarchy was the dominant political system in Benin until it was replaced by a colonial system of government under British rule in the late 19th century.

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The indirect rule system succeeded in Hausa/Fulani society primarily because the existing administration favored the system. The British colonial government recognized the existing hierarchical and decentralized political structure in the society and chose to rule indirectly through local rulers instead of imposing direct rule. Additionally, the fact that many people in the society received Islamic education also facilitated the acceptance of the system, as it aligned with the Islamic principle of submitting to legitimate authority. The size of the region or whether the society was practicing anarchy were not the main factors contributing to the success of the indirect rule system.

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The Buhari/Idiagbo regime refers to the military government of Muhammadu Buhari and Tunde Idiagbo, who ruled Nigeria from 1983 to 1985. During their brief tenure, they were known for their advocacy of "War Against Indiscipline" (WAI). WAI was a campaign aimed at promoting discipline, honesty, and accountability in Nigerian society. It was characterized by a number of measures, including public floggings of offenders, the imposition of fines for traffic violations, and the introduction of a dress code for civil servants. The WAI campaign was popular among many Nigerians who were frustrated with the widespread corruption and indiscipline in the country at the time. However, it was also criticized for its heavy-handed approach and human rights abuses. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: - WAI (War Against Indiscipline)

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Out of these options, "Education" is not one of the main reasons why Europeans came to Nigeria. The other three options, Slava trade, Religion, and Commercialization, were some of the main reasons for European presence in Nigeria. Slave trade refers to the trade of African people as slaves to Europe and the Americas. Europeans came to Nigeria to capture and trade Africans as slaves. Religion refers to the spread of Christianity by European missionaries to Nigeria. They came to convert the local people to Christianity. Commercialization refers to the desire of Europeans to establish trade and commerce in Nigeria. They came to exploit the natural resources of Nigeria and trade with the local people. So, Education was not one of the main reasons for European presence in Nigeria.

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The last ruler of the Ogiso dynasty in the Benin Empire was Oba Owodo. The Ogiso dynasty ruled the Benin Empire before the Obas. According to Benin tradition, the Ogiso dynasty ended when the last Ogiso, Ogiso Owodo, was overthrown by his own chiefs, who then invited Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule as the first Oba of Benin. This event is said to have occurred around the 12th or 13th century. Therefore, Chief Oba Eweka, Oba Oromiyan, and Oba Eware were all Obas of Benin who came after the Ogiso dynasty.

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The founder of the Mahdia Movement is Muhammed Ahmad, also known as the "Mahdi." The Mahdia Movement was a religious and political uprising in the late 19th century in the Sudan region of Africa. Muhammed Ahmad claimed to be the "Mahdi," a prophesied figure in Islam who would bring about a just and righteous rule before the end of the world. He led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire and the Egyptians, who were ruling over the Sudan at the time. His followers, known as the Ansar, were successful in establishing a theocratic state in the Sudan, with Muhammed Ahmad as its leader. The Mahdia Movement had a significant impact on the history of the Sudan and the wider Islamic world.

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Nigeria became a member of OPEC since 1971. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971, eleven years after the establishment of the organization. Since then, Nigeria has been an active member of OPEC, contributing to the organization's objectives of stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to the global market. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, and its membership in OPEC has allowed it to collaborate with other oil-producing countries to achieve common goals.

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By issuing the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress was changed to the United States of America (USA). The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and it declared that the thirteen American colonies were no longer subject to British rule and were instead free, independent states. This marked a turning point in the American Revolution and established the United States as a new nation. The Continental Congress, which had previously served as a governing body for the colonies, became the governing body for the newly formed United States.