WAEC SSCE - Government - 2022

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The administrative head of the ministry is the Permanent Secretary. The Permanent Secretary is the most senior civil servant within a ministry or department, and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations and management of the organization. The Permanent Secretary is appointed by the government, and serves as the principal advisor to the Minister or Secretary of the department on matters related to policy and administration. They are responsible for coordinating and implementing government policies, managing the department's budget and resources, and ensuring that the department operates efficiently and effectively. In addition to their administrative duties, the Permanent Secretary is also responsible for managing the department's staff, including hiring and promoting employees, managing performance and discipline, and providing training and development opportunities. Overall, the Permanent Secretary plays a critical role in the functioning of the government and the implementation of its policies, and serves as an important link between the political leadership and the civil service.

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The essence of the concept of devolution is to cater for the interest of the minority. Devolution is the transfer of power and resources from central government to regional or local authorities. It aims to ensure that decision-making and service delivery are more responsive to local needs and priorities. The concept of devolution is based on the idea that different regions or localities have unique needs and priorities that may not be adequately addressed by a central government. By transferring power and resources to regional or local authorities, devolution allows for greater local control and decision-making, which in turn enables the interests and needs of minority groups to be better represented and addressed. Devolution also helps to promote greater accountability and transparency in governance, as local authorities are more directly accountable to their constituents than a distant central government. In conclusion, the essence of the concept of devolution is to cater for the interest of the minority by allowing for greater local control and decision-making, which enables the interests and needs of minority groups to be better represented and addressed.

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A country's constitution is a set of fundamental rules and principles that determine how the country is governed. It may be derived from various sources, but one of the most common sources is customs and conventions. Customs and conventions refer to the long-standing practices and traditions that have been accepted and respected by the people of a country. These customs and conventions often reflect the values and beliefs of a society and are passed down from generation to generation. When a country is being formed or reformed, the people may look to their customs and conventions to guide the drafting of a constitution. This approach ensures that the constitution reflects the values and traditions of the people, and is therefore more likely to be accepted and respected. In some cases, educated elites or civil society organizations may also play a role in the drafting of a constitution. However, customs and conventions often provide a strong foundation for the constitution and help to ensure its legitimacy in the eyes of the people. Civil disobedience is not a source of constitution but a form of peaceful protest or resistance to challenge an unjust law or government policy.

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The system of government in which the legislature passes a vote of no confidence in the government is the Cabinet system. In this system, the government is composed of the Prime Minister and his/her Cabinet, who are responsible to the legislature. If the legislature passes a vote of no confidence in the government, it means that they have lost faith in the ability of the government to govern effectively. This usually leads to the resignation of the government and the formation of a new one. The Cabinet system is also known as the parliamentary system, as it is based on the Westminster model of the UK.

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A multi-party system is a political system in which several parties participate and compete for power. One of the problems associated with this system is divisiveness. Because there are several parties with different ideologies, interests, and goals, there is a tendency for political actors to become divided along party lines, which can lead to political polarization, gridlock, and instability. Additionally, because there are several parties, there may be a limited choice of candidates or policies, which can lead to dissatisfaction among voters. While weak opposition can be a problem in some multi-party systems, it is not a defining characteristic of this system. Finally, a multi-party system can lead to greater political consciousness and engagement among citizens, as they have more opportunities to participate in the political process.

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The political system that allows only one ideology for the state is socialism. Socialism is a political system in which the means of production, such as factories and farms, are owned and controlled by the state or the community as a whole. In a socialist state, the government controls all aspects of the economy and ensures that resources are distributed equally among the people. There is no room for multiple ideologies or political parties, as the government is the only authority and decision-maker in the state.

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Non-involvement of traditional rulers in politics is not a threat to democracy in West Africa. When election results are disputed or there are irregularities in the electoral process, it undermines the legitimacy of elected officials and can lead to political instability. Violence related to election disputes further exacerbates this issue, creating an environment of fear and intimidation that hampers democratic practices. Military interventions, such as coups or direct involvement in governance, undermine the principles of democratic rule and can lead to authoritarian regimes. Youth unemployment can lead them to violence or to assist political figures to rig elections and this can be a threat to democracy. 

However the non-involvement of traditional rulers in politics is not necessarily a threat to democracy. 

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The appointment of judges is based on the recommendation of the Judicial Service. The Judicial Service is a body responsible for overseeing the administration of justice in a country. One of its core functions is to recommend qualified individuals for appointment as judges. In many countries, the Judicial Service is comprised of experienced judges and legal experts who are appointed to the service by the government or the head of state. The Judicial Service typically reviews applications from prospective judges, conducts interviews, and evaluates their qualifications, experience, and character before making a recommendation for appointment. Once the Judicial Service has made a recommendation, the government or head of state will typically review the recommendation and make a final decision on the appointment of the judge. This process is designed to ensure that only the most qualified and capable individuals are appointed to the judiciary, and that appointments are made based on merit rather than political considerations. In conclusion, the appointment of judges is based on the recommendation of the Judicial Service, a body responsible for evaluating the qualifications of prospective judges and ensuring that appointments are made based on merit rather than political considerations.

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The function of political parties includes policy implementation, political socialization, political education, and aggregation of interest. All of these functions are integral to the operation of political parties in a representative democracy. Therefore, none of the options provided is not a function of political parties.

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The determination and execution of government policies is the core function of the civil service. The civil service is the body of permanent, professional officials who work in government agencies and departments. They are responsible for advising government officials on policy development, implementing policies, and providing essential services to the public. The civil service is involved in all aspects of government policy, from developing and implementing social welfare policies to overseeing the delivery of public services such as health care, education, and transportation. They provide expert advice to policymakers on the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed policies, and work to ensure that policies are implemented effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, civil servants are also responsible for managing public resources, ensuring transparency and accountability in government operations, and upholding the rule of law. They play a critical role in ensuring that government policies are fair, just, and beneficial to all citizens. In conclusion, the civil service is the key institution responsible for the determination and execution of government policies. Civil servants provide expert advice to policymakers, oversee policy implementation, and ensure transparency and accountability in government operations.

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A coalition government is a common feature of a multi-party system. In a multi-party system, there are usually more than two parties with no party winning an outright majority. In such a scenario, parties may form a coalition government to achieve a majority and gain control of the government. A coalition government is formed when two or more political parties come together to form a government. Each party in the coalition agrees to share power and work together on certain policies and agendas. This arrangement helps to promote political stability and encourages consensus-building among different political parties.

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The political system where the government controls every aspect of a citizen's life is called Totalitarianism. In this system, the government exercises complete and total control over all aspects of society, including the economy, media, education, and even people's personal lives. Totalitarian governments often use propaganda, censorship, and surveillance to maintain their power and suppress any dissent. Citizens have little or no individual freedom, and their rights and opinions are often ignored or suppressed. This type of political system is often associated with authoritarian leaders and one-party rule.

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Voting is an essential aspect of democracy, as it allows citizens to participate in the political process and have a say in who governs them. One of the main importance of voting in a democracy is that it commits citizens to the political system. When citizens take part in the electoral process, they are making a commitment to support the political system, even if their preferred candidate or party does not win. This commitment ensures that the political system is stable and that the government has the support it needs to carry out its functions. Furthermore, voting in a democracy allows citizens to hold their elected representatives accountable for their actions. If elected officials do not perform well or do not keep their promises, citizens can vote them out of office in the next election. This accountability ensures that elected officials are responsive to the needs and concerns of the citizens they represent. Voting also ensures that the government is representative of the people it serves. When citizens from all walks of life and backgrounds vote, it ensures that the government is diverse and reflects the views and interests of the entire population. This diversity leads to more inclusive policies and a more responsive government that serves the needs of all voters, not just a select few. In conclusion, voting in a democracy is crucial as it ensures that citizens are committed to the political system, holds elected officials accountable, and creates a representative and inclusive government that serves the needs of all citizens.

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The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued in August 1941 by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, during World War II. It outlined the goals of the Allied powers for a post-war world and served as a foundation for the establishment of the United Nations. Therefore, the correct option is "United Nations".

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The control of the state is necessary in various areas to ensure its proper functioning, but one area where it is particularly crucial is in the domain of state security and secrets. This is because the state is responsible for protecting its citizens and ensuring their safety, which requires it to gather and manage sensitive information that should be kept confidential. If this information falls into the wrong hands, it could potentially harm the state and its citizens. Therefore, the state must exercise control over the handling of such information and restrict access to it to only those who have a legitimate need to know. This involves putting in place robust security measures, such as encryption, firewalls, and access controls, to prevent unauthorized access and to detect and respond to any security breaches that may occur. In addition, the state must also ensure that its employees and contractors are properly trained and vetted to handle sensitive information and that they understand their responsibilities and obligations to maintain its confidentiality. Failure to exercise proper control over state security and secrets could have severe consequences, including compromising national security, endangering lives, and damaging the state's reputation and credibility.

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The concept of social justice implies that the state must ensure equality of citizens. This means that every citizen is entitled to the same basic rights and opportunities regardless of their race, gender, religion, social status, or any other characteristic. It involves promoting fairness and equity in the distribution of wealth, resources, and opportunities in society. The state has a responsibility to protect the rights of all citizens and ensure that everyone has equal access to education, healthcare, housing, employment, and other essential services. Social justice aims to create a society that is more just and equitable for all its members.

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The passing of laws by an arm of government to regulate society is the function of the legislature. The legislature is one of the three arms of government, alongside the executive and judiciary. The primary function of the legislature is to make laws that govern society. In most democratic countries, the legislature is composed of elected representatives who are responsible for representing the interests of their constituents. These representatives, often referred to as lawmakers, introduce bills and proposals that are debated and voted on by the legislative body. The legislative process typically involves multiple stages, including committee review, debate, and voting. Once a bill is passed by the legislature, it is sent to the executive branch for approval or veto. The passing of laws is a critical function of the legislature because it sets the rules and regulations that govern society. Laws help to promote order, protect citizens' rights, and provide a framework for the functioning of government and society. In summary, the passing of laws by an arm of government to regulate society is the function of the legislature. The legislature is responsible for making laws that govern society, and this function is critical to promoting order, protecting citizens' rights, and providing a framework for the functioning of government and society.

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Local government authorities may face difficulty in receiving cooperation from the local people due to a variety of reasons. One possible reason could be the lack of support for the ruling government, which could be due to political differences, dissatisfaction with government policies or corruption. Another possible reason could be the top-down approach to development, where decisions are made at the higher levels of government without consulting the local people. This can lead to a lack of ownership and participation from the local community. Accessibility to internet facilities may also be a factor, as this could limit communication and access to information. Non-availability of spiritual centres may not be a major factor in hindering cooperation from local people towards local government authorities.

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One major problem associated with the cabinet system of government is the potential for abuse of power. In a cabinet system, the executive branch of government, which is headed by the prime minister or president, is responsible for selecting and overseeing the cabinet ministers, who are responsible for various departments and functions of the government. While this system can promote efficiency and coordination within the government, it also creates the potential for the executive branch to abuse its power and influence over the other branches of government, as well as the broader political system. For example, the executive may use its control over the cabinet to push through policies or legislation that benefit its own interests or those of its allies, even if they are not in the best interests of the broader population. Furthermore, in some cases, the cabinet system may lead to the supremacy of the executive branch, at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches. This can create a situation where the government is able to operate without proper checks and balances, leading to abuses of power, corruption, and other negative outcomes. Overall, while the cabinet system of government has its advantages, it is important to be aware of the potential for abuse of power and to ensure that appropriate checks and balances are in place to prevent this from occurring.

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Information dissemination and communication in a political environment had been made faster and easier with the advent of social media. Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have revolutionized the way people communicate and share information, including in the political sphere. Before the advent of social media, political communication was largely controlled by traditional media outlets, such as newspapers, radio, and television. This meant that political messages and information had to go through a relatively small number of gatekeepers, such as editors and reporters, before reaching the public. With the rise of social media, however, individuals and organizations can communicate directly with the public without the need for intermediaries. Politicians can use social media to reach a wider audience, engage directly with their supporters, and respond quickly to issues and events. Citizens can use social media to express their views, mobilize support, and hold politicians accountable. Social media has also made it easier for citizens to access information about politics and government. With a few clicks, anyone can access news articles, policy documents, and other information about political issues. This has helped to promote transparency and accountability in government. In summary, social media has made information dissemination and communication in a political environment faster and easier. It has revolutionized the way people communicate and share information, and has given individuals and organizations greater control over political messaging and information. It has also made it easier for citizens to access information about politics and government, promoting transparency and accountability.

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A country's foreign policy refers to the set of strategies and principles that guide its interactions with other countries and international organizations. The foremost driving force behind a country's foreign policy is its national interest. National interest refers to the goals, values, and objectives that a country seeks to achieve in its relations with other countries. These interests may include economic, political, strategic, and security interests, among others. For example, a country may have an economic interest in promoting trade and investment with other countries, or a strategic interest in building alliances to counter common threats. These interests guide the development of the country's foreign policy, and determine how it engages with other countries and international organizations. While other factors such as location, natural resources, and economy may also influence a country's foreign policy, the national interest is the primary driving force. A country's foreign policy must serve its national interests and reflect the values and aspirations of its people. In conclusion, a country's foreign policy is primarily driven by its national interest, which encompasses a range of goals and objectives that a country seeks to achieve in its interactions with other countries and international organizations.

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Delegated legislation refers to laws made by a person or body other than the legislature but with the authority of the legislature. This type of legislation can be controlled or scrutinized by the legislature through the process of parliamentary question time. In parliamentary question time, legislators can ask questions of government ministers, including those responsible for delegated legislation, to seek clarification or challenge any aspect of the legislation. This process helps to ensure that delegated legislation is within the scope of the enabling law, is not inconsistent with other laws, and is in the public interest.

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The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states in Africa. Its main aim is to promote cooperation among African countries in political, social, and economic areas. However, the AU is often criticized for its inability to play a significant role on the global political scene. One of the reasons for this is the issue of divided loyalty among member states. African countries have different interests and priorities, and sometimes these interests clash, making it difficult for the AU to take a unified position on important issues. This lack of unity weakens the AU's bargaining power and reduces its ability to influence global decision-making.

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The Commonwealth of Nations commits resources to the promotion of representative democracy. The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 54 sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies or dependencies. It is committed to promoting democracy, human rights, economic development, and international peace and security. Therefore, out of the given options, only the promotion of representative democracy is a key area of focus for the Commonwealth of Nations. The organization works to support democracy and good governance in member countries, including by providing assistance to strengthen electoral systems, support civil society, and promote human rights.

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The basic human rights of citizens in a state are the fundamental entitlements and privileges that every person is entitled to by virtue of being human. They are inherent to every individual, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion or any other status. These rights include the right to life, liberty and property, as well as the right to freedom of speech, religion, and thought. They also include the right to access social services such as education and health care.

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The factor that does not influence a country's foreign policy is the system of education and the number of universities. While education and universities may play a role in shaping a country's perspective and approach to foreign policy, it is not a direct determinant of a country's foreign policy. Rather, foreign policy is typically influenced by factors such as a country's geographical location, economic interests, political ideology, military power, and international laws and conventions. These factors can shape a country's relationship with other nations and determine the extent of its involvement in international affairs.

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was established in 1975 with the aim of promoting economic integration among its member states. However, in recent times, its mandate has expanded to include political and security issues, such as conflict resolution and peacekeeping. The options provided suggest that one of the aims of ECOWAS is to use force to depose unconstitutional regimes, but this is not a correct aim of the organization. In fact, ECOWAS is committed to promoting democratic governance and the rule of law in its member states. Therefore, the correct answer is: ECOWAS was not established to use force to depose unconstitutional regimes.

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The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture is known as globalization. It refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and people around the world. Globalization is driven by advancements in technology, transportation, and communication, which have made it easier for people and goods to move across borders. Globalization has had a significant impact on many aspects of society, including the economy, politics, and culture. It has led to the growth of international trade and investment, the spread of democracy and human rights, and the development of a global culture that transcends national boundaries. However, globalization has also been criticized for exacerbating inequality, environmental degradation, and cultural homogenization. Overall, globalization represents a complex and multifaceted process of international integration that has both positive and negative consequences.

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Most pressure groups especially in West Africa fail to achieve their goals as a result of corrupt leadership. This is because corrupt leaders often prioritize their personal interests above the interests of the group they lead. They may take bribes from opponents of the group or engage in other unethical practices that undermine the group's efforts. Additionally, corrupt leaders may use the group as a means of advancing their own political ambitions rather than working to achieve the group's stated goals. This can lead to a lack of focus and direction, which can hinder the group's effectiveness in achieving its objectives.

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Militant nationalism in British West Africa after World War II sought to overthrow colonialism. This refers to the organized and sometimes violent actions taken by nationalist groups in British West Africa, such as the Gold Coast (now Ghana), Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, who were seeking independence from British colonial rule. They believed that colonialism was an unjust system that denied Africans their basic rights and freedoms, and they used various strategies to challenge and resist colonial rule. Militant nationalism was one of those strategies, which involved using force and violence to achieve their goals.

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The first inter-territorial political movement organized in the 1920s to fight the colonial establishment and unite all the British West African territories was the National Congress of British West Africa. This movement aimed to bring together people from different British West African territories to address common issues such as colonialism, social justice, and economic development. The movement was formed by a group of educated elites who saw the need for cooperation and solidarity among the people of British West Africa. They organized conferences and meetings to discuss and address issues of common concern and to push for self-governance and independence from British colonial rule.

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The electoral system you're referring to is called the "Electoral College." In this system, the citizens of a country or region vote for a group of individuals, known as "electors," who are responsible for electing the political office holders on behalf of the people. In the United States, for example, the Electoral College is made up of 538 electors, who are chosen by the people in each state. Each state is allocated a certain number of electors based on its population, and the electors are typically selected based on their political affiliations or loyalty to a particular party. After the general election, which is the first round of voting, the electors from each state gather to cast their votes for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates. The candidate who receives a majority of the electoral votes (270 or more) becomes the winner of the presidential election. The Electoral College system has its advantages and disadvantages, but it's designed to ensure that the voices of all states and regions are represented in the presidential election, not just the most populous ones. However, some people argue that it can lead to a situation where a candidate who doesn't win the popular vote can still win the presidency.

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A public corporation with a legal personality can sue and can be sued. Legal personality is a concept in law that refers to the ability of an entity to have legal rights and obligations, including the ability to enter into contracts, own property, and sue or be sued in court. A public corporation is a type of legal entity created by the government to carry out public functions, such as providing public services or managing public assets. As a legal entity, a public corporation has legal personality, which means it can be treated as a separate legal entity from its owners or members. This allows a public corporation to enter into contracts, own property, and sue or be sued in court, just like any other legal entity. It also means that if the public corporation is sued, the lawsuit is brought against the corporation and not against its individual members or owners. In summary, a public corporation with legal personality can sue and can be sued, which is one of the key aspects of having legal personality.

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(a) E-government refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by government institutions to enhance their effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accountability in service delivery to citizens and businesses.

(b) Nigeria stands to gain the following benefits by adopting E-governance:

1. Improved service delivery: E-governance enables citizens to access government services and information more efficiently and conveniently, reducing the time and cost of obtaining services.
2. Increased transparency: E-governance promotes transparency and accountability in government operations, reducing corruption and ensuring that public resources are used for their intended purposes.
3. Cost savings: E-governance reduces the cost of delivering services by eliminating the need for physical infrastructure and reducing the amount of paperwork and manual processes.
4. Improved citizen participation: E-governance provides citizens with greater opportunities to participate in government decision-making processes through online consultations, feedback mechanisms, and social media.
5. Enhanced economic development: E-governance creates an enabling environment for business growth and investment by simplifying administrative procedures, improving access to information and services, and reducing the cost of doing business.

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1. Provided for the establishment of traditional councils to promote the culture of the people
2. Reduced the age for elective positions with the aim of increasing political participation
3. Recall of political office holders in the legislature to make them accountable, responsive and responsible to the people
4. Creation of federal executive bodies led to job creation and better service delivery
5. Supremacy of the constitution to prevent dictatorship
6. Abuja was created as the seat of government to emphasize the federal character
7. Centralization of constitutional functions and fiscal resources 
8. Entrenchment of Fundamental Human Rights to provide adequate protection for the rights of the people 
9. Entrenchment of separation of powers
10. Retention of the Supreme Court as the highest court of the land
11. Independence of the Judiciary was guaranteed
12. It emphasized the secular nature of the Nigerian State 
13. Provision was made for impeachment of public officers

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1. Corruption: When citizens perceive that government officials or politicians are engaging in corrupt practices, such as taking bribes or misusing public funds, it erodes their trust in the government's ability to serve the public good.

2. Broken Promises: When government officials make promises during their election campaign or in other contexts, and then fail to deliver on those promises, citizens can become disillusioned and lose trust in the government's ability to act on their behalf.

3. Ineffective Policies: When government policies fail to address pressing issues that affect citizens, or are poorly implemented, citizens may feel that the government is not capable of effectively addressing their concerns.

4. Lack of Transparency: When government actions or decision-making processes are shrouded in secrecy, citizens may feel that the government is not being honest or accountable to the people it serves.

5. Political Polarization: When political parties or factions become highly polarized and engage in divisive rhetoric or actions, citizens may lose trust in the government's ability to represent the interests of all citizens and work towards common goals.

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Here are five possible reasons for the decline in public trust of the media in a country:

1. Political bias: If the media is perceived to be biased in favor of one political party or ideology, it can erode public trust. This may lead to accusations of fake news or propaganda, especially during election cycles.

2. Lack of accuracy: Inaccurate reporting, whether intentional or unintentional, can also damage public trust. Mistakes or errors in reporting can undermine the credibility of media outlets and their journalists.

3. Sensationalism: Some media outlets prioritize sensational stories over accurate and informative reporting. This can lead to a perception that the media is more interested in clickbait and ratings than in informing the public.

4. Corporate influence: Media outlets that are owned by large corporations may be seen as having conflicts of interest, especially if they report on topics that could affect the financial interests of their owners. This can raise questions about the impartiality of the reporting.

5. Disinformation and propaganda: With the rise of social media, it has become easier for fake news and propaganda to spread quickly. If the media is seen as contributing to this problem by amplifying false or misleading information, it can erode public trust.

These are just some of the possible reasons for the decline in public trust of the media in a country, and they can be interconnected. Rebuilding public trust will require media outlets to prioritize accuracy, impartiality, and informative reporting, while also being transparent about their sources of funding and ownership.

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There are several differences between the state as an entity and government as an institution, including:

1. Definition: The state refers to a politically organized community that occupies a defined territory and has sovereignty over it, while government refers to the set of institutions and individuals that make and enforce the laws within the state.
2. Duration: The state is a permanent entity that exists beyond any particular government, while the government is a temporary institution that changes with each election cycle or political transition.
3. Authority: The state has ultimate authority over its citizens and the territory it occupies, while the government derives its authority from the state and is accountable to it.
4. Scope: The state is responsible for providing for the overall welfare of its citizens and protecting their rights, while the government is responsible for implementing policies and laws that advance the state's goals and objectives.
5. Structure: The state is a complex entity made up of many different institutions, including the government, military, judiciary, and civil society, while the government is just one of these institutions and has a more specific function within the state.

In summary, the state and government are distinct entities with different functions, structures, and sources of authority. The state is a permanent entity that has ultimate authority over its citizens and territory, while the government is a temporary institution responsible for implementing policies and laws to achieve the state's goals and objectives.

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When the judiciary fails to live up to its constitutional mandate, it can have several negative impacts on a state, including:

1. Undermining the Rule of Law: The Rule of Law is the principle that all individuals, including the government, are subject to the law. If the judiciary fails to uphold this principle by making arbitrary or biased decisions, it can erode public trust in the legal system and the government's ability to govern effectively.
2. Encouraging Lawlessness: When citizens perceive that the judiciary is not impartial, they may resort to taking the law into their own hands, leading to increased violence and chaos. This can make it difficult for the government to maintain order and stability.
3. Hampering Economic Development: The judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring that contracts are enforced, property rights are respected, and commercial disputes are resolved fairly. If the judiciary is ineffective, it can discourage foreign investment and stifle economic growth.
4. Limiting Access to Justice: When the judiciary is perceived as biased or corrupt, people may lose faith in the legal system and stop seeking redress through the courts. This can result in a situation where only the wealthy and powerful can effectively use the legal system to protect their interests, while the poor and marginalized are left without legal recourse.
5. Jeopardizing Democracy: The judiciary is a critical check on the power of the other branches of government, and its ability to maintain its independence is essential for ensuring the integrity of the democratic process. When the judiciary fails to live up to its constitutional mandate, it can weaken the separation of powers and threaten the foundations of democracy.

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There are several ways in which an electoral management body can ensure fair play in an electoral contest in Nigeria. Here are five examples:

1. Voter Education: The electoral management body can conduct voter education to educate voters on their rights and responsibilities. This will help ensure that voters are aware of the electoral process, the candidates, and their platforms. It will also help prevent voter intimidation and ensure that voters can make informed decisions.
2. Transparent Electoral Process: The electoral management body can ensure that the electoral process is transparent. This includes ensuring that polling stations are open and accessible to all voters, that voting is done in secret, and that the counting process is transparent and open to observation.
3. Impartiality: The electoral management body can ensure that it remains impartial throughout the electoral process. This includes treating all candidates and political parties equally, without favoritism or bias.
4. Enforcement of Electoral Laws: The electoral management body can enforce electoral laws and regulations. This includes ensuring that all candidates and political parties adhere to campaign finance regulations and other election laws.
5. Dispute Resolution: The electoral management body can provide an avenue for dispute resolution. This includes ensuring that there is a transparent and independent mechanism for resolving election disputes. This will help prevent violence and other forms of electoral malpractice, and ensure that the results of the election are accepted by all stakeholders.

In summary, the electoral management body can ensure fair play in an electoral contest in Nigeria by conducting voter education, ensuring a transparent electoral process, remaining impartial, enforcing electoral laws, and providing an avenue for dispute resolution.

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In pre-colonial Nigeria, traditional rulers used various methods to control their subjects, including:

1. Military force: Traditional rulers maintained a standing army or militia to enforce their authority and defend against external threats.

2. Customary law: Customary law was a major source of authority for traditional rulers, and they used it to regulate the behavior of their subjects and resolve disputes.

3. Religious and spiritual beliefs: Traditional rulers were often seen as having a direct connection to the spiritual realm, and they used their authority to promote and enforce religious and spiritual practices among their subjects.

4. Economic control: Traditional rulers often controlled access to land and other resources, which allowed them to exert significant economic influence over their subjects.

5. Social control: Traditional rulers also played a key role in regulating social behavior and promoting cultural values, such as respect for elders and the importance of family ties. They used their authority to enforce these norms and punish those who violated them.

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The adoption of federalism has brought several benefits to the political development of Nigeria. Here are five of them:

1. Decentralization of power: Federalism allows for the decentralization of power between the federal government and the states. This means that each state has its own government and can make decisions on issues that are relevant to their state. This helps to ensure that power is not concentrated in the hands of a few people at the federal level, but is distributed among the different states.
2. Promotion of diversity: Nigeria is a diverse country with many different ethnic and cultural groups. Federalism allows for the promotion of diversity by giving each state the ability to promote and protect its own culture and traditions. This helps to promote unity among the different ethnic groups in the country.
3. Development of infrastructure: The adoption of federalism has led to the development of infrastructure in different parts of the country. Each state is responsible for its own development and can focus on building infrastructure that is relevant to its citizens. This helps to improve the standard of living for people in different parts of the country.
4. Promotion of democracy: Federalism promotes democracy by giving citizens more opportunities to participate in the political process. Each state has its own government and elections, which means that citizens can participate in the political process at the state level. This helps to promote a more inclusive and democratic political system.
5. Checks and balances: Federalism provides checks and balances on the exercise of power by different levels of government. The federal government has limited power over the states, and the states have limited power over each other. This helps to ensure that power is not abused and that each level of government is held accountable for its actions.

Overall, the adoption of federalism has brought several benefits to the political development of Nigeria, including the decentralization of power, promotion of diversity, development of infrastructure, promotion of democracy, and checks and balances on the exercise of power.

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Nigeria has several compelling reasons to interact with international organizations. Here are five of them:

1. Economic Development: Nigeria is a member of several international organizations that promote economic development. For example, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) provide financial assistance and technical support to help Nigeria develop its economy. By interacting with these organizations, Nigeria can access funding, expertise, and technical assistance to support its economic growth.
2. Political Stability: Nigeria also interacts with international organizations to promote political stability. Organizations like the United Nations (UN) and the African Union (AU) work to prevent conflicts and promote peace and security around the world. By engaging with these organizations, Nigeria can benefit from their expertise and support in promoting stability within its borders and in the broader region.
3. Trade: Nigeria is a member of several international trade organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). By interacting with these organizations, Nigeria can promote trade with other countries, which can help to boost its economy and increase its international competitiveness.
4. Health: Nigeria also interacts with international organizations to address health issues. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF work to promote public health and combat diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola. By engaging with these organizations, Nigeria can access funding and expertise to address its public health challenges.
5. Environmental Issues: Finally, Nigeria interacts with international organizations to address environmental issues. Organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) work to address climate change, promote sustainable development, and protect the environment. By engaging with these organizations, Nigeria can access funding and expertise to address its environmental challenges and promote sustainable development.

In summary, Nigeria interacts with international organizations for various reasons, including economic development, political stability, trade, health, and environmental issues. By engaging with these organizations, Nigeria can access funding, expertise, and technical assistance to address its challenges and promote its development.