JAMB UTME - Geography - 2006

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The process of mountain-building by either folding or block faulting is known as "orogenesis". This term refers to the geological processes that lead to the formation of mountain ranges over millions of years. Folding occurs when rocks are bent and deformed under pressure, creating folds in the earth's crust that can eventually form mountain ranges. Block faulting, on the other hand, occurs when large blocks of rock are pushed up or down along a fault line, also leading to the formation of mountains. Both of these processes are part of orogenesis, which can be influenced by a variety of factors, including tectonic activity, volcanic eruptions, and erosion. Mountain ranges created through orogenesis can have a significant impact on the landscape, climate, and ecology of the surrounding areas.

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The feature that affects inter-visibility between two settlements is a high hill. When settlements are located on opposite sides of a high hill, they are not able to see each other due to the obstruction of the hill. This lack of visibility can have both positive and negative implications. For instance, it can hinder communication and trade between the two settlements, but it can also provide protection and privacy. In contrast, a deep trench, broad valley, or wide river may not necessarily affect inter-visibility between two settlements, as they can be bridged or crossed, or there may be clear lines of sight between them.

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The main aim of constructing the railway systems in West Africa was to evacuate raw materials and minerals for export. The railway systems were constructed during the colonial era to facilitate the transportation of natural resources from the hinterland to the coastal ports for export to Europe. The resources that were transported included minerals such as gold, tin, and diamonds, as well as agricultural products such as cocoa, palm oil, and groundnuts. The railway systems were also used to transport goods and people between the different towns and cities in the region. While the railway systems did link different areas of the region, their primary purpose was to facilitate the export of natural resources.

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Coal mining in Nigeria is mostly done using the "open cast" method. This method involves the removal of overburden (topsoil and vegetation) to expose the coal seam, which is then extracted with the use of heavy machinery. This method is relatively cheap and easy to use, but it can result in environmental degradation if not properly managed.

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The two most important factors which account for the pattern of population distribution in West Africa are "favourable physical conditions and human inertia". Favourable physical conditions refer to areas with fertile soils, adequate water supply, and a suitable climate for agriculture, which attracts people to settle in those areas. In West Africa, the coastal regions, river valleys, and areas with a high rainfall, such as the Guinea Coast and the Niger Delta, have more favorable physical conditions and therefore have higher population densities. Human inertia refers to the tendency for people to remain in a location, even if conditions are not favorable, due to factors such as cultural ties, family connections, and lack of resources to move elsewhere. This can lead to the clustering of populations in certain areas, even if those areas do not have the most favorable physical conditions. Overall, the combination of favorable physical conditions and human inertia explains the pattern of population distribution in West Africa, with higher population densities in areas with more favorable physical conditions and a clustering of populations due to human inertia.

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The tropical maritime and tropical continental air masses in Nigeria are responsible for the alternating wet and dry seasons in the country. Air masses are large bodies of air with similar temperature and humidity characteristics. The tropical maritime air mass originates over the Atlantic Ocean and brings warm, moist air to Nigeria, while the tropical continental air mass originates over the Sahara Desert and brings hot, dry air to Nigeria. During the wet season, the tropical maritime air mass dominates, bringing moist air to Nigeria, which leads to heavy rainfall and increased humidity. During the dry season, the tropical continental air mass dominates, bringing hot and dry air, which leads to low humidity and little to no rainfall. Therefore, the alternating wet and dry seasons in Nigeria are a result of the interplay between the tropical maritime and tropical continental air masses.

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The primary importance of nitrogen-fixing organisms in the ecosystem is that they enrich the soil. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used directly by plants. Nitrogen-fixing organisms, such as certain bacteria, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants. This process is called nitrogen fixation. Enriched soil has more nutrients, including nitrogen, which allows for more plant growth. More plant growth leads to a more diverse and healthy ecosystem, as plants provide food and habitat for other organisms. Additionally, nitrogen fixation helps reduce the need for artificial fertilizers, which can be harmful to the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is that nitrogen-fixing organisms enrich the soil.

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Altitude has the greatest influence on the mean temperature of a place. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude due to the decrease in air pressure, which causes the air to expand and cool. For every 1000 meters increase in elevation, the temperature typically decreases by about 6.5°C. This means that high-altitude areas are generally cooler than low-altitude areas at the same latitude. The other factors listed, such as ocean currents, winds, and distance from the sea, can also have an impact on temperature, but altitude has the greatest influence. For example, ocean currents can moderate temperatures in coastal areas, while winds can bring cooler or warmer air to a region depending on their origin. However, these effects are generally smaller than the influence of altitude.

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The direction of flow of ocean currents is mainly determined by the prevailing winds and the rotation of the earth. The winds and the rotation of the earth combine to create a pattern of surface currents in the oceans, known as the "ocean conveyor belt." The conveyor belt is a system of currents that move water around the globe, transporting heat from the tropics to the poles and helping to regulate the Earth's climate. The salinity of the ocean and the amount of freshwater inflow can also affect ocean currents, but they are not the main factors that determine their direction of flow. The rotation of the earth and land and sea breezes can influence local currents, but they do not play a significant role in determining the overall flow of ocean currents. Similarly, the shape of the continental and the temperature of the continental interior do not have a direct impact on the direction of ocean currents.

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Based on the diagram, the statement that is true is: "The number of albida in site 1 is the same as that of seyal in site 4" The diagram shows the distribution of two tree species, Albida and Seyal, across four different sites. The numbers in each site represent the total number of trees of each species. Site 1 has 40 Albida trees and 30 Seyal trees, while site 4 has 30 Albida trees and 40 Seyal trees. Therefore, is the correct answer, as it correctly identifies that the number of Albida trees in site 1 is the same as the number of Seyal trees in site 4. None of the other options accurately reflect the information provided in the diagram.

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The Horn of Africa is relatively dry owing to the dominance of cold ocean currents in the region. The Horn of Africa is located in the easternmost part of the African continent, and it includes countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. The region is characterized by a semi-arid to arid climate, with very little rainfall. This is partly due to the influence of the Somali Current, which is a cold ocean current that flows along the eastern coast of Africa. The Somali Current cools the air above it, which reduces its capacity to hold moisture and results in lower rainfall in the region. Additionally, the Horn of Africa is located in the equatorial region, which means that it is far from the belt of tropical cyclones that bring heavy rainfall to other parts of Africa.

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Many important ancient settlements in the Middle East developed as a result of the emergence of important trading routes. The Middle East has been an important crossroads of trade and commerce for thousands of years, connecting Europe, Africa, and Asia. Ancient civilizations in the region developed along major trade routes, such as the Silk Road, that facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture. These routes linked major cities and settlements, allowing for the growth of trade and commerce, and the development of urban centers. As a result, many of the most important ancient settlements in the Middle East, such as Babylon and Petra, were located at key points along these trade routes.

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The rains occur mainly as a result of "strong conventional currents" also known as convectional currents. This process begins with the heating of the Earth's surface by the sun, causing the air to warm and rise. As the warm air rises, it cools and forms clouds through a process called condensation. When the clouds become heavy with water droplets, the water falls back to the ground as precipitation, which can include rain, snow, sleet, or hail. These strong conventional currents can occur in the afternoon when the sun is at its peak, heating the ground and air to high temperatures. In contrast, the south-east and north-east trade winds refer to prevailing wind patterns in specific regions of the Earth and can play a role in determining the amount and timing of rainfall. Orographic effects refer to the influence of mountains on weather patterns and can also impact precipitation in certain areas.

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An example of a mechanically formed sedimentary rock is conglomerate. Conglomerate is a type of sedimentary rock that is made up of large, rounded clasts (fragments) of rock that have been cemented together. These clasts are often several centimeters in diameter and are typically made up of a variety of different rock types. Conglomerate forms when these clasts are deposited by a river or other flowing body of water and then cemented together over time by minerals such as silica or calcium carbonate. Other examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks include sandstone and shale. In contrast, chemically formed sedimentary rocks, such as chalk and dolomite, are formed by precipitation from water that is saturated with dissolved minerals. Coal, on the other hand, is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants that have been compressed and altered over time.

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The carbon cycle is more prevalent in the atmosphere. The carbon cycle refers to the movement of carbon between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Carbon is exchanged between these different parts of the Earth's system through a series of natural processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. While carbon is found in all parts of the Earth's system, the largest reservoir of carbon is the atmosphere, where carbon dioxide (CO2) is present in the air. This is why the carbon cycle is more prevalent in the atmosphere. Carbon moves between the atmosphere and other parts of the Earth's system through processes such as the uptake of CO2 by plants during photosynthesis, the release of CO2 by respiration, and the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the oceans through dissolution.

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Coal is likely to be absent in a region consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. This is because coal is a sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of organic material in swampy environments over millions of years. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock, while metamorphic rocks are formed from the transformation of existing rocks due to heat and pressure. Neither of these processes involves the accumulation of organic material necessary for coal formation. Therefore, it is unlikely to find coal deposits in areas dominated by igneous and metamorphic rocks.

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The type of iron ore is "Limonite". Limonite is a common iron ore that is brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown in color, and is mainly composed of iron oxide and hydroxide minerals. It often forms in bogs, wetlands, and shallow marine environments. Limonite is not as widely used for iron production as other types of iron ore such as hematite and magnetite, but it can still be an important source of iron. It is often found in association with other minerals such as clay, sand, and gravel, and is typically mined using open-pit mining methods. Overall, limonite is an important resource for iron production, and is also used in other applications such as pigments, soil conditioner, and in the construction industry.

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The port at the Lower Niger Valley that once served as a major gateway to Nigeria's export import trade was Warri. Warri is a city located in the southwestern part of Nigeria, in the Niger Delta region. The city is located at the confluence of the Warri River and the Forcados River, which provides access to the Atlantic Ocean. Warri was an important port for the export of palm oil and other commodities from Nigeria during the colonial period, and it played a significant role in the country's economy. Today, Warri remains an important industrial and commercial center in Nigeria, with a major oil refinery and other industries located in the city.

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The major difference between communication and transportation is that transportation involves the physical carriage of things from one place to another while communication involves the transmission of information. Transportation usually involves the use of vehicles, such as cars, trucks, trains, ships, or airplanes, to move goods or people. On the other hand, communication involves the exchange of information or ideas between individuals, groups, or organizations, and can be done through various means such as telephone, email, messaging apps, or social media. While good infrastructure is required for efficient transportation, communication relies on a system of satellites in space or cables on the ground.

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Lumbering activities thrive very well in Cote d'Ivoire because of the presence of "stands of timber and good waterways for transporting logs". Cote d'Ivoire has extensive forests, which are home to a variety of tree species that are suitable for commercial logging. These forests provide a sustainable source of timber for the lumbering industry. In addition to the availability of timber, the country has a network of rivers and waterways that make it easy to transport logs from the forest to sawmills or to ports for export. This is an efficient and cost-effective means of transporting logs, especially in areas where road infrastructure may be limited. Although good indigenous methods and expert lumbermen may also play a role in the success of lumbering activities, they are not the primary reason for the success of the industry in Cote d'Ivoire. Similarly, the presence of good lumber lorries or road networks is not mentioned as a significant factor in the success of lumbering activities in the country.

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The best way to describe huge masses of coarse-grained igneous rock solidifying in depth in the crust is "plutonic rocks". These rocks form when molten magma cools and solidifies slowly beneath the Earth's surface, giving the minerals enough time to grow into large crystals. Plutonic rocks can also be referred to as intrusive rocks because they intrude or push their way into existing rock layers. The slow cooling process of magma beneath the Earth's surface allows for the growth of larger mineral crystals, resulting in the coarse-grained texture commonly found in plutonic rocks. Examples of plutonic rocks include granite, diorite, and gabbro. In contrast, volcanic rocks form when magma erupts onto the Earth's surface and cools quickly, resulting in a fine-grained texture. Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that have been transformed by heat and pressure, while sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and cementation of sediments over time.

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The rapid growth of cities like Tokyo, Osaka, and Yokohama in Japan can be attributed to large-scale industrialization. After World War II, Japan experienced a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, which led to the concentration of industry and jobs in urban areas. This resulted in a significant increase in population, as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities. Tokyo, Osaka, and Yokohama are all major industrial centers in Japan, and their growth was fueled by the expansion of manufacturing and other industries. As a result, these cities have become some of the largest and most populous in the world.

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The Bakolori, Kachera and Goronyo irrigation projects are found in the Sokoto plains.

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The leading trading regions of the world by volume of import and export trade are Western Europe and the U.S.A. This means that these regions have the highest amount of goods and services that are imported and exported in the world. Western Europe is known for its strong economy and is a major hub for international trade, while the U.S.A is the world's largest economy and a major player in global trade. The trade between these regions involves a wide range of products, including raw materials, manufactured goods, and services.

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A manager of a pulp and paper factory would prefer wood from "spruce". Spruce trees have long, straight trunks that are ideal for producing high-quality pulp and paper products. Spruce trees also have a relatively high yield of pulp compared to other tree species, meaning that more pulp can be produced from a given volume of wood. Additionally, spruce wood has relatively low levels of extractives, which are natural chemicals found in wood that can interfere with the production of high-quality paper. While other tree species like ebony, teak, and mahogany have desirable characteristics for furniture making and other decorative uses, they are not commonly used in the production of pulp and paper products due to their limited availability and high cost.

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The first petroleum refinery in Nigeria is located in Port Harcourt.

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Niger Republic is known to produce Uranium. Uranium is a naturally occurring mineral that is used to generate nuclear power. Niger Republic is one of the leading producers of Uranium in the world, and it has significant reserves of this mineral. Although Niger Republic has other mineral resources such as coal, gold, and iron ore, Uranium is the most well-known mineral produced in the country.