JAMB UTME - Geography - 1989

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Eluviation is the process by which soluble substances are removed from the upper layers of the soil. Essentially, it involves the movement of water through the soil, which carries dissolved materials with it as it percolates down through the layers of the soil. As the water moves through the soil, it tends to pick up and transport soluble substances such as minerals and organic compounds. These substances are then carried down through the soil layers and may eventually end up in lower layers or be carried away by groundwater. This process can have important effects on the chemical properties of the soil, as it can impact the availability of nutrients for plants and other organisms that depend on the soil ecosystem.

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The answer is Cote d'Ivoire: diamond. While Cote d'Ivoire is a significant producer of diamonds, it is not the country's major product for international trade. The country's major product for international trade is cocoa beans, followed by coffee, palm oil, and rubber. These agricultural products account for a significant portion of the country's exports, making Cote d'Ivoire one of the largest exporters of cocoa in the world. While diamonds are produced in the country, they are not a significant contributor to the country's economy or its international trade. Libya, Mauritius, and Zambia, on the other hand, are well-known for their petroleum, sugar, and copper exports, respectively, and these products play a significant role in their economies and international trade.

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The Sea of Japan is noted for fishing. It is a body of water located between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, and it is a very important fishing ground for both countries. The sea is home to a wide variety of fish and seafood, including squid, crab, mackerel, and salmon. Fishing has been a major industry in the region for centuries, and it continues to be an important source of food and income for many communities along the coast. While there are other activities that take place in the Sea of Japan, such as naval training and recreational activities, fishing is the most notable and significant one.

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Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and compaction of pre-existing rock fragments or other mineral materials that have been transported by mechanical means such as water, ice or wind. Out of the given options, shale is the mechanically formed sedimentary rock. Shale is made up of compressed clay, silt, or mud that has accumulated and compacted over time. The particles in shale are usually too fine to see with the naked eye, and they have been transported by water, making it a mechanically formed sedimentary rock. Chalk and limestone are formed from the accumulation of the remains of marine organisms such as coral or shells. Coal, on the other hand, is formed from the remains of ancient plants and trees that have undergone a process of carbonization. These processes are not considered to be mechanical, so chalk, limestone, and coal are not mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.

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The country where land reclaimed from the sea is intensively used for cultivation is Holland (also known as the Netherlands). The Dutch have a long history of reclaiming land from the sea, which has allowed them to expand their agricultural and urban areas. This process involves building dikes and drainage systems to drain the water from the land, making it suitable for farming or other uses. The Dutch have been doing this for centuries and have become experts in managing their reclaimed land, which they call "polders". Today, much of the Netherlands' highly productive farmland is located on reclaimed land. Other countries, such as Belgium, England, and Finland, also have reclaimed land, but it is not used for cultivation as extensively as it is in the Netherlands.

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The Inter-tropical Discontinuity is the meeting zone of the Tropical Maritime and Tropical Continental air masses. The Tropical Maritime air mass is warm and humid, and forms over the tropical oceans. The air in this mass is moist and has a relatively low density. The Tropical Continental air mass is also warm, but much drier than the Tropical Maritime air mass. It forms over land areas in the tropics, where it can be heated and dried by the sun. When these two air masses meet at the Inter-tropical Discontinuity, they can cause significant weather changes, such as the formation of thunderstorms, heavy rain, and strong winds. The zone of convergence between these air masses is also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In summary, the Inter-tropical Discontinuity is the meeting zone of the Tropical Maritime and Tropical Continental air masses, which can lead to significant weather changes and the formation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

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Out of the given options, the tree that is evergreen and has small, thick, leathery, and needle-shaped leaves is the spruce tree. Spruce trees are conifers that have needles instead of broad leaves. Their needles are small, thick, and leathery, and they stay green throughout the year, giving the tree its evergreen characteristic. Teak trees are also evergreen, but they have large, oval-shaped leaves, not needle-shaped ones. Oak trees, on the other hand, are deciduous, meaning they lose their leaves in the fall. Finally, Eucalyptus trees have elongated leaves that are not needle-shaped nor thick and leathery. Therefore, based on the description provided, the spruce tree is the best fit for the given characteristics of an evergreen tree with small, thick, leathery, and needle-shaped leaves.

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Under the hot desert climate, you would expect physical weathering to be most active. Physical weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without a change in their chemical composition. This process is influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of water. In hot desert climates, temperatures are high during the day and low at night, and there is limited rainfall. The high temperatures cause rocks to expand during the day and contract at night, which can lead to the formation of cracks and fractures. The limited rainfall means that there is little chemical weathering taking place, so the rocks are more susceptible to physical weathering. In contrast, savannah, warm temperate, and equatorial climates tend to have more rainfall and less temperature fluctuation, which can lead to more chemical weathering and less physical weathering. Therefore, based on the given options, the hot desert climate would be the best fit for the question of which climate would typically experience the most physical weathering.

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Most of the industries located in rural areas are raw materials-oriented. This means that they are usually located in areas where the raw materials needed for their production can be easily sourced. Examples of such raw materials may include agricultural produce, timber, and minerals. These industries are often involved in the processing of these raw materials into finished products. They may also engage in the production of handicrafts and other traditional products. Raw materials-oriented industries in rural areas contribute significantly to the economic development of these regions by providing employment opportunities and increasing the income of the local population.

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The landform that results from wind deposition is a sand dune, specifically the type of dune known as a "barchan." Barchan dunes are crescent-shaped sand dunes that form in areas with limited vegetation and a steady wind direction. The wind blows sand particles up the windward side of the dune, and then they fall down the leeward side, forming a gentle slope. Over time, this process creates the characteristic crescent shape of the barchan dune. The other options listed are all landforms that can result from other geological processes. A bajada is a broad slope of alluvial material formed by the merging of several coalescing alluvial fans, which are formed by water deposition. A fan is also an alluvial deposit created by water flow, typically in a mountainous area. A playa is a dry lake bed that can form in a desert environment due to a combination of wind erosion and evaporation.

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The vegetation type that is mainly confined to the Northern hemisphere is the Tundra. Tundra is a type of biome characterized by low temperatures, short growing seasons, and permafrost (frozen soil). This biome is found mainly in the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Alaska, northern Canada, and Siberia. The Tundra biome is characterized by vegetation that is adapted to the cold and harsh conditions, such as dwarf shrubs, lichens, mosses, and grasses. The other vegetation types, such as Tropical Grasslands, Equatorial Forests, and Deserts, are found in various parts of the world and are not confined only to the Northern hemisphere.

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The requirement that virtually limits the area distribution of reef building corals to the tropical and sub-tropical zones is a mean water temperature not less than 20°C. This means that coral reefs require warm water to survive and thrive. Cold water can be harmful to corals and cause them to die off. Tropical and sub-tropical zones have the necessary warm water temperatures that are required for the growth and survival of coral reefs. Therefore, coral reefs are mainly found in these areas. The other options, such as warm currents, shallow water of less than 30 meters, and saline but sediments-free water, are also important for the growth and survival of coral reefs but are not the main factor that limits their distribution to tropical and sub-tropical zones.

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A poorly-drained soil is characterized by a greyish color due to the lack of oxygen in the soil. When there is not enough oxygen in the soil, it can become waterlogged and lead to poor drainage. This condition is not suitable for many plants because they need a good supply of oxygen to their roots to grow and thrive. The greyish color of the soil is caused by the accumulation of iron sulfides, which are formed in the absence of oxygen. This condition is often seen in wetland or swampy areas, where water cannot drain away easily. Therefore, the correct answer is not high acidity, abundant ferric oxides, or excessive drainage but rather poor aeration due to the lack of oxygen in the soil caused by poor drainage.

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B is correct; it is also called crop rotation is an human activity that benefit the soil

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The leading wheat producing region of the world is the Prairies of North America. The Prairies are a vast, flat region that stretches across the central United States and the western provinces of Canada. The region has a semi-arid climate, which is ideal for growing wheat, and is home to some of the world's most productive wheat fields. The wheat produced in the Prairies is used for a variety of purposes, including baking bread, making pasta, and feeding livestock. The region's agricultural industry is supported by advanced farming technology, including large-scale irrigation systems, high-tech equipment, and advanced crop genetics. Overall, the Prairies of North America play a crucial role in meeting the world's demand for wheat.

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The rotation of the earth on its axis causes day and night. The earth rotates on its axis, which is an imaginary line passing through its center, once every 24 hours. As the earth rotates, different parts of it face towards or away from the sun, which causes day and night to occur. The side of the earth facing towards the sun experiences daylight, while the side facing away from the sun experiences darkness, creating night. The earth's rotation also affects the apparent movement of the sun and stars across the sky. The varying lengths of day and night and the change of seasons are both caused by other factors, such as the tilt of the earth's axis and its orbit around the sun. Delimiting the tropics refers to defining the geographical boundaries of the tropics, which are regions of the earth surrounding the equator that experience warm temperatures and high humidity. Therefore, the best fit for the given question is that the rotation of the earth on its axis causes day and night to occur.

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The Ghezira Plains are located in Sudan, and cotton is cultivated there. The Ghezira Plains is a large region in central Sudan that lies between the Blue and White Nile rivers. The area has fertile soil and a favorable climate for agriculture, which makes it ideal for growing crops such as cotton. Cotton is one of the main crops grown in the region, and Sudan is known for producing high-quality cotton that is used in the textile industry around the world. Other crops grown in the Ghezira Plains include sorghum, millet, and vegetables. However, cotton is the primary crop and an important source of income for many farmers in the region.

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The statement that is true of local craft industries in West Africa is "i, ii, and iv." This means that: i. They are the earliest industries in the region: Local craft industries have a long history in West Africa and have been an important part of the region's economy for centuries. ii. They are widely scattered over the region: Local craft industries can be found in many different parts of West Africa, and their products are often closely tied to local traditions and cultures. iv. They depend mainly on human energy: Local craft industries in West Africa typically rely on manual labor and traditional techniques, rather than modern machinery or technology. Option iii, which states that their products are mass-produced, is not true of local craft industries in West Africa. Instead, their products are often made in small quantities and may be highly valued for their unique qualities and craftsmanship. In summary, local craft industries in West Africa have a long history, are found throughout the region, and rely on manual labor and traditional techniques. They do not typically mass-produce their products.

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In a divided circle illustrating the world's export of crude oil, if the section taken up by the share of a certain country measures 72°, then the share of that country's export expressed as a percentage can be calculated as follows: - A full circle is 360°. - The share of the country is 72°, which is a fifth of the circle because 5 x 72° = 360°. - Therefore, the share of the country's export as a percentage is 20% because 1/5 = 0.2 or 20%. Therefore, the answer is 20. The country's share of the world's export of crude oil, as illustrated in the divided circle, is 20%.

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The flow diagram is a mapping technique that visualizes the flow of data or objects through a system or process. It is most appropriate to use when showing the movements or transitions of items or information. Out of the given options, the most suitable use of a flow diagram would be to show the movements of migrants between states. A flow diagram can help represent the migration patterns by illustrating the movement of people from one state to another. The flow diagram can also show the direction and magnitude of the migration and help identify any trends or patterns in the data. Although a flow diagram can be used to represent wind directions at different stations, it may not be the most appropriate mapping technique. A wind rose diagram, which is a circular diagram showing the distribution of wind directions and speeds at a particular location, may be a better option. Similarly, a flow diagram may not be the best option to represent the proportion of birds' populations in each state or man/land ratio in each state. A bar graph or a pie chart could be more effective for visualizing this type of data.

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The largest concentration of domesticated livestock in Nigeria is found in vegetation zone 5. Vegetation zone 5 is also known as the Guinea savanna, which is a transitional zone between the tropical rainforest and the Sahel savanna. It is characterized by grasslands, scattered trees, and shrubs. The Guinea savanna covers a significant portion of Nigeria, including the northern part of the country. It is known for its fertile soil, which makes it ideal for agriculture and livestock farming. The region has a long dry season, which is suitable for livestock rearing, and the grasses provide ample grazing opportunities for animals. Nigeria is known for its thriving livestock industry, and the Guinea savanna is the largest concentration of domesticated livestock in the country. The region is known for its cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry farming. Livestock farming is a significant source of income for many families in the region and plays an important role in Nigeria's economy. In summary, the largest concentration of domesticated livestock in Nigeria is found in vegetation zone 5, which is the Guinea savanna. The region's fertile soil, dry season, and ample grazing opportunities make it ideal for livestock farming, which is an essential source of income and a significant contributor to Nigeria's economy.

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The direction of flow of ocean currents is mainly determined by the prevailing winds and the rotation of the earth. The rotation of the earth causes a phenomenon known as the Coriolis effect, which deflects moving objects, such as air and water, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Prevailing winds, which are caused by differences in temperature and air pressure, create surface currents that are deflected by the Coriolis effect, resulting in the formation of large, circular ocean currents. The shape of the continents also plays a role in determining the direction of these currents, as they can act as barriers or channels that affect the flow of water. The temperature of the continental interior can also influence the direction of currents, as warm water tends to flow towards colder water. However, the depth of the ocean and the amount of fresh water inflow are not significant factors in determining the direction of ocean currents.

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On maps, places with equal sunshine duration are joined by isohels. Isohels are lines drawn on a map to connect points that receive an equal amount of sunshine duration in a given time period, such as a day or a year. These lines are often used on weather maps to help show the distribution of sunlight across a particular region. Isohyets are used to connect places with equal rainfall amounts, isotherms join places with equal temperature, and isonephs join places with equal cloud cover. Therefore, the best fit for the given description is isohels, as it refers specifically to the joining of places with equal sunshine duration.

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The landform between River Oni and the Kedi-Ibaga road is a broken ridge. A broken ridge is a type of landform that is characterized by a series of hills or ridges that are not continuous. Instead, they are separated by irregular valleys or low-lying areas. In this case, the broken ridge is located between the River Oni and the Kedi-Ibaga road. This suggests that there is a series of hills or ridges in the area that are not connected, and they are separated by valleys or low-lying areas. Broken ridges can be formed by a variety of geological processes, including erosion, tectonic activity, or glaciation. They can be found in many parts of the world and are often associated with rugged or mountainous terrain. Overall, the landform between River Oni and the Kedi-Ibaga road is a broken ridge, which is a series of hills or ridges that are not continuous and are separated by valleys or low-lying areas.

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Iron ore is a mineral that is used in the production of steel and other metal products. Among the four countries listed in the question, Liberia is an important producer of iron ore. Liberia has significant deposits of iron ore, particularly in the Nimba Range in the northwestern region of the country. The iron ore from Liberia is of high quality and is in high demand from steel producers around the world. In recent years, Liberia has been one of the largest exporters of iron ore in Africa, and the iron ore industry has played a significant role in the country's economy. The sector has attracted significant foreign investment and has contributed to job creation and infrastructure development. In summary, Liberia is an important producer of iron ore due to its significant deposits of high-quality iron ore in the Nimba Range, which have attracted significant foreign investment and contributed to the country's economy.

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Kinshasa is a river port in Africa. Kinshasa is located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is home to the Congo River. The Congo River is one of the longest and deepest rivers in the world, and it plays a critical role in the transportation of goods and people throughout central Africa. Kinshasa is strategically located along the Congo River, making it a major hub for trade and commerce in the region. Other cities, such as Mombasa, Alexandria, and East London, are located along the coast and are important seaports rather than river ports.

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