JAMB UTME - History - 2002

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During the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, European powers sought to establish colonies and acquire territories in Africa. Among these powers, France acquired the largest number of territories in West Africa. French West Africa, also known as French Equatorial Africa, included territories such as Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Niger, and Chad. Therefore, the answer to the question is France.

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The President of Transvaal who led the Boers against the British was P. Kruger.

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Victor Malu served as a commander of the ECOMOG (Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group).

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The French policy of assimilation failed primarily because it required the total rejection of African culture. This policy aimed to make Africans fully French by adopting French culture, language, and values. However, this required Africans to give up their own culture, language, and values, which proved to be difficult for many. The policy was also expensive to implement and did not consider the realities of African societies. Additionally, many Africans were not interested in assimilation and instead wanted to maintain their own cultural identity.

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The Nigerian coastal chiefs found it difficult to give up the slave trade after its abolition because it was still crucial to the economy of their states. The slave trade had been a major source of income for the coastal chiefs and their communities for centuries. The abolition of the trade meant a significant loss of revenue, and many coastal chiefs were reluctant to give up such a profitable business. Additionally, the British Navy was not always effective in enforcing the abolition, and some African rulers were able to continue the trade secretly. While the slave trade had been a part of African culture in the past, this was not the primary reason why the coastal chiefs found it difficult to give it up after abolition.

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The major impact of the Omani on East Africa was the spread of Islam. The Omani, who were Muslims, established several coastal cities in East Africa, including Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa. They brought with them the Islamic religion and culture, which they spread through trade and intermarriage with the local population. This led to the conversion of many East Africans to Islam, which had a lasting impact on the region's culture and way of life.

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The Premier of the Eastern Region of Nigeria in 1962 was Chief Michael Okpara.

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The prime minister in the kingdom of Buganda was known as the Katikiro.

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The 1945 General Strike was led by Michael Imoudu. He was a Nigerian labor leader and trade union activist who played a significant role in the Nigerian labor movement in the mid-twentieth century. Imoudu was one of the leaders of the Nigerian workers' struggle for better wages and working conditions in the colonial era, and the 1945 General Strike was one of his major achievements.

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The Aku of Wukari derived his power mainly from his spiritual influence in the kingdom during the pre-colonial period. This means that his authority came from his perceived connection to the spiritual world, which gave him the ability to communicate with the gods and ancestors. As a result, he was considered a powerful figure with the ability to make important decisions, resolve conflicts, and maintain order in the community. His spiritual authority was respected by the people, and they looked to him for guidance and protection. The other options, such as the strength of his army, control of trade routes, and role as a supplier of slaves, do not accurately reflect the main source of the Aku's power during this period.

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Nsibidi is an indigenous system of ideographic writing used by the Efik, Ibibio and Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. It was found in the Cross River Area during the pre-colonial period. Therefore, the correct option is the Cross River Area.

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The Tin Producers' Association was formed in 1929 with the main aim of regulating the supply of tin. The Association was created to stabilize the price of tin by limiting the amount of tin produced and sold on the market. The organization had a significant impact on the tin market and helped to stabilize the industry during the Great Depression. By controlling the supply of tin, the Association was able to maintain the price of the metal at a level that was profitable for producers. The organization was dissolved in 1985 after many years of operation.

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The Qaramanli rulers of Libya depended on piracy and trade to sustain their economy. They maintained a powerful navy which enabled them to control the Mediterranean Sea, harass European shipping, and demand tribute from coastal towns. They also engaged in slave raids and traded in gold, ivory, and other commodities. However, their reliance on piracy eventually led to conflicts with the major European powers, which weakened their economy and contributed to their downfall.

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The objective of the 1934 legislation imposing quotas on imported goods from non-British sources was to exclude cheap Japanese textiles. This legislation was introduced by the British colonial government in Nigeria as a means of protecting British textile manufacturers from competition by cheaper textile imports from non-British sources, especially Japan. The legislation was a response to the decline in the demand for British textiles, which resulted from the Great Depression of the 1930s. By imposing quotas on imports of non-British textiles, the British colonial government sought to maintain the British textile industry's market share in Nigeria.

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Samori Toure adopted the ‘scorched earth’ policy during his war against the French. This was a military tactic that involved destroying anything that could be useful to the enemy, such as crops, livestock, and infrastructure, in order to make it difficult for them to sustain their campaign. Samori Toure employed this tactic as a means of weakening the French forces and reducing their capacity to sustain their campaign in his kingdom.

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Nigeria’s economy in the region rested almost entirely on petroleum; the regime was one of the most corrupt in
Nigeria’s political history; the Technical Aid Corps was established under the Military Administration of Olusegun Obasanjo.

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Rumfa, one of the rulers of Kano promoted Islam to a state religion. Rumfa was a Muslim ruler of the Kano Kingdom, located in what is now modern-day Nigeria. He was a devout Muslim and is credited with making Islam the state religion of Kano during his reign in the late 15th century. He commissioned the building of several mosques in the city, including the famous Kurmi Market mosque, which is still standing today. His efforts helped to spread Islam throughout the kingdom and had a lasting impact on the religious and cultural landscape of the region.

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The ethnic groups that occupy the hinterland of the Bight of Benin are the Edo, the Yoruba, and the Urhobo.

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The party championed the interest of the local populace - the talakawas i.e. it sought to change the status – quo, a move which made the tradition rulers to distance themselves from the party.

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The immediate reaction of the Commonwealth to the Sharpeville massacre was the expulsion of South Africa from the organization. The Sharpeville massacre was a tragic incident in 1960 in which South African police opened fire on a peaceful demonstration, killing and injuring many black South Africans. The Commonwealth, a group of countries that had historic ties to Britain, was outraged by the event and saw it as a clear violation of human rights. As a result, the Commonwealth decided to take action and expelled South Africa from the organization. This was a significant move that sent a strong message to the world about the Commonwealth's stance on apartheid and racial discrimination.

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Sierra Leone was very important in the history of West Africa during the colonial period as a center for the spread of Christianity. This was due to the efforts of Christian missionaries who arrived in the country in the late 18th century and established schools, hospitals, and churches. The country became a hub for missionary activities, and many Africans from other parts of West Africa came to Sierra Leone to receive education and religious instruction. The spread of Christianity in Sierra Leone had a significant impact on the region's social and cultural landscape, and it contributed to the emergence of a new African Christian identity that blended traditional African beliefs with Christian teachings.

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The first Magherebian state to be detached from the Ottoman Empire by the French was Algeria. In the 19th century, France began a campaign to colonize Algeria and gradually overtook the region, starting with the coastal areas. Algeria was considered an integral part of the Ottoman Empire until the French began their conquest, which eventually led to Algeria being declared a French colony in 1834.

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Tribes defeated in battle fled and as they came across new bands of people attacked them and those that were
victorious took the cattle and land of such conquered people.

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The last ruler of the Ogiso dynasty in the Benin Empire was Oba Owodo. The Ogiso dynasty was the ruling dynasty in the region before the arrival of the Edo people who established the Benin Empire. According to Benin tradition, Owodo was the last Ogiso ruler before the Edo people overthrew the dynasty and established their own ruling dynasty under the leadership of Oba Oranmiyan.

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During the colonial era, Lagos was a powerful kingdom in what is now Nigeria. The British colonial government wanted to expand their influence in the region and in 1851, they signed a treaty with Oba Kosoko, who was then the ruler of Lagos. However, the British were not happy with Kosoko's rule, and in 1851, they deposed him and installed his nephew, Akitoye, as the new Oba of Lagos. Later in 1853, Kosoko returned to Lagos and reclaimed the throne with the help of the Egbas. However, in 1854, the British intervened again and this time, they drove Kosoko out of Lagos and installed Oba Dosumu as the new ruler. Therefore, the ruler that was driven out of Lagos by the British was Oba Kosoko.

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The Hugh Clifford constitution introduced the elective principle which allowed three members of the Legislative Council in Nigeria to be elected from Lagos and one in Calabar

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The Native Authority Ordinance of 1916 introduced direct taxation in Yorubaland, which means that people had to pay tax directly to the government. This had the effect of involving the people more directly in the colonial administration, as they were now required to pay taxes to the government. It also led to the appointment of more British officials to help collect the taxes and administer the colonial government. This increased the influence of the colonial government in Yorubaland and reduced the power of the traditional rulers, such as the Oba, who previously had more control over their own territories.

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The Mau Mau revolt in Kenya had its origin in the occupation of Kikuyu land by the British. The Kikuyu people, who were the largest ethnic group in Kenya, were displaced from their lands, which were then occupied by European settlers. The Kikuyu people saw this as a violation of their rights and responded by forming the Mau Mau movement to fight for their land and independence. The movement became more militant after the colonial government responded with violence and repression.

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Amilcar Cabral led the liberation struggle against Portuguese domination in Guinea Bissau.

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The 1886 Treaty is significant in Yoruba history because it brought peace and stability to Yorubaland.

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Theodore II introduced many reforms that led to a steady increase in the revenue accruing to Ethiopia.

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It indicated that Daura was ruled by a queen who offered to many Bayajidda in gratitude for killing the sacred snake. Sarki that hitherto allowed her subject to draw water from the only well in the town only on Fridays.

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The splitting of the southern Province into East and West was done on April 1st, 1939 during the tenure of Boudillon was Governor (1935-43); Thompson was governor from 1925-31, Clifford from 1919-1925 and Lugard 1914-19

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Intensified European activity along the coast in the nineteenth century led Benin to lose control of some vassal states. European powers, particularly Britain, had a growing interest in West Africa, and Benin was one of the states that experienced the impact of this interest. The increased European activity led to the loss of some of the vassal states that were previously under the control of Benin. The Europeans established trading relationships with these states and weakened Benin's power and control over the region.

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The Royal Niger Company played the greatest role in the British conquest of Nigeria. The company was a British-chartered company that was granted a royal charter in 1886 to control and administer the territories of the Niger Delta and the surrounding areas. The company had its own private army, and it used force to establish British control over the region, including the use of military expeditions against resistance from indigenous communities. The company played a key role in the colonization of Nigeria and the eventual establishment of British colonial rule over the region.

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Freeman pioneered Methodist missionary activity in Yorubaland. Baikie led the 1857 missionary expedition to the North. Slessor worked together to abolish some negative traditional practices in Calabar.

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The Nok culture is associated with the archaeological findings at Taruga. The Nok culture was an ancient culture that existed in what is now Nigeria, and is known for its distinctive terracotta sculptures. These sculptures were discovered in the village of Nok in northern Nigeria in 1928, and subsequent excavations have revealed that the culture existed from around 1500 BCE to 200 CE. The archaeological site at Taruga, also located in northern Nigeria, has yielded a significant number of Nok artifacts, including terracotta sculptures, iron tools and weapons, and pottery.

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Steve Biko was the leader of the South African Black Consciousness Movement who died in detention in 1977. The Black Consciousness Movement was a social, cultural, and political movement that aimed to empower black people and eliminate the system of apartheid in South Africa. Biko was a prominent activist and leader in the movement, and his death sparked international outrage and drew attention to the human rights abuses of the apartheid regime.

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