JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

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In a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
In this system, the citizens elect members of parliament or legislators who represent their interests and political parties. The leader of the political party that holds the majority of seats in the legislature becomes the head of government. This person is commonly referred to as the Prime Minister or the Chief Executive.
The head of government is responsible for leading the day-to-day operations of the government, making policy decisions, and implementing laws. This individual is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the support of the majority party or if a vote of no confidence is passed.
The head of government works alongside the head of state, who may be a ceremonial figurehead or have limited powers. The head of state is often a monarch or a president, and their role is primarily symbolic.
Overall, in a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is chosen based on their political party's strength in the legislature, rather than being directly elected by the people or appointed by the judiciary or head of state.

Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on

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Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on parental citizenship. This means that if either one or both of your parents are citizens of a particular country, you can become a citizen of that country as well. It doesn't matter where you were born or the length of your residency. The important factor is the citizenship of your parents. Jus Sanguinis focuses on the ethnic background and family ties, rather than the place of birth or how long you have lived in a country.

Which of the following is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria?

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The basic unit of a local government in Nigeria is the Ward.
A ward can be defined as a smaller administrative division or unit of a local government. It is typically made up of several communities or neighborhoods.
In Nigeria, a ward is responsible for the governance and provision of basic services at the grassroots level. It is the building block upon which a local government is established.
Wards play a crucial role in the democratic process as they are the smallest electoral unit where citizens vote to elect their representatives, known as councilors. These councilors represent the interests of the people within their ward in the local government council.
The primary purpose of a ward is to ensure effective representation and service delivery at the local level. It is responsible for addressing the needs and concerns of its residents and overseeing the implementation of development projects within the ward.
Wards are an essential part of local government structure in Nigeria as they promote citizen participation, local governance, and grassroots development. They provide a platform for communities to voice their opinions, seek assistance, and contribute to the decision-making process.
In summary, the ward is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria. It serves as the foundation for local governance, representation, and service delivery at the grassroots level.

The judiciary checks the other arms of government through

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The judiciary checks the other arms of government through judicial review. Judicial review is a process under which executive and legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. This is a key aspect of the separation of powers.

The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as

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The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth. It was a voluntary association of independent countries, primarily former territories of the British Empire, that had strong historical and constitutional ties to the United Kingdom. This name was chosen because the majority of the member countries were previously under British colonial rule.
The British Commonwealth was established in 1931 with the signing of the Statute of Westminster, which granted greater autonomy and self-governance to the dominions within the British Empire. The purpose of this association was to promote cooperation and friendship among member nations, while respecting their individual sovereignty.
Over time, the name of the organization was changed to the Commonwealth of Nations in 1949 to reflect the changing nature of its membership. The word "British" was dropped to recognize the diverse range of countries that were part of the organization, including those that never had direct colonial ties to Britain.
In summary, the Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth because it consisted mainly of countries that were formerly British colonies. The name was later changed to the Commonwealth of Nations to acknowledge the independence and diversity of its member states.

In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is

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In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. This means that the executive branch, which includes the head of state or head of government (such as a president or prime minister), is made up of members who are also part of the legislature.
In this system, the executive branch is not separate from the legislative branch. Instead, the executive branch is formed by the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature. The head of government is usually the leader of the majority party or the leader of the coalition. The executive branch is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power through a vote of no confidence in the legislature.
The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws, making decisions, and managing the day-to-day affairs of the government. It proposes laws, sets policies, and carries out the functions necessary to run the country. The members of the executive branch are usually elected officials who are chosen by the people through general elections or appointed by the head of government.
In a parliamentary system, the executive branch is not under the control of the judiciary. The judiciary is a separate branch of government that interprets laws and ensures their enforcement. The executive branch is independent from the judiciary and is responsible for enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch.
To summarize, in a parliamentary system, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. It is formed by elected officials who are accountable to the legislature and responsible for implementing laws and governing the country. The executive branch is separate from the judiciary and not elected through popular votes.

Nigeria is a founding member of which regional organization?

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Nigeria is a founding member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS is a regional organization made up of 15 West African countries. It was established on May 28, 1975, with the goal of promoting economic integration and cooperation among member states.
ECOWAS was created to encourage regional trade, facilitate the movement of people and goods, and foster economic development in West Africa. Nigeria, along with other countries in the region, recognized the importance of working together to address common challenges and capitalize on shared opportunities.
As a founding member of ECOWAS, Nigeria played a crucial role in its establishment and continues to actively participate in its activities. The country has contributed to the organization's efforts in areas such as peace and security, trade liberalization, and regional integration.
In summary, Nigeria is a founding member of ECOWAS, an important regional organization in West Africa that aims to promote economic cooperation and development among its member states.

During the cold war, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by

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During the Cold War, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by Neutrality and non-alignment. This means that Nigeria chose to remain neutral and not align with any major power bloc like the United States or the Soviet Union.
Nigeria adopted a policy of non-alignment, which means it did not take sides in the ongoing rivalry between the two superpowers. Instead, Nigeria sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by focusing on its own national interests.
This approach allowed Nigeria to pursue its own development goals, without being directly influenced by the policies and agendas of either the United States or the Soviet Union. It also allowed Nigeria to form partnerships and engage in international cooperation with a wide range of countries, regardless of their ideological leanings.
By adopting this stance, Nigeria aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development within its own borders and across the African continent. This policy also allowed Nigeria to play a constructive role in resolving regional conflicts and promoting diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.
Overall, Nigeria's decision to maintain neutrality and non-alignment during the Cold War reflected its commitment to independent decision-making and its desire to pursue its own national interests without being tied to either of the major power blocs.

When there is an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called

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When an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election.
In a regular election, the candidate who receives the most votes or a majority of votes is declared the winner. However, in some cases, none of the candidates are able to secure enough votes to be declared the winner. This can happen if there are multiple candidates and the votes are distributed among them fairly evenly.
In such a scenario, a re-run election is conducted. This means that the election is held again, allowing the voters to cast their votes once more. The purpose of a re-run election is to give the voters another chance to choose a clear winner.
During a re-run election, the same candidates who participated in the original election typically compete again. However, in some cases, new candidates may also join the race. The re-run election follows a similar process as the original election, with the voters casting their votes and the results being tabulated to determine the winner.
The goal of a re-run election is to ensure that the democratic process is fair and that a clear winner is chosen based on the will of the people. It provides an opportunity for voters to reconsider their choices and potentially change the outcome of the election.
It is important to note that a re-run election is different from other terms mentioned. A recall is a process where voters can remove an elected official from office before their term is complete. A bye-election is held to fill a vacant seat in a legislative body. A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue or proposal.
In summary, when an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election. It gives the voters another opportunity to choose a candidate who can secure enough votes to be declared the winner.

Who amongst the following did not serve as secretary general of the League of nations?

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Josip Broz Tito did not serve as the Secretary General of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts between nations. Its Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the organization's activities and promoting its goals. Sean Lester, Joseph Avenol, and Eric Drummond all served as Secretary General of the League of Nations at different times. However, Josip Broz Tito, who was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, did not hold this position. It is important to note that the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations (UN), which is the current international organization responsible for promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

The arm of government responsible for budget approval and oversight is the

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The arm of government responsible for budget approval and oversight is the legislative branch.
The legislative branch is the one that makes laws and regulations for the country. It is typically made up of representatives who are elected by the people. In most countries, this branch is called the parliament or congress.
When it comes to the budget, the legislative branch plays a crucial role. It is responsible for reviewing and approving the government's proposed budget. This means that they have the power to accept, modify, or reject the budget proposal.
Additionally, the legislative branch also has the authority to oversee the implementation of the budget. They ensure that the allocated funds are being used properly and for the intended purposes. They have the power to investigate any misuse or mismanagement of public funds.
By having this responsibility, the legislative branch acts as a check and balance on the executive branch. They ensure that the government's budget is in line with the needs of the country and the will of the people. They guarantee transparency and accountability in the use of public funds.
In conclusion, the legislative branch is the arm of government that has the power of budget approval and oversight. They review, approve, and oversee the implementation of the government's budget to ensure proper use of public funds.

What is the term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people?

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The term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people is oligarchy. In an oligarchy, a few individuals or a small elite group have control over the government and make important decisions that impact the country and its people. This small group usually consists of wealthy, influential, or influential individuals who hold the power and authority.
Unlike democracy, where power is ultimately held by the people, in an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a select few. The decisions made by this small group may not necessarily represent the wishes or interests of the broader population.
Oligarchies may exist in different forms, such as a military junta, where military officials hold power, or an aristocracy, where power is inherited by a specific ruling class. It's important to note that oligarchies can take many shapes and can be seen throughout history and in various countries around the world.
In summary, an oligarchy is a system of government where power is held by a small group of individuals, and their decisions greatly influence the governance and policies of the country.

Which of the following is a limitation of pressure groups?

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Limitation of pressure groups:
One limitation of pressure groups is that they may prioritize their own interests over the public interest. Pressure groups are organizations or associations that work to promote and protect the interests of a particular section of society. While they can be effective in advocating for specific causes, there is a possibility that they may focus more on advancing the interests of their own members or supporters rather than considering the broader needs and well-being of the general public.
As pressure groups are formed by individuals who share common interests or issues, they may naturally gravitate towards actions and demands that benefit their own constituents. This can lead to a situation where the concerns and demands of certain sections of society are prioritized, while the needs of others may be neglected or overlooked.
Furthermore, pressure groups often have resources and influence that can give them significant power in shaping public opinion and influencing government policies. This can be problematic if the interests they represent are not aligned with the needs and aspirations of the wider population. There is a possibility that pressure groups, particularly those with substantial financial resources, may have greater access to decision-makers and policymakers, thus leading to a disproportionate influence on policy outcomes.
It is important to note, however, that not all pressure groups prioritize their own interests over the public interest. In fact, many pressure groups genuinely strive to work for the betterment of society as a whole. Nevertheless, the potential for some pressure groups to prioritize their own interests remains a limitation that should be taken into consideration.
In conclusion, while pressure groups play an important role in advocating for specific causes and representing the interests of certain sections of society, a limitation is that they may prioritize their own interests over the broader public interest. This highlights the need for transparency, accountability, and a balanced approach to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are duly considered and taken into account in the decision-making process.

The electoral system used in Nigeria is primarily based on __________

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The electoral system used in Nigeria is primarily based on the first-past-the-post system.
Under this system, each constituency in Nigeria is divided into electoral districts, and voters in each district elect a representative through a simple majority vote. The candidate who receives the highest number of votes (even if not a majority) is declared the winner and becomes the representative of that district.
This system is commonly known as "first-past-the-post" because the candidate who passes the winning post first by having the most votes is elected, irrespective of whether they have received an absolute majority or not.
The first-past-the-post system is straightforward and easy to understand. It allows voters to choose a representative based on the individual and their party affiliation. It also allows for a direct connection between the elected representative and the constituency, as each district has its own representative.

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of

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The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

Which constitution established the Public Service Commission?

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The constitution that established the Public Service Commission is the 1979 constitution. This constitution was adopted in Nigeria and it played a crucial role in shaping the governance of the country. The Public Service Commission is an important institution responsible for the recruitment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants in the public sector.
The Public Service Commission was created with the aim of ensuring efficiency, professionalism, and fairness in the public service. It acts as a check and balance mechanism to prevent abuse of power and promote transparency in the recruitment and management of public servants.
Under the 1979 constitution, the Public Service Commission was given the mandate to oversee the affairs of the civil service. It was responsible for ensuring that qualified and competent individuals were appointed to positions in the public service based on merit and without any form of discrimination.
Additionally, the Public Service Commission was responsible for developing and implementing policies and guidelines that govern the conduct of civil servants. It played a key role in promoting a culture of accountability, integrity, and professionalism within the public service.
The establishment of the Public Service Commission under the 1979 constitution was a significant step towards improving the quality of governance in Nigeria. It provided a framework for the fair and efficient management of the public service, which is essential for the successful implementation of government policies and programs.
Therefore, the constitution that established the Public Service Commission is the 1979 constitution. It recognized the importance of a well-functioning civil service and ensured that measures were put in place to uphold the highest standards of professionalism and integrity in the public sector.

Which arm of government has the power to declare laws unconstitutional?

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The arm of government that has the power to declare laws unconstitutional is the **Judiciary**. The Judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws of the country. They ensure that the laws passed by the Legislature or Parliament are in accordance with the Constitution. When a law is questioned or challenged, the Judiciary reviews it to determine if it conflicts with the Constitution. If the law is found to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the Judiciary has the authority to declare it unconstitutional. This power is important because it helps to protect the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the Constitution. It ensures that the laws created by the Legislature do not violate the fundamental rights of individuals or go against the basic principles of the Constitution. By declaring a law unconstitutional, the Judiciary invalidates that law, making it unenforceable. This means that the law cannot be applied or enforced by the Executive branch of government. In this way, the Judiciary acts as a check and balance on the power of the Legislature and the Executive. It ensures that the laws passed are consistent with the Constitution and that the rights of individuals are protected.

Which of the following is an example of a public pressure group?

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An example of a public pressure group is Greenpeace.
Public pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government policies and decisions by raising public awareness and mobilizing public support for their causes. They operate in the public domain and work to bring about positive changes in society.
Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that campaigns for issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, and pollution. They use peaceful protests, lobbying, and research to create awareness and put pressure on governments and corporations to take action on these issues.
Public pressure groups like Greenpeace have a significant impact on shaping public opinion and influencing policy-making processes. They represent the interests of the general public and work to ensure that government policies align with environmental and social concerns. Through their advocacy efforts, they strive to bring about positive change for the benefit of the planet and its inhabitants.
Therefore, Greenpeace is an example of a public pressure group that works towards environmental causes and raises public awareness to influence policy decisions.

Which constitutional amendment introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria?

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The correct answer is **none of the above**. None of the mentioned constitutional amendments introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The creation of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria was not achieved through a constitutional amendment. Rather, it was a political decision made by the government in 1976 during the administration of General Murtala Ramat Mohammed. The aim was to promote balanced development, administrative efficiency, and foster unity among the diverse ethnic and cultural groups in the country. The six geopolitical zones are North-West, North-East, North-Central, South-West, South-East, and South-South. It is important to note that the geopolitical zones are not explicitly provided for in the Nigerian constitution. They serve as a framework for administrative convenience and the distribution of resources, but they do not have a legal or constitutional basis.

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by

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Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by legislative acts and statutes.
Legislative acts and statutes are laws that are passed by a governing body, such as a government or legislative assembly. These laws provide the legal framework for the creation and operation of public corporations and parastatals.
When a legislative act or statute is passed, it outlines the purpose, structure, governance, and responsibilities of the public corporation or parastatal. This ensures that they operate within the legal framework and are accountable to the governing body and the public.
The establishment of public corporations and parastatals through legislative acts has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the government to have control over important sectors of the economy, such as transport, energy, or healthcare, to ensure the provision of essential services to the public. Secondly, it provides a legal basis for the government to provide financial support and regulations to these entities. Lastly, legislative acts and statutes help in ensuring transparency and accountability in the operations of public corporations and parastatals.
In contrast, private corporations are typically established by private individuals or groups for profit-making purposes. Trade unions represent the interests of workers in collective bargaining, while international organizations are formed by multiple countries to address global issues. These entities do not have the same legal basis as public corporations and parastatals, and their establishment is not regulated by legislative acts and statutes.

Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principle of

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Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principle of national interest. This means that when making decisions about how to interact with other countries, Nigeria prioritizes its own interests and the well-being of its citizens above all else.
National interest can include a range of factors, such as security, economic prosperity, and diplomatic influence. Nigeria aims to protect its borders, maintain peace and security within its territory, and promote economic development for its citizens.
By focusing on national interest, Nigeria aims to ensure that its foreign policy decisions align with the needs and aspirations of its own people. This principle helps Nigeria make choices that are in its best interest, while also considering the potential impact on the international community.

If the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through

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If the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through **legislative override**. In the United States, the process of how a bill becomes a law involves several steps. After a bill has been passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate, it is then sent to the president for approval. The president has the power to either sign the bill into law or veto it. However, if the president chooses to veto the bill and refuse to sign it, there is still a way for the bill to become a law. This is through legislative override, which involves the Congress taking action to pass the bill into law despite the president's veto. To do this, Congress must vote on the bill again, typically with a two-thirds majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. If the bill manages to receive this level of support in Congress, it can become a law even without the president's approval. This process of legislative override is an important part of the checks and balances system in the United States. It allows for the will of the majority in Congress to prevail if there is disagreement between the legislative branch and the executive branch. In conclusion, if the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through **legislative override** by securing a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The process of forming public opinion is known as

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The process of forming public opinion is known as socialization.
Socialization refers to the process through which individuals acquire the values, beliefs, and behaviors held by society. It is a lifelong process that starts from childhood and continues throughout our lives.
There are various agents of socialization that play a role in shaping public opinion. These include family, school, peer groups, the media, and religious institutions.
Family is often the first and most influential agent of socialization. From a young age, children learn from their parents and caregivers about what is right or wrong, what is acceptable or unacceptable, and what values and beliefs they should adopt.
Schools also play a significant role in socializing individuals and shaping their opinions. Through formal education, students are exposed to different ideas, perspectives, and information. They learn critical thinking skills and how to analyze and evaluate information, which helps them form their own opinions.
Peer groups, including friends and peers with whom individuals interact, also contribute to the formation of public opinion. People often seek validation and acceptance from their peers, which can influence their beliefs and opinions.
The media, including television, newspapers, and the internet, has a powerful impact on shaping public opinion. Media outlets provide information, news, and entertainment that can influence how individuals perceive events, issues, and public figures. Media bias and selective reporting can also affect how public opinion is formed.
Religious institutions also contribute to shaping public opinion, as they provide moral guidelines and beliefs that individuals often internalize and incorporate into their worldview.
In summary, the process of forming public opinion is known as socialization. It involves various agents such as family, schools, peers, the media, and religious institutions that influence individuals' values, beliefs, and behaviors. It is a lifelong process that begins during childhood and continues throughout our lives.

Which of the following countries operate a direct democracy?

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Out of the options mentioned, Switzerland is the country that operates a direct democracy.
A direct democracy is a form of government where citizens have the power to make decisions directly, without the need for elected representatives. In Switzerland, this is done through referendums.
Referendums are voting processes where citizens can directly vote on specific issues or laws. For example, if there is a proposal to change a law, the Swiss citizens can vote on it directly. They can also propose new laws or repeal existing ones through referendums. This means that the Swiss people have a direct say in the decisions that affect their country.
In contrast, the other countries mentioned, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America, do not operate as direct democracies.
In Russia, the government is a semi-presidential republic. The head of state is the President, who is elected by the citizens, but the power is heavily concentrated in the hands of the President and the government.
The United Kingdom follows a constitutional monarchy system. It has a monarch as the head of state, but the country is governed by an elected parliament. The citizens elect members of parliament, who then make decisions on behalf of the country.
Similarly, the United States of America operates as a constitutional republic. The citizens elect representatives who serve in the Congress and make decisions on behalf of the people. The President is also elected by the citizens but has limited power in decision-making.
In summary, while Switzerland operates as a direct democracy where citizens have the power to make decisions directly through referendums, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America do not have direct democracy systems.

The zoning system in Nigerian politics refers to

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The zoning system in Nigerian politics refers to the rotation of power among different regions. This means that political power is deliberately and systematically rotated among the various regions of Nigeria.
Under the zoning system, the presidency, as well as other key political positions, are rotated amongst the different regions of the country. This is done to ensure fairness, inclusivity, and to prevent any one region from dominating or monopolizing political power.
The system recognizes that Nigeria is a diverse country with different ethnic groups and regions, each with its own unique interests and challenges. By rotating power, it ensures that all regions have an opportunity to govern and contribute to the development of the nation.
This practice helps to promote a sense of unity, equity, and balance in Nigerian politics. It allows for different regions to have a chance to participate in governance and have their voices heard. The zoning system is usually implemented within political parties and is a way to promote internal democracy and prevent power struggles within the party.
It is important to note that the zoning system does not guarantee that every region will have a fair share of political power. It is dependent on the political will of parties and individuals to uphold the practice. However, the goal is to create a more inclusive political system that takes into account the diversity of Nigeria's regions.

Which document serves as the constitution of the United Nations?

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The document that serves as the constitution of the United Nations is the Charter of the United Nations.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco by 50 countries and came into effect on October 24, 1945. It established the United Nations as an international organization committed to preserving peace, promoting human rights, and fostering international cooperation.
The Charter consists of a preamble and 111 articles that outline the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions. It sets out the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which include maintaining international peace and security, promoting friendly relations among nations, and encouraging respect for human rights.
The Charter also establishes the main organs of the United Nations, such as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Each organ has specific roles and responsibilities to fulfill in order to achieve the goals set out by the Charter.
In summary, the Charter of the United Nations is the document that serves as the constitution for the UN. It sets out the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions, and it plays a crucial role in guiding the work of the United Nations in addressing global challenges and promoting peace and cooperation among nations.

Which of the following is a feature of Nigerian Federalism?

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Autonomy of local government is a feature of Nigerian Federalism. In Nigeria, the local governments have a certain degree of independence and are empowered to make decisions and implement policies at the local level. This means that they have the authority to manage their own affairs, such as issuing licenses, collecting revenue, and providing basic services to the local communities. The autonomy of local government is an important aspect of Nigerian Federalism because it helps to ensure that power is not concentrated solely at the central government level, but rather distributed among different levels of government. This feature promotes participatory governance, local development, and ensures that decisions are made in the best interest of the local communities.

Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the ____ system of government.

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Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government.
In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated in the hands of a central authority or government. This means that decisions and policies are made at the national level and then implemented uniformly throughout the entire country. There is little or no autonomy given to regional or local governments.
In the case of General Aguiyi Ironsi and decree 34, the introduction of the unitary system of government was a significant departure from the previous federal system that Nigeria had been operating under. This change aimed to consolidate power under a single central government, with the intention of promoting national unity and cohesion.
However, it is important to note that the adoption of the unitary system under General Aguiyi Ironsi was met with opposition, especially from regions that felt it diminished their autonomy and voice in decision-making. This eventually led to the desire for a return to a federal system, which was realized with the subsequent change in government.
So, in summary, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government during General Aguiyi Ironsi's leadership.

Which of the following was a significant trade commodity in the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin?

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In the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, one of the significant trade commodities was ivory. Ivory refers to the hard, white material obtained from the tusks of certain animals, mainly elephants.
Ivory was highly valued in the Kingdom of Benin and was a major trade item. It was used to create intricate and beautiful sculptures, carvings, and ornaments, which were highly sought after by people across different regions. The skilled artisans and craftsmen of Benin were known for their exceptional carving abilities, and they created stunning works of art using ivory.
The Kingdom of Benin had access to a large supply of ivory, as the region was home to a significant population of elephants. The ivory trade brought wealth and prosperity to the kingdom, as it allowed the Benin people to engage in lucrative trade networks with neighboring regions and even faraway lands.
The demand for ivory was fueled by its rarity, beauty, and durability. It was used for various purposes such as personal adornment, as well as for religious and ceremonial objects. Ivory was also considered a symbol of status and wealth, and it was often used by the ruling elite to demonstrate their power and authority.
Overall, ivory played a vital role in the economy of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, serving as a valuable trade commodity and contributing to the kingdom's cultural and artistic achievements.

The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections was

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The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections in Nigeria was FEDECO which stands for Federal Electoral Commission. FEDECO was responsible for conducting and supervising the elections during that period.
FEDECO was established by the Nigerian government in 1978 to ensure a free and fair electoral process in the country. Its primary role was to register voters, create electoral boundaries, and administer the entire electoral process.
During the 1979 general elections, FEDECO ensured that eligible Nigerians were able to vote for their preferred candidates. This commission played a crucial role in ensuring that the electoral process was transparent and unbiased.
It is worth mentioning that FEDECO was later replaced by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in 1998, which is currently responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria. However, for the specific question regarding the 1979 general elections, the correct answer is FEDECO.

Which of the following is a right associated with citizenship?

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One of the rights associated with citizenship is the right to vote. This means that as a citizen, you have the privilege to participate in the democratic process by casting your vote in elections to choose your representatives.
Voting is a fundamental right that allows individuals to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives and the direction of their country. It is a way for citizens to express their opinions, support the candidates or parties they believe in, and help shape the future of their society.
Through the right to vote, citizens have the power to elect leaders who will represent their interests, make policies, and govern the country. It is a crucial aspect of a democratic society as it ensures that the government is accountable to its citizens.
Furthermore, the right to vote promotes equality and inclusivity, as it enables every eligible citizen to have an equal voice in the decision-making process, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.
In summary, the right to vote is an essential right of citizenship as it allows individuals to participate in the democratic process, choose their representatives, and have a say in shaping the future of their country.

In a communist system, who owns and controls the means of production?

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In a communist system, the government owns and controls the means of production. This means that all resources, factories, land, and businesses are owned by the state and are operated for the benefit of the entire society, rather than for private profit. The government makes decisions about what will be produced, how it will be produced, and who will receive the products or services. The goal is to distribute resources and wealth evenly among the people, striving for social equality. In this system, there is no private ownership or control by corporations, private individuals, or non-profit organizations. The government plays a central role in the planning and management of the economy to ensure the collective well-being of the society as a whole.

A major event in Nigerian history that led to the suspension of Nigeria's constitution and the declaration of a state of emergency by the colonial authorities in 1953 was the ________.

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A major event in Nigerian history that led to the suspension of Nigeria's constitution and the declaration of a state of emergency by the colonial authorities in 1953 was the Action Group Crisis.
The Action Group Crisis refers to a period of political turmoil and infighting within the Action Group party, one of the leading political parties in Nigeria at that time. The Action Group was founded by Chief Obafemi Awolowo and played a significant role in the struggle for Nigerian independence.
However, in 1953, internal divisions and power struggles within the party reached a boiling point. There were disagreements between Chief Awolowo, the leader of the party, and Samuel Ladoke Akintola, the deputy leader, over control of the party and its direction.
These disagreements led to violent clashes between supporters of Awolowo and Akintola, resulting in widespread unrest and chaos in the western region of Nigeria where the Action Group was primarily based.
The colonial authorities, alarmed by the escalating violence and the potential threat to law and order, decided to intervene. They suspended Nigeria's constitution and declared a state of emergency in order to restore peace and stability.
The declaration of a state of emergency meant that the colonial authorities took direct control of the administration of the western region, temporarily removing the powers of the elected officials.
This major event in Nigerian history had far-reaching consequences. It escalated tensions between different political and ethnic groups in the country, and ultimately had a negative impact on the progress towards independence.
Overall, the Action Group Crisis in 1953 was a significant event that led to the suspension of Nigeria's constitution and the declaration of a state of emergency by the colonial authorities, as they sought to restore peace and stability amidst political turmoil and violence.

Which African country successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence?

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Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence. Ethiopia is the only African nation that was never fully colonized by the European powers during the scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here's why:
1. **Strong Leadership**: Under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia developed a centralized government, modern infrastructure, and a well-trained military. His strategic thinking and diplomatic skills helped Ethiopia fend off colonization attempts.
2. **Battle of Adwa**: The Battle of Adwa in 1896 is a significant event in Ethiopia's history and African history as a whole. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia over the Italians, who sought to colonize the country. The Ethiopian forces effectively used their superior knowledge of the terrain and strategic military tactics to defeat the invaders.
3. **Geographical Advantage**: Ethiopia's mountainous terrain and rugged landscapes made it difficult for European powers to conquer and control the country. This geographical advantage provided a natural barrier against invasion and offered the Ethiopian forces an advantage in defensive warfare.
4. **Unity and Patriotism**: Ethiopian society was characterized by a strong sense of national unity and patriotism. The people of Ethiopia shared a common identity and were determined to protect their independence and sovereignty. This unity was a crucial factor in resisting European imperialism.
In conclusion, Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence through a combination of strategic leadership, military prowess, geographical advantage, and a strong sense of unity and patriotism among its people.

Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes

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Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes traditional values and institutions. This means that conservative individuals believe in preserving and maintaining established customs, traditions, and social structures. They prioritize stability, order, and continuity in society.
In terms of individual freedom and limited government intervention, conservatives tend to support minimal interference from the government in people's lives and economic activities. They believe in personal responsibility and self-reliance.
However, conservatism does not typically advocate for radical social change and progress. Instead, it favors a cautious approach to social change and seeks to preserve and protect existing social structures and norms.
Similarly, conservatism does not prioritize the equal distribution of wealth. Instead, it recognizes and supports the importance of economic inequalities, as long as they are the result of individual effort, talent, and merit.
In summary, conservatism revolves around preserving traditional values, limited government intervention, and societal stability, rather than advocating for radical social change or equal wealth distribution.

A key principle of the socialist system of government is the ___________.

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A key principle of the socialist system of government is the equality of opportunity and outcome.
In a socialist system, the focus is on creating a society where everyone has equal opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background or circumstances. This means that everyone should have access to quality education, healthcare, and other basic needs, without discrimination or favoritism.
Additionally, socialism aims to achieve equality of outcome by reducing disparities in wealth and income. This means that the government takes steps to ensure that wealth is distributed more evenly among the population. It may do this through progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and policies that promote fair wages and working conditions.
The idea behind this principle is to create a fairer and more just society, where wealth and resources are not concentrated only in the hands of a few elite individuals, but are shared among all members of society. The aim is to reduce poverty, inequality, and discrimination, and to provide a higher standard of living for everyone.
It is important to note that different countries may interpret and implement socialism in different ways, so there can be variations in how these principles are applied. Nonetheless, the core idea of promoting equality of opportunity and outcome remains a fundamental principle of the socialist system.

which pre-colonial Nigerian Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievement?

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The Benin Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievements in pre-colonial Nigeria. The kingdom was located in what is now southern Nigeria and was known for its highly skilled bronze and brass artwork. The Benin people were skilled craftsmen who created intricately designed sculptures, plaques, and masks. The artistic achievements of the Benin Kingdom were highly regarded both within Nigeria and beyond. Their artwork displayed rich cultural meaning and often depicted themes of power, royalty, and spiritual beliefs. The kingdom's rulers used art to showcase their wealth and status, commissioning impressive works to adorn their palaces and courtyards. One notable example of Benin art is the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These plaques were made using the lost-wax casting technique and depicted various scenes from the kingdom's history, including important events, rituals, and court ceremonies. They were highly detailed and served as a visual record of the kingdom's traditions and achievements. The Benin Kingdom also had a well-developed court system and had a strong centralized political structure. This allowed for the patronage of artists and the development of a distinct artistic style that was unique to the kingdom. In summary, the Benin Kingdom stood out among other pre-colonial Nigerian kingdoms for its artistic and cultural achievements. Its skilled craftsmen produced intricate bronze and brass artwork, such as the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These artworks served as symbols of power and wealth for the kingdom's rulers and provided a visual representation of the kingdom's history and cultural traditions.

In which system of government is the executive and legislature fused?

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The system of government where the executive and legislature are fused is the Cabinet system. In this system, the executive branch of the government is led by the Prime Minister and their Cabinet, who are also Members of Parliament.
The executive and legislative powers are intertwined in the Cabinet system. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members are responsible for creating policies, proposing laws, and implementing them. They are not only political leaders but also lawmakers.
In the Cabinet system, the Prime Minister is chosen by the legislature. Generally, the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the legislature becomes the Prime Minister. This means that the executive branch is directly accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the confidence of the legislature through a vote of no-confidence.
The Cabinet system offers a quicker decision-making process. Since the executive and legislature are fused, the policy-making process is streamlined. The members of the Cabinet can propose and discuss policies directly in the legislature, making it easier to pass laws and implement them efficiently.
In summary, the Cabinet system is a form of government where the executive and legislature are merged. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members lead both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government. This system offers a faster decision-making process and direct accountability to the legislature.

Without presidential assent, the legislature can pass a bill into law with the votes of ______ majority

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In order for a bill to become a law, it needs to be approved by both the legislature and the president. However, there are situations where the president does not give their assent or approval to a bill.
In such cases, the legislature can still pass the bill into law without the president's assent. This is possible with the votes of a certain majority in the legislature.
The correct answer is two-thirds majority.
This means that at least two-thirds of the members present and voting in the legislature need to approve the bill in order for it to become a law without the president's assent.
It is important to note that this applies only in certain countries or systems where the president's assent is not required.
Overall, the two-thirds majority serves as a safeguard to ensure a broad consensus within the legislature before a bill can become a law without the president's approval.

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of democratic governance?

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Citizen Participation is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. It means that individuals have the right and the opportunity to be involved in the decisions and actions that affect their lives and their communities. In a democratic system, citizens have the ability to participate in political processes, such as voting in elections, serving in government or joining political parties. They also have the right to express their opinions, assemble peacefully, and engage in public debate. Citizen participation is important because it ensures that the government is accountable to the people it serves, and it allows for a diversity of perspectives and ideas to be considered in decision-making. It helps to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a few and promotes fairness, equality, and transparency in governance.