WAEC SSCE - Physics - 1992

Which of the following best explains why a person suffers a more severe burn when his skin is exposed to steam than when boiling water pours on his skin?

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The correct option that explains why a person suffers a more severe burn when his skin is exposed to steam than when boiling water pours on his skin is: - Steam possesses greater heat energy per unit mass than boiling water. When a person's skin is exposed to steam, the steam condenses on the skin and releases its latent heat of vaporization, which is much higher than the specific heat capacity of boiling water. This means that steam possesses greater heat energy per unit mass than boiling water. Therefore, when a person's skin is exposed to steam, more heat energy is transferred to the skin in a shorter time, causing more severe burns than boiling water. Additionally, steam has the ability to spread more easily over a wider area of the skin than boiling water, increasing the likelihood of more severe burns.

A barometer can be used in determining the I. height of a mountain II. depth of a mine III. dew point. Which of the following is/are correct?

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A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. The weight of the air above the barometer exerts a pressure on the mercury in the barometer. This pressure is measured and used to determine the atmospheric pressure. Knowing the atmospheric pressure at a particular location, we can estimate the height of the location relative to sea level. As we go higher, the atmospheric pressure decreases due to a decrease in the weight of air above us. Therefore, a barometer can be used to determine the height of a mountain. The barometer can't be used to determine the depth of a mine because the atmospheric pressure doesn't change significantly with depth. Dew point is the temperature at which the air becomes saturated with water vapor and dew starts to form. Barometers are not used to determine the dew point. Therefore, the correct option is: I and II only.

What is the electric potential at a point distance r from a proton of charge q placed in a medium of permittivity ε_o?

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The electric potential at a point distance r from a proton of charge q placed in a medium of permittivity ε_o is given by the formula: V = q/4πε_or Here, V represents the electric potential (also known as voltage) at the point, q represents the charge of the proton, r represents the distance from the proton, and ε_o represents the permittivity of the medium. This formula states that the electric potential at a point is directly proportional to the charge of the proton and inversely proportional to the distance from the proton. It also depends on the permittivity of the medium, which is a measure of how much the medium can resist the formation of an electric field. Therefore, the correct answer is: q/4πε_or².

The diagram above shows a waveform in which energy is transferred from A to B in a time of 2.5 x 10-3s. Calculate the frequency of the wave

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A body of mass 5kg falls from a height of 10m above the ground. What is the kinetic energy of the body just before it strikes the ground? (Neglect energy losses and take gas 10ms²)

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The potential energy of an object is given by mgh, where m is the mass of the object, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the object. As the object falls from a height of 10m, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is given by (1/2)mv², where m is the mass of the object and v is its velocity. At the instant just before the object strikes the ground, all its potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy. Therefore, the kinetic energy just before the object strikes the ground is given by: KE = (1/2)mv² where m = 5kg and g = 10ms^-2 The velocity of the object just before it strikes the ground can be found using the equation: v² - u² = 2gh where u is the initial velocity of the object (which is zero, as the object is dropped from rest). Substituting the given values, we get: v² = 2gh = 2 x 10 x 10 = 200 v = sqrt(200) = 14.14ms^-1 Substituting the value of v in the equation for kinetic energy, we get: KE = (1/2)mv² = (1/2) x 5 x 14.14² = 500J Therefore, the kinetic energy of the body just before it strikes the ground is 500J. Answer: 500J

The diagram above represents the trajectory of a projectile with an initial velocity U. Calculate the time taken to reach the maximum height. (Take g as acceleration due to gravity)

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To find the time taken to reach the maximum height, we need to use the fact that the vertical component of the velocity of the projectile at the maximum height is zero. This occurs when the projectile reaches the top of its trajectory. The initial vertical component of the velocity is Usin?. The vertical component of the velocity at the top of the trajectory is zero. Using the equation of motion for vertical motion, we can find the time taken to reach the maximum height. The equation of motion for vertical motion is given by: v = u + at where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the time. At the maximum height, the final velocity is zero, the initial velocity is Usin?, and the acceleration is the acceleration due to gravity, g. Therefore, we can write: 0 = Usin? - gt Rearranging this equation, we get: t = Usin? / g Therefore, the time taken to reach the maximum height is Usin? / g. The correct option is Usin? / g.

Which of the following radiations have the highest frequency?

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The image of a pin formed by a diverging lens of focal length 10cm is 5cm from the lens. Calculate the distance of the pin from the lens

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An electric string of length l is elastically stretched through a length e by a force F. The area of cross- section of the string is A and its Young’s modulus is E. Which of the following expressions is correct?

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The expression that is correct is F = EAe/l. Here's why: Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a material. The larger the value of E, the harder it is to stretch the material. The cross-sectional area (A) of the string is a measure of how much material there is in the string. A larger area means more material, which means a greater force is required to stretch the string. The length of the string (l) is the distance between the two points that the string is attached to. The length extension (e) is the amount by which the length of the string increases when a force F is applied. The formula for Young's modulus is E = stress/strain, where stress is the force applied per unit area and strain is the extension per unit length. In this problem, we can use Hooke's law to relate the force applied to the extension of the string: F = kx, where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the string. Since the string is elastically stretched, we can assume that Hooke's law applies. The strain in the string is e/l, and the stress is F/A. Therefore, we can write: E = (F/A)/(e/l) Rearranging this equation gives: F = EAe/l So the correct expression is F = EAe/l.

Calculate the time in which 4.8 kJ of energy would be expended when an electric heater of resistance 1.8 x 10³Ω is used on a 240 V mains supply. (Neglect heat losses to the surrounding).

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The power P dissipated by an electric heater of resistance R when connected to a voltage V is given by the formula: P = V²/R where P is in watts, V is in volts and R is in ohms. In this case, the electric heater has a resistance of 1.8 x 10³ Ω and is connected to a 240 V mains supply. So, the power dissipated by the electric heater is: P = V²/R = (240²)/(1.8 x 10³) = 32 W To calculate the time t in which 4.8 kJ of energy would be expended, we need to use the formula: E = P x t where E is the energy expended in joules, P is the power in watts, and t is the time in seconds. In this case, E = 4.8 kJ = 4,800 J and P = 32 W. Substituting these values into the formula, we get: 4,800 = 32 x t Solving for t, we get: t = 4,800 / 32 = 150 seconds Therefore, the time in which 4.8 kJ of energy would be expended when the electric heater is used on a 240 V mains supply is 150 seconds. Answer: 150.0s.

A small circular membrane is 10cm below the surface of a pool of mercury when the barometric height is 76 cm of mercury. If the density of mercury is 13600\(kgm^{-3}\), what is the pressure on the membrane in \(Nm^{-2}\)? \((g =10ms^{-2})\)

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The pressure at any point in a fluid is given by the formula P = hρg, where P is the pressure at the point, h is the height of the fluid above the point, ρ is the density of the fluid and g is the acceleration due to gravity. In this problem, the height of the mercury column above the membrane is (76 - 10) = 66 cm = 0.66 m. The density of mercury is 13600 kg/m³ and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s². Substituting these values into the formula gives: P = hρg = 0.66 x 13600 x 10 = 8976 N/m² = 8.98 x 10⁴ Nm⁻² (to 3 significant figures) Therefore, the correct option is: 1.17 x 10⁵ Nm^-2.

Which of the following gives rise to the line spectra obtained from atoms?

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The correct option is "Change of an electron from a higher to a lower energy level in the atom". Line spectra are the unique set of wavelengths of light that are emitted when electrons in an atom transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. When an electron absorbs a photon, it jumps to a higher energy level, and when it releases a photon, it jumps to a lower energy level. Since electrons can only exist in specific energy levels in an atom, each transition between these levels results in the emission of a photon of a specific wavelength. This gives rise to the characteristic line spectra that can be observed in experiments. The other options listed do not accurately describe the phenomenon of line spectra.

Solid weighs 0.040 N in air and 0.024 N when fully immersed in a liquid of density 800 kg m^-3. What is the volume of the solid? (g = 1Oms²)

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When an object is immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Let V be the volume of the solid. The weight of the solid in air is its actual weight, W_a = 0.040 N. The weight of the solid in the liquid is reduced by the upthrust, which is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. The weight of the displaced liquid is equal to its volume times its density times the acceleration due to gravity, or Vρg. Thus, the weight of the solid in the liquid is W_l = 0.040 - Vρg. Since the solid is fully immersed in the liquid, it displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume. Therefore, W_l = Vρg - Vρ_lg, where ρ_l is the density of the liquid. Setting the two expressions for W equal, we have: 0.040 - Vρg = Vρg - Vρ_lg Simplifying and solving for V, we get: V = (0.040)/(2ρg - ρ_lg) Substituting the given values, we get: V = (0.040)/(2 x 800 x 9.81 - 9.81) V ≈ 2.0 x 10^-6 m³ Therefore, the volume of the solid is approximately 2.0 x 10^-6 m³. The correct option is (i) 2.0 x 10^-6m³.

Which of the following colours of surfaces will radiate heat energy best?

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Black surfaces will radiate heat energy best. All objects radiate heat energy in the form of infrared radiation. The rate of radiation depends on several factors, including the temperature and color of the object's surface. Darker surfaces, such as black, absorb more light and radiation compared to lighter surfaces, such as white. Because of this, they also emit more heat energy. When a surface absorbs light or heat, the energy is either reflected or absorbed by the surface. If the surface is a dark color, more of the energy will be absorbed, causing the surface to become hotter. As the temperature of the surface increases, the amount of heat energy that is radiated back into the environment also increases. Therefore, in the given options, black surfaces will radiate heat energy best because they absorb the most amount of heat energy and also emit the most amount of heat energy.

The angle of deviation of light of various colours passing through a glass prism decreases in the order of

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When light passes through a prism, it is refracted at both its entry and exit faces. The amount of refraction depends on the wavelength of the light, with shorter wavelengths (violet and blue) being refracted more than longer wavelengths (red and orange). As a result, white light, which is a mixture of all colors, is separated into its constituent colors, forming a spectrum of colors. The angle of deviation, which is the angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray, decreases in the order of violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. Therefore, the correct option is: blue, red and orange.

Which of the following statements about solid friction is/are correct? I. Friction depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact II. Friction depends on the area of contact III. Friction always acts in the direction of motion.

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Calculate the energy stored in 20μF capacitor if the potential difference between the plates is 40 V.

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A real image of an object fom1ed by a converging lens of focal length 15cm is three times the size of the object. What is the distance of the object from the lens?

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The change of the direction of a wavefront as a result of a change in the velocity of the wave in another medium is called

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The change of the direction of a wavefront as it moves from one medium to another due to a change in its velocity is called refraction. When a wave encounters a boundary between two media with different densities or refractive indices, its velocity changes, and this causes the wave to change direction. The bending of light as it passes through a lens is a common example of refraction. The amount of bending that occurs depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive indices of the two media.

When the nucleus of a uranium atom is split into two fragments of nearly equal mass the sum of the masses of the fragments is less than the mass of the original nucleus. This difference is a measure of the

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When the nucleus of a uranium atom is split into two fragments of nearly equal mass, it releases a significant amount of energy. This energy is known as nuclear energy. According to Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2, mass can be converted into energy. So, when the uranium nucleus is split, the sum of the masses of the two fragments produced is less than the mass of the original nucleus. This mass difference is converted into nuclear energy, which can be harnessed for various purposes, such as generating electricity. Therefore, the correct option is "nuclear energy released."

What change in velocity would be produced on a body of mass 4kg if a constant force of 16 N acts on it for2 s?

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The diagram above shows the magnetic field around a bar magnet which has its N-pole pointing north. The neutral points in the field are likely to occur at

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lf the frequency of the a.c. circuit illustrated is 500Hz/ ? what would be the reactance in the circuit?

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Which of the following statements is/are correct? I. Pure water freezes at 0^oC under normal pressure ll. Water has its highest density at 4^oC. III. The volume at 4^oC,

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In an experiment to measure1 the focal length f of a converging lens object distances u and corresponding image distance were measured and 1/u plotted against 1/v to obtain the graph illustrated. How would f be determined from this graph?

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Which of the following statements is not correct?

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The second statement "Magnetic fields are scalar quantities" is not correct. Explanation: Scalar quantities are those that have only magnitude but no direction, such as temperature or mass. On the other hand, magnetic fields are vector quantities, which have both magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic field is given by the direction of the force that a north pole of a compass would experience if placed in the field. Therefore, magnetic fields cannot be described as scalar quantities.

Which of the following statements is correct about cathode rays? They are fast moving

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The correct option is electrons. Cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles called electrons. These electrons are accelerated to high velocities and are deflected by electric and magnetic fields. The speed of cathode rays is relatively high, but not as fast as the speed of light.

When an astronomical telescope is in normal adjustment, the focal length of the objective lens is 50cm and that of the eyepiece is 2.5om. What is the distance between the lenses?

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As an object is moved close to the focus of a converging lens from infinity its image I. moves closer to the lens II. moves away from the lens. III. Remains the same size. IV becomes smaller. Which of the statements above is/are correct?

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Which of the following has the same unit as the moment of a force?

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The moment of a force has the same unit as work, which is joule (J). The moment of a force is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot point. It is also known as torque. The unit of force is newton (N), and the unit of distance is meter (m). Therefore, the unit of moment of a force is Nm. Work is defined as the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. The unit of work is also joule (J). Therefore, the moment of a force and work have the same unit, which is joule (J). The other options do not have the same unit as the moment of a force. Force is measured in newtons (N), power is measured in watts (W), momentum is measured in kilogram meters per second (kg m/s), and impulse is measured in newton seconds (N s).

A force of 20 N applied parallel to the surface of a horizontal table, is just sufficient to make a block of mass 4kg move on the table. Calculate the coefficient of friction between the block and the table. (g = 10ms²)

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The force applied parallel to the surface of the table is the maximum force of friction between the block and the table that is just sufficient to make the block move on the table. The frictional force (f) acting on the block is given by the product of the coefficient of friction (μ) and the normal force (N) acting on the block. Therefore, we can write: f = μN where N = mg is the normal force on the block due to the gravitational force acting on it. Since the block is just about to move, the force applied (20N) is equal to the maximum force of friction, i.e., f = 20N Substituting the values of N and f in the equation f = μN, we get: 20 = μ × 4 × 10 Solving for μ, we get: μ = 20/40 μ = 0.5 Therefore, the coefficient of friction between the block and the table is 0.5. Hence, the correct option is (c) 0.50.

A metal of mass 1.5 kg was heated from 27^oC to 47^oC in 4 minutes by a boiling ring of 75 W rating. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, (Neglect heat losses to the surrounding)

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A stream of alpha particles is projected into an electric field between two plates X and Y as shown in the diagram above. Which of the following is correct? The particles are

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The stream of alpha particles projected into an electric field between two plates X and Y will be deflected towards plate Y. This is because alpha particles are positively charged and therefore attracted to the negatively charged plate Y. The direction of deflection depends on the direction of the electric field and the initial velocity of the alpha particles. The other options are incorrect because the particles are not accelerated in a straight line, directionally reversed at the end of the plates, or attracted by both plates. The particles are only deflected towards one plate due to the electric field.

The diagrams above show lines of force in electric fields. In which of the diagrams would a positive test charge experience the least force as it moves from x to y?

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Which of the following waves are longitudinal waves? l. Ripples on the surface of water II. Waves produced by a tuning fork vibrating in air III. Light waves
IV. Waves produced by a flute

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The longitudinal waves are waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. Ripples on the surface of water are not longitudinal waves because the particles of water move in circular motion, which is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Waves produced by a tuning fork vibrating in air are longitudinal waves because the vibrations of the tuning fork cause the particles of air to vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the propagation of the wave. Light waves are not longitudinal waves because they are transverse waves. In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Waves produced by a flute are not longitudinal waves because the vibrations of the air column in the flute are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Therefore, the correct answer is II and IV only.

Which of the following is used for controlling the amount of light entering the eye?

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The iris is used for controlling the amount of light entering the eye. It is a thin, circular structure located behind the cornea and in front of the lens. The iris contains muscles that control the size of the pupil, the black circular opening in the center of the iris. In bright light, the iris muscles contract and the pupil becomes smaller, allowing less light to enter the eye. In dim light, the iris muscles relax and the pupil becomes larger, allowing more light to enter the eye. This process of adjusting the size of the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye is called pupillary reflex.

A sheet of paper is placed in the path of a beam of radiations from a radioactive source. Which of the following radiations will pass through the paper?I. Alpha rays II. Beta rays III. Gamma rays

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In a domestic circuit, electrical appliances and lamps are arranged in parallel across the mains so as to enable the

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Electrical appliances and lamps are arranged in parallel across the mains so as to enable the voltage across the appliances not to be affected when the lamps are switched on and off. When devices are connected in parallel, they receive the same voltage as each other. This is because each device is connected to the same two points in the circuit, and the voltage difference between those points is the same for each device. In contrast, if the devices were connected in series, the voltage would be divided between them, and the devices would not receive the same voltage. Therefore, in a domestic circuit, electrical appliances and lamps are arranged in parallel across the mains to ensure that the voltage across each device remains constant regardless of whether other devices in the circuit are switched on or off.

Which of the following instruments is used to measure relative humidity?

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The instrument used to measure relative humidity is called a hygrometer. A hygrometer measures the amount of water vapor in the air, which is used to determine the relative humidity. The other instruments listed are used to measure other properties such as the density and pressure of gases and liquids, but not specifically for measuring relative humidity. Therefore, the correct answer is hygrometer.

A body accelerates uniformly from rest at the rate of 3 ms^-1 for 8 seconds. Calculate the distance covered by the body during the acceleration.

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We can use the formula: distance = (initial velocity × time) + (1/2 × acceleration × time²) In this case, the body starts from rest, so the initial velocity is 0. The acceleration is given as 3 ms⁻¹ and the time is 8 seconds. Therefore, distance = (0 × 8) + (1/2 × 3 × 8²) = 0 + (1/2 × 3 × 64) = 96m Therefore, the distance covered by the body during the acceleration is 96m. So the correct option is (E) 96m.

How far from a cliff should a boy stand in order to hear the echo of his clap 0.9s later? (Speed of sound in air = 330 ms^-1)

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The time taken for the sound to travel from the boy to the cliff and back to the boy (i.e., the time for the echo) is 0.9s. Since the sound has to travel twice the distance between the boy and the cliff, we can use the formula: distance = (speed of sound × time taken) ÷ 2 Plugging in the given values, we get: distance = (330 × 0.9) ÷ 2 = 148.5m Therefore, the boy should stand at a distance of 148.5m from the cliff to hear the echo of his clap 0.9s later. The correct option is (c) 148.50m.

A pipe closed at one end is 1.0m long. The air in the pipe is set into vibration and a fundamental note of frequency 85Hz is produced. Calculate the velocity of sound in the air. (Neglect end correction).

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The fundamental frequency of a closed pipe is given by: f = v/4L where f is the frequency, v is the velocity of sound and L is the length of the pipe. Rearranging this equation to solve for v, we get: v = 4Lf Substituting the values given in the question, we get: v = 4 x 1.0m x 85Hz v = 340.0ms^-1 Therefore, the velocity of sound in air is 340.0ms^-1. Answer: 340.0ms^-1.

An element whose half-life is 3 years has N atoms. How many atoms would have decayed after 9 years

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If an element has a half-life of 3 years, it means that after 3 years, half of the atoms in a sample of that element will have decayed. After another 3 years (a total of 6 years), half of the remaining atoms will have decayed. After another 3 years (a total of 9 years), half of the remaining atoms will have decayed again. So, after 9 years, the number of atoms remaining would be 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 times the original number of atoms, or (1/2)^3 times N. Simplifying this expression, we get (1/8) times N. Therefore, the number of atoms that would have decayed after 9 years would be the original number of atoms minus (1/8) times the original number of atoms, or 7/8 times N. So, the answer is 7 N atoms8.

Which of the following is not a consequence of hydrogen bubbles covering the copper plate of a primary cell?

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Which of the following statements is not correct for a light ray passing through a rectangular glass block which is surrounded by air? It

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Calculate the rate at which energy is used up in the circuit illustrated by the diagram

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Which of the following will reduce the frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum?

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Increasing the length of the string will reduce the frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum. The frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by the formula: f = 1/(2π) √(g/L) where f is the frequency, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and L is the length of the pendulum. As we can see from this equation, the frequency of oscillation is directly proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity and inversely proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum. Therefore, increasing the length of the pendulum will decrease the frequency of oscillation. The mass of the bob and the amplitude of oscillation do not affect the frequency of oscillation, as long as they remain small. The mass of the bob and the amplitude of oscillation affect the period of oscillation, which is the time taken for one complete oscillation.

Images formed by a convex mirror are always

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Images formed by a convex mirror are always erect, virtual, and diminished. A convex mirror is a mirror that bulges outward and reflects light outwards. When an object is placed in front of a convex mirror, the light rays from the object are reflected by the mirror and appear to come from a point behind the mirror. This point is known as the virtual image of the object. The image formed by a convex mirror is always erect, meaning it is upright and not inverted. It is also virtual, meaning that the light rays do not actually converge at the point where the image appears to be located. Instead, they only appear to be coming from that point. Finally, the image is diminished, meaning that it is smaller in size than the actual object. Convex mirrors are commonly used as side-view mirrors in cars because they provide a wider field of view and allow the driver to see more of the surrounding area. The fact that the image formed by a convex mirror is always smaller than the actual object also helps to minimize the distortion of the image and prevent objects from appearing closer than they actually are. In summary, images formed by a convex mirror are always erect, virtual, and diminished. They are commonly used as side-view mirrors in cars due to their wider field of view and ability to minimize distortion.

A gas which obeys Charles’ law exactly has a volume of 283cm³ at 10^oC. What is its volume at 30^oC?

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Charles' Law states that, for a given mass of gas at constant pressure, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature measured in Kelvin. So we can use the formula V1/T1 = V2/T2, where V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature, and V2 and T2 are the final volume and temperature. Converting the temperatures to Kelvin, we have T1 = 283K and T2 = 303K. We know that the gas obeys Charles' law exactly, so we can use the formula to find the final volume: V2 = (V1/T1) x T2 V2 = (283/283) x 303 V2 = 303 Therefore, the final volume of the gas at 30°C is 303cm^3. So the correct option is 303cm^3.

Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction states that

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Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction states that "the induced current in a conductor is in such a direction as to oppose the change producing it". This means that when a magnetic field is changing near a conductor, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the conductor, which in turn generates a current. This induced current will always flow in a direction that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the original magnetic field. In simple terms, the law states that nature always tries to resist any change in the magnetic field through a conductor.

A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an angle of incidence i. Determine in terms of i the angle of deviation of the ray after reflection from the mirror.

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A negatively charged rod is brought near the cap of a gold-leaf electroscope. The cap is earthed momentarily while the rod is near to it. The rod is then removed. Which of the following is correct?

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The process by which a metal, heated to high temperature, gives off electrons from its surface is known as

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The process by which a metal, heated to a high temperature, gives off electrons from its surface is known as thermionic emission. When a metal is heated to a high temperature, some of its electrons gain enough energy to overcome the attractive forces of the metal atoms and are emitted from the surface of the metal. This process is known as thermionic emission, and the emitted electrons are called thermions. Thermionic emission is commonly used in vacuum tubes, such as cathode ray tubes and vacuum tubes used in radio and television equipment. In these devices, a metal filament is heated to a high temperature, causing the emission of electrons, which are then accelerated towards a positively charged electrode, producing an electric current. In summary, thermionic emission is the process by which a metal emits electrons from its surface when heated to a high temperature. It is commonly used in vacuum tubes for various electronic applications.

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?

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A scalar quantity is a physical quantity that has only magnitude (size) and no direction. Therefore, the answer to the question is a physical quantity that only has a size. Momentum and force are vector quantities because they have both magnitude and direction. Acceleration and displacement are vector quantities when the direction is considered, but can also be scalar quantities when only the magnitude is considered. Distance, on the other hand, is a scalar quantity because it only has magnitude and no direction. So the answer to the question is Distance.

Which of the following statements is not true?

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Steel bars, each of length 3.0 m at 28°C, are to be used for constructing a rail line. If the linear expansivity of steel is 1.0 x 10^-5°C, what is the safety gap that must be left between successive bars if the highest temperature expected is 40^oC?

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When a material is heated, it expands in length. The linear expansion ΔL of a material can be calculated using the formula: ΔL = αLΔT where α is the coefficient of linear expansion, L is the original length of the material, and ΔT is the change in temperature. In this case, we need to calculate the amount of linear expansion of the steel bars between 28°C and 40°C. The change in temperature is: ΔT = 40°C - 28°C = 12°C The original length of each bar is: L = 3.0 m = 300 cm The coefficient of linear expansion for steel is given as 1.0 x 10^-5°C. Therefore, the linear expansion of each bar is: ΔL = αLΔT = (1.0 x 10^-5 °C)^-1 (300 cm) (12°C) = 0.036 cm To ensure that the bars do not expand into each other, a safety gap must be left between them. This safety gap is equal to the amount of linear expansion of each bar. Therefore, the safety gap is: 0.036 cm = 3.6 x 10^-2cm Therefore, the correct answer is: 3.6 x 10^-2cm.

A given mass of gas at a temperature of 30°C is trapped in a tube of volume V. Calculate the temperature of the gas when the volume is reduced to two-third of its original value by applying a pressure twice the original value.

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To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. The combined gas law is given by: (P1 x V1) / T1 = (P2 x V2) / T2 where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas. In this problem, we know that the initial temperature is 30°C, or 303 K (since temperature must be in Kelvin for gas laws). We also know that the initial volume is V, and the final volume is two-thirds of the initial volume, or (2/3)V. Finally, we know that the final pressure is twice the initial pressure, or 2P. Substituting these values into the combined gas law, we get: (P x V) / 303 = (2P x 2V/3) / T2 Simplifying this equation, we get: T2 = (2P x 2V/3 x 303) / P x V Canceling out the P and V terms, we get: T2 = (2 x 2/3 x 303) / 1 Simplifying this equation, we get: T2 = 404 K Converting this temperature back to Celsius, we get: T2 = 404 - 273 = 131°C Therefore, the temperature of the gas when the volume is reduced to two-thirds of its original value by applying a pressure twice the original value is 131°C. The correct option is 131^oC.

The eye defect illustrated in the diagram above can be corrected by a

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The eye defect illustrated in the diagram is myopia, also known as nearsightedness. In myopia, the image is formed in front of the retina instead of on the retina, resulting in a blurred image of distant objects. To correct this defect, a diverging lens, also known as a concave lens, is used. The concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges, which causes the light rays to diverge or spread out. When the diverging lens is placed in front of the myopic eye, the lens causes the light rays to diverge even more before they enter the eye. As a result, the image is shifted back towards the retina, allowing the myopic eye to focus on the object and produce a clear image.

Calculate the length of a constantan wire of cross- sectional area 4 π x 10^-8m² and resistivity 1.1 x 10^-6 Ω m required to construct a standard resistor of resistance 21 Ω. [Take π = 22/7]

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The resistance of a wire is given by the formula: R = (ρ * L)/A Where R is resistance, ρ is resistivity, L is the length of the wire and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire. To find the length of the constantan wire required to construct a standard resistor of resistance 21Ω, we rearrange the formula to get: L = (RA)/ρ Substituting the given values, we have: L = (21 * 4π x 10^-8)/ (1.1 x 10^-6) L = 0.76 meters Since the value of π was given as 22/7, we use the approximate value of π = 3.14 in the calculation. Therefore, the length of the constantan wire required to construct a standard resistor of resistance 21 Ω is 0.76 meters. So, the correct option is (b) 2.40 m.

(a) Explain what is meant by the following statement. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is \(3.4 \times 10^{5}Jkg^{-1}\).

(b) Describe an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. State two precautions necessary to obtain an accurate result.

(c) Using the kinetic theory of matter, explain why ice can change to water at 0°C without any change in temperature. 

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(a)(i) What is meant by resonance?

(ii) Outline the necessary steps taken in a simple experiment to illustrate top resonance

(iii) Explain why a vibrating tuning fork sounds louder when its stem is pressed against a table top than when held in air.

(b) Explain with the aid of diagrams, how a concave mirror could be used to: (i) Ignite a piece of carbon paper; (ii) produce an exact copy of a picture on a screen. 

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(a) Draw a simple labelled diagram illustrating the principle of a step-down transformer and explain how it works

 (b) State three ways by which energy is lost in a transformer and how they can be minimized.

(c) If a transformer is used to light a lamp rated at 60W, 220V from a 4400V a.c. supply, calculate the; (i) ratio of the number of turns of the primary coil to the secondary coil in the transformer (ii) current taken from the main circuit if the efficiency of the transforme is 95%.

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a)

A step-down transformer: A step-down transformer is a device that decreases the voltage of an alternating current (AC) from the primary coil to the secondary coil. It consists of two coils of wire wrapped around a common iron core. The primary coil is connected to a source of high-voltage AC, while the secondary coil is connected to a load. The number of turns in the secondary coil is fewer than the number of turns in the primary coil.

The principle of a step-down transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it creates a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage induced in the secondary coil is proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil.

(b) Energy loss in a transformer: Energy is lost in a transformer due to several factors, including resistive losses, eddy current losses, and hysteresis losses. These losses can be minimized by using high-quality materials for the core and windings, by reducing the number of joints and connections, and by optimizing the design of the transformer.

(c)

1. Ratio of turns: The ratio of the number of turns of the primary coil to the secondary coil in a transformer can be calculated using the formula:
   N1/N2 = V1/V2
   Where N1 and N2 are the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, respectively, and V1 and V2 are the voltages across the primary and secondary coils, respectively.
   In this case, V1 = 4400V, V2 = 220V, and N2/N1 = V2/V1 = 220/4400 = 1/20. Therefore, the ratio of the number of turns of the primary coil to the secondary coil is 20:1.
2. Current from the main circuit: The current taken from the main circuit can be calculated using the formula:
   P = VI
   Where P is the power in watts, V is the voltage in volts, and I is the current in amperes.
   In this case, P = 60W and V = 220V. The power delivered to the secondary coil is equal to the power supplied to the primary coil, minus the losses due to inefficiencies. Since the efficiency of the transformer is 95%, the power delivered to the primary coil is:
   P = P2/efficiency = 60W/0.95 = 63.16W
   Therefore, the current taken from the main circuit is:
   I = P/V = 63.16W/4400V = 0.0143A
   So, the current taken from the main circuit is 0.0143A.

(a) Explain what is meant by photoelectric emission

(b) Draw a labelled diagram showing the structure of a simple type of a photocell and explain its mode of operation.

(c) State four applications of photoelectric emission.

(d) In a photocell, no electrons are emitted until the threshold frequency of light is reached. Explain what happens to the energy of the light before emission of electrons begins. State one factor that may affect the number of emitted electrons. 

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