JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2023

The connection between two or more computers to share resources or allow electronic communication is called ?

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The correct answer is Network.
A network is a connection between two or more computers that allows them to share resources and communicate electronically. It's like a virtual highway that enables computers to send and receive information to and from each other.
Imagine you have a group of friends who want to share their toys. Instead of each person having their own toys, they decide to share and play together. They form a network, where they can exchange toys and communicate with one another.
Similarly, in the world of computers, a network allows computers to connect and share resources such as files, printers, and internet access. It enables us to send emails, browse the internet, and even play online games with others.
Networks can be wired or wireless. Wired networks use physical cables to connect computers, like an electric wire connecting different devices. On the other hand, wireless networks use signals, like Wi-Fi, to transmit information without the need for physical cables.
In summary, a network is the connection between computers that allows them to share resources and communicate electronically. It's like a virtual highway that enables computers to exchange information and work together.

Which of these criteria is not important while classifying files ?

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The criteria that is not important while classifying files is the storage medium.
When classifying files, it is essential to consider various factors to ensure efficient organization and retrieval. However, the storage medium plays a minimal role in classifying files.
The organization method is significant because it determines the structure and arrangement of files. It helps in categorizing files into specific groups or folders based on their similarities or relationships. This makes it easier to locate and access files when needed.
The nature of content in the file is also crucial in classification. It involves understanding the purpose, subject, or topic of the file. By considering the content, files can be grouped together based on common characteristics, such as documents related to finances, marketing, or operations. This classification enables better organization and retrieval when specific information is required.
Another important criterion is the size of the file. File sizes may vary, and considering size during classification helps manage storage capacity effectively. Large files may require additional storage resources or special handling, while smaller files may be grouped together for efficient utilization of space.
However, the storage medium does not significantly impact classification. It refers to the physical or digital medium where the file is stored, such as hard drives, cloud storage, or external devices. While the choice of storage medium affects file management and accessibility, it does not directly influence the process of classifying files based on their organization method, nature of content, or size.
In conclusion, while organization method, nature of content, and size of the file are essential criteria for file classification, the storage medium does not significantly contribute to the classification process.

Which of these programming languages is the most suitable for a business data processing?

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The most suitable programming language for business data processing is COBOL.

COBOL is specifically designed for handling large volumes of data in business applications. It stands for "Common Business-Oriented Language" and was developed in the late 1950s.

Here are some reasons why COBOL is the most suitable language for business data processing:

• Readability and Understandability: COBOL code is written in a way that closely resembles English language. It uses words and phrases that make it easier for business professionals and non-technical people to understand and maintain the code.
• Strong Data Processing Capabilities: COBOL has built-in support for handling large amounts of business data. It has features to process record structures, perform calculations, manipulate files, and handle complex file structures commonly used in business applications.
• Legacy Systems Integration: Many businesses still rely on legacy systems written in COBOL. It is often necessary to integrate new applications and technologies with these existing systems. Having a strong understanding of COBOL allows businesses to maintain and enhance their legacy systems efficiently.
• Reliability and Stability: COBOL has been used for decades in mission-critical business applications. It has proven its reliability and stability over time. Businesses need a programming language that can handle large amounts of data accurately and consistently, and COBOL fits that requirement.
• Limited Learning Curve: The syntax and structure of COBOL are relatively straightforward and easy to learn. It does not require extensive programming knowledge to start working with COBOL, making it accessible to individuals with business backgrounds.

In summary, COBOL is the most suitable programming language for business data processing due to its readability, strong data processing capabilities, integration with legacy systems, reliability, and simplicity.

Which of the following is the standard keyboard layout ?

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The standard keyboard layout is called QWERTY. It is the most commonly used keyboard layout in many English-speaking countries.
The name "QWERTY" comes from the first six letters in the top row of the keyboard. This layout was designed more than a century ago for typewriters and was carried over to computer keyboards. It was created to prevent mechanical jams on typewriters by placing commonly used letters further apart from each other.
The QWERTY layout is characterized by the arrangement of letters, numbers, symbols, and function keys on the keyboard. The letters are organized in a specific order, with the most frequently used characters placed in easily accessible positions. The layout also includes a number pad on the right side and function keys at the top.
While some alternative keyboard layouts, such as Dvorak and AZERTY, have been developed to potentially improve typing speed and efficiency, QWERTY remains the standard and is widely accepted and recognized. It has become ingrained in our typing habits and is supported by operating systems and software applications.
Overall, the QWERTY keyboard layout is the most widely used and recognized standard layout that allows for efficient and accurate typing for the majority of English-speaking users.

Who invented the Napier Bones

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The inventor of the Napier Bones was John Napier.
Napier Bones are a computational device that was invented by John Napier in the early 17th century. They are a manual tool used for multiplication and division, and they were developed as an aid to calculation.
The Napier Bones consist of a series of rods or bones, usually made of wood or metal, with numbers inscribed on them. Each bone is divided into compartments, with the numbers in each compartment representing different powers of 10. The numbers in each row of bones are positioned diagonally, and when aligned properly, they allow for quick and efficient calculations.
To perform multiplication using Napier Bones, the bones corresponding to the multiplicand and multiplier are placed alongside each other, with the number compartments aligned. The intersections of the numbers are then summed up diagonally to obtain the result.
For division, Napier Bones are similar but used in a slightly different way. The divisor is placed on the top bone, and the dividend is placed below it. The quotients are obtained by looking at the numbers in each diagonal row and combining them.
The advantage of the Napier Bones is that they allow for quick and accurate calculations without the need for complex mathematical operations. They were widely used in their time, especially by merchants, accountants, and engineers, who relied on accurate calculations for their work.
Therefore, it was John Napier who invented the Napier Bones, as a valuable tool that simplified and hastened mathematical operations during the 17th century.

In computer architecture, the type of bus that connects the major components of a computer system is

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The type of bus that connects the major components of a computer system is called the system bus.
The system bus is like the central highway that allows communication between the important parts of a computer, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and input/output devices. It is responsible for transmitting addresses which specify the location of data in memory, data itself that needs to be transferred between components, and control signals that manage the flow of information.
Think of the system bus as a pathway for information to travel back and forth between the CPU, memory, and other peripherals. It ensures that the different parts of the computer can work together effectively by providing a common method of communication.
So, in summary, the system bus connects the major components of a computer system and allows them to exchange addresses, data, and control signals. It plays a vital role in the overall functioning of a computer by enabling the efficient transfer of information.

Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called ?

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Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called processing. Processing refers to the actions that a computer takes to transform raw data into meaningful information. It involves performing calculations, making decisions, and executing instructions to manipulate the data based on the instructions given by the user or programmer.
During processing, a computer takes in input data, which can be text, numbers, images, or any other form of digital information. It then performs various operations on this data, such as sorting, filtering, analyzing, and transforming it according to the given instructions.
Processing can also involve performing complex tasks like running software programs, simulating real-world scenarios, and solving mathematical problems. It utilizes the computer's hardware resources, including the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and storage, to carry out these operations.
Processing is a fundamental function of computers and enables them to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently and accurately. It is what allows computers to process vast amounts of data, perform calculations in seconds, and execute complex algorithms.
In summary, processing is the manipulation of data by a computer to transform raw input into meaningful output. It involves executing instructions, performing calculations, and utilizing the computer's resources to process data efficiently.

If the control unit controls other units of the CPU, which unit stores instructions,data and intermediate results.

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The unit that stores instructions, data, and intermediate results in a CPU is the Memory unit.
The Memory unit plays a crucial role in a computer system as it is responsible for storing and retrieving data and instructions that are needed for the CPU to execute tasks. It provides a place for the CPU to read data from and write data to.
When a program is executed, the instructions and data required by the CPU are loaded into the Memory unit. This allows the CPU to easily access and manipulate the information needed to perform calculations or carry out operations.
The Memory unit can be thought of as a large storage area or workspace where the CPU can temporarily store and retrieve information as needed. It consists of different types of memory, such as the cache, random access memory (RAM), and read-only memory (ROM).
The control unit of the CPU is responsible for coordinating and controlling the activities of other units, including the Memory unit. It fetches instructions from the Memory unit and directs the necessary data to be accessed or stored in the Memory unit. However, it is important to note that the Control unit itself does not store instructions, data, or intermediate results. It mainly focuses on facilitating the execution of instructions and coordinating the flow of data between different units.
The Arithmetic section of the CPU performs arithmetic calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. However, it does not directly store instructions, data, or intermediate results. Its role is primarily to carry out mathematical operations on data provided by the Memory unit.
The Logic section of the CPU handles logical operations like comparisons and logical decisions. Similar to the Arithmetic section, it does not store instructions, data, or intermediate results on its own, but rather operates on data accessed from the Memory unit.
In summary, while the Control unit controls other units of the CPU, it is the Memory unit that stores instructions, data, and intermediate results. The Memory unit serves as a central storage space for the CPU, allowing it to efficiently access and manipulate the information necessary for processing tasks.

Which of the following is an example of graphics software ?

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Adobe Illustrator is an example of graphics software. This software is specifically designed for creating and editing vector graphics. Unlike other software that focuses on working with images made up of pixels, Adobe Illustrator allows users to create and manipulate illustrations using mathematical equations to define shapes and lines. This results in graphics that can be scaled to any size without losing any quality.
With Adobe Illustrator, users can draw, paint, and create complex shapes using a variety of tools and features. It provides a wide range of tools, including Pen Tool, Shape Builder Tool, and Live Paint Bucket, that allow users to create and edit paths, shapes, and colors.
This software also offers advanced features like the ability to create gradients, apply special effects, and work with layers to organize and manage different elements of a graphic. Users can also import and export files in various formats, making it compatible with other design software and allowing for seamless collaboration with others.
Adobe Illustrator is widely used by artists, designers, and illustrators in various industries such as advertising, publishing, and web design. It provides a powerful and versatile platform for creating stunning visual content, from logos and icons to illustrations and infographics. The software's intuitive interface and extensive range of tools make it accessible to both beginners and professionals in the field of graphic design.

The first step in a CPU instruction cycle is

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The first step in a CPU instruction cycle is Fetch.
During the Fetch step, the CPU retrieves the next instruction from the memory. This instruction is stored in the instruction register (IR) so that it can be processed further.
The Fetch step involves the following sub-steps: 1. The Program Counter (PC) keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched. Initially, it points to the starting memory address where the program begins. 2. The PC value is transferred to the memory address register (MAR), which holds the memory address we want to access. 3. The control unit sends a request to the memory unit to access the memory location specified by the MAR. 4. The memory unit retrieves the instruction from the specified memory address and sends it back to the CPU. This instruction is stored in the Memory Data Register (MDR). 5. The content of the MDR is then transferred to the Instruction Register (IR), where it is held until further processing.
In simple terms, the Fetch step is like going to the supermarket and getting the shopping list (instruction) of what items you need to purchase. The CPU fetches the next instruction from the memory so that it knows what operation it needs to perform next.

What is the difference between an assembler and a compiler ?

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An assembler and a compiler are two different types of software tools used in computer programming.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly level language code into machine language code. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonics to represent the instructions and registers of a computer's architecture. So, an assembler takes the instructions written in assembly language and translates them into the binary code that a computer can understand and execute.
On the other hand, a compiler is a program that converts high-level programming language code into machine language code. High-level programming languages, like C, Python, or Java, are designed to be more human-readable and easier to write and understand compared to assembly language. However, computers cannot directly understand high-level programming languages, so a compiler translates the high-level code into the specific machine language instructions that the computer can execute.
In simple terms, an assembler converts assembly level language into machine language, and a compiler converts high-level programming language into machine language. Therefore, the correct answer is: An assembler converts assembly level language code into machine language code, while a compiler converts high-level programming language code into machine language code.

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A nibble is a four-bit aggregation, or half an octet. It is also known as half-byte or tetrade. In a networking or telecommunication context, the nibble is often called a semi-octet, quadbit, or quartet. A nibble has sixteen (2^4) possible values.

Which of these storage devices can act as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory ?

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The storage device that can act as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory is Cache Memory.
Cache memory is a small, very fast, and expensive type of memory that is located close to the CPU. It is used to temporarily store data and instructions that the CPU frequently accesses.
When the CPU needs to access data or instructions, it first checks the cache memory. If the requested data or instructions are found in the cache, this is called a cache hit, and the CPU can access them quickly. This helps to improve the overall performance of the CPU because accessing data from cache memory is much faster than accessing it from the main memory.
If the requested data or instructions are not found in the cache, this is called a cache miss. In this case, the CPU needs to fetch the data or instructions from the main memory, which takes more time. However, once the data or instructions are fetched from the main memory, they are also stored in the cache for future use. This way, if the CPU needs the same data or instructions again, it can access them quickly from the cache, resulting in faster performance.
By acting as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory, cache memory helps to reduce the CPU's waiting time for data and instructions, which ultimately improves the overall speed and efficiency of the computer system.

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The first computer made available for commercial use was the UNIVAC. UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer and it was developed by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in the 1950s.
UNIVAC was the first computer to be designed for both scientific and business purposes. It was used primarily by government agencies and large corporations for tasks such as data analysis, calculations, and simulations. The computer was known for its speed and versatility, and it played a significant role in advancing computer technology.
EDSAC, Mark-1, and ENIAC were also important computers in the early days of computing, but they were not specifically designed for commercial use like UNIVAC. EDSAC, which stands for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, was the first practical stored-program computer. Mark-1, also known as the Harvard Mark I, was one of the earliest electromechanical computers. ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, was the first general-purpose electronic computer.
In conclusion, while all of these computers made significant contributions to the history of computing, the first computer made available for commercial use was the UNIVAC.

The Output will be a HIGH for any case when one or more inputs are one for a(an)

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The output of an OR gate will be HIGH when one or more inputs are one. This means that if at least one of the inputs to the OR gate is set to one, the output of the gate will also be one. To understand why this is the case, let's take a look at the behavior of an OR gate. An OR gate takes two or more inputs and produces an output based on the logical OR operation. The logical OR operation is a binary operation that returns true (or HIGH) if at least one of its operands is true (or HIGH). In an OR gate, if any of the inputs is set to one, it will cause the output of the gate to be one. This is because the logical OR operation returns true (or HIGH) when at least one of its operands is true (or HIGH). It does not matter whether the other inputs are set to zero or one. As long as there is at least one input that is set to one, the output of the OR gate will be one. On the other hand, if all the inputs to the OR gate are set to zero, the output of the gate will be zero. This is because the logical OR operation returns false (or LOW) only when all its operands are false (or LOW). So, in summary, the output of an OR gate will be HIGH when one or more inputs are set to one. It does not matter whether the other inputs are set to zero or one. As long as there is at least one input that is set to one, the output of the OR gate will be one.

What does R stands for in the CRUD acronym ?

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In the CRUD acronym, R stands for 'Read'. CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These are the four basic functions of persistent storage in databases.

A set of programs that direct computers to perform specific information processing activities for end users is

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The correct answer is Application software.
Application software refers to a set of programs that are designed to perform specific information processing activities for end users. These programs are what we interact with on a daily basis, such as word processors, web browsers, and photo editing software. They are created to serve different purposes and cater to various needs and tasks of individuals or organizations.
Unlike system software or an operating system, which manage and control the overall functioning of a computer, application software is focused on specific tasks and targets the end users directly. It enables users to perform functions like creating documents, browsing the internet, playing games, editing videos, and much more.
In simpler terms, application software can be thought of as the tools that we use on our computers and devices to accomplish different tasks. It provides us with the ability to perform specific activities based on our needs and interests, making our interaction with computers more productive and enjoyable.
Hence, application software plays a crucial role in directing computers to carry out specific information processing activities for end users.

Which of the following can be used to select the entire document ?

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To select the entire document, you can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + A. This command stands for "Select All" and it is commonly used in various software programs to quickly select all the content within a document or a text field.
When you press Ctrl + A, it tells the computer or software application to highlight and select all the text, images, or any other elements present in the current document. It is a convenient way to select everything at once and perform actions like copying, deleting, or formatting.
Ctrl + K is not used to select the entire document. In many applications, including web browsers, this combination is usually used for creating or modifying hyperlinks.
Shift + A does not have a specific function to select the entire document. The "Shift" key, when combined with other keys, generally allows you to make selections or perform actions on a range of items, but it is not applicable in this context.
Alt + F5 is also not used to select the entire document. In some applications, the "Alt" key combined with function keys or other shortcuts can trigger specific functions or menu options, but it does not select the entire document.
In conclusion, the correct option is Ctrl + A, which is a simple and widely-used shortcut to select all the contents of a document or text field.

Anti-virus software is an example of ?

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Anti-virus software is an example of utility programs.
Utility programs are software applications designed to assist in managing and optimizing the computer system. They perform specific tasks that are not directly related to the core functioning of the operating system or the application software.
Anti-virus software is specifically designed to protect our computer systems from malicious software like viruses, worms, and malware. It scans files and programs for any potential threats, identifies and removes or quarantines them to prevent harm to our system.
The purpose of anti-virus software is to detect and eliminate different types of malware that can harm our computer. It helps to keep our personal and sensitive information secure, prevents unauthorized access, and ensures the smooth functioning of our system.
So, anti-virus software falls under the category of utility programs as it helps in managing and protecting our computer system from potential threats.

A computer code that spreads without the user interaction and can cause network performance problem is

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A computer code that spreads without the user interaction and can cause network performance problem is a computer worm.
To understand this, let's think of a worm as a digital parasite. Similar to how a real-life worm can multiply quickly and spread in various directions, a computer worm can replicate itself and spread across computer networks without needing any action from the user.
Unlike viruses, which require a host file to attach themselves to and typically need user interaction to spread, worms can independently find vulnerabilities in computer systems and exploit them. This means that a worm can easily make copies of itself and infect multiple computers within a network without the user even knowing.
The ability of worms to rapidly spread can cause significant network performance problems. Imagine if a single worm infects one computer, then spreads to another, which spreads to two more, and so on. This exponential growth in infections can overload network resources, leading to sluggish internet speeds, system crashes, and even network failures.
Therefore, it is important to have strong security measures in place, such as firewalls and antivirus software, to protect against and prevent the spread of computer worms. Regularly updating software and operating systems can also help patch vulnerabilities that worms may exploit.
In conclusion, a computer worm is a type of malicious code that spreads autonomously across computer networks, causing network performance problems by rapidly infecting multiple computers.

What generation of computer is characterized by the use of vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory?

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The generation of computer characterized by the use of vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory is the first generation of computers.
During this era, computers were built using vacuum tubes, which were large glass tubes that controlled the flow of electricity. These tubes functioned as switches and amplifiers for the computer's circuits. They were bulky, delicate, and generated a significant amount of heat, requiring expensive cooling systems.
Additionally, magnetic drums were used as the main memory device. These drums consisted of a metal cylinder coated with a ferromagnetic material, and data was stored and retrieved by magnetizing and sensing the magnetized spots on the drum's surface. However, magnetic drums were relatively slow and had limited storage capacity compared to modern memory technologies.
The first-generation computers were quite large and consumed a tremendous amount of power. They were also prone to frequent failures due to the fragility of vacuum tubes, which needed to be replaced regularly. Programming these computers involved using machine language or low-level programming languages.
Despite their limitations, first-generation computers were groundbreaking because they marked the beginning of electronic digital computing. They laid the foundation for future computer generations by demonstrating the potential for automated computation and inspiring advancements in technology that would lead to smaller, faster, and more reliable computers.
In summary, the first generation of computers utilized vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory. These computers were significant in terms of their pioneering role in electronic digital computing, even though they were large, expensive, and less efficient compared to modern computer systems.

Which of the following is used for modulation and demodulation ?

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Modem is used for both modulation and demodulation.
Modulation is the process of changing the characteristics of a signal (referred to as the carrier wave) to transmit information across a medium (such as cables, air, or fiber optic cables). The purpose of modulation is to encode the data onto the carrier wave so that it can be transmitted efficiently and accurately.
On the other hand, demodulation is the process of extracting the original data from the modulated carrier wave at the receiving end. Demodulation reverses the modulation process and allows the receiver to retrieve the original information sent by the transmitter.
A modem (short for modulator-demodulator) is a hardware device that performs both modulation and demodulation. It acts as a bridge between the digital signals from a computer or network and the analog signals used for transmission through a telephone line, cable, or wireless medium. The modem modulates the digital signals from the computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over the network or phone line. At the receiving end, it demodulates the analog signals back into digital signals that can be understood by the computer or network.
In summary, a modem is used for modulation and demodulation, enabling the transmission and reception of data over various communication channels.

The first stage of data processing activities is ?

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The first stage of data processing activities is Collection.
In this stage, data is gathered or collected from various sources. This can include surveys, forms, sensors, databases, and more. The goal is to gather all the necessary data that is required for analysis and processing.
During the collection stage, it is important to ensure that the data is accurate, complete, and reliable. This includes checking for any errors or inconsistencies in the data and verifying its authenticity.
Once the data is collected, it is then ready to be processed and analyzed. This involves performing various operations such as manipulation, conversion, and sorting on the data to extract meaningful insights and information.
Overall, the collection stage is critical in the data processing process as it lays the foundation for the subsequent stages. It ensures that the data is available and ready for further processing and analysis.

Which of the following does not replicate itself in an infected computer?

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A Trojan horse does not replicate itself in an infected computer.

Spyware, worm, and virus are all types of malicious software that have the ability to replicate or self-replicate:

• Spyware is designed to secretly gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge. It typically does not replicate itself, but rather focuses on monitoring activities and transmitting the collected data back to its creator.
• Worms are self-replicating programs that spread across networks and systems by exploiting vulnerabilities. They do not require user interaction to propagate and can replicate themselves to infect multiple systems.
• Viruses are also self-replicating programs that attach themselves to other files or software on a computer. They infect files or programs and can spread to other computers when those files are shared or transferred.

On the other hand, a Trojan horse appears to be harmless or legitimate software but contains malicious code or functions. Unlike worms and viruses, Trojan horses do not have the ability to replicate themselves. They rely on users being tricked into running or opening them. Once executed, Trojan horses can perform various malicious actions such as stealing data, deleting files, or giving unauthorized access to a computer.

In summary, while spyware, worms, and viruses can all replicate themselves, a Trojan horse does not have this capability.

Analog, digital and hybrid computers are classification of computers based on

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Analog, digital, and hybrid computers are classifications of computers based on the type of data-handling techniques.
Analog computers work with continuous data, such as measurements from sensors or physical quantities like temperature, pressure, or voltage. They perform mathematical operations using physical components like resistors, capacitors, and amplifiers. Analog computers are able to handle complex calculations quickly and are commonly used in scientific and engineering applications.
Digital computers, on the other hand, work with discrete data, represented as binary numbers (0s and 1s). They use electronic circuits called logic gates to perform calculations and store and manipulate data digitally. Digital computers are highly versatile and can perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations and data processing. They are the most common type of computer used in everyday life.
Hybrid computers combine the advantages of both analog and digital computers. They have the ability to handle real-world, continuous data as well as process and analyze digital information. Hybrid computers often consist of an analog component for data acquisition and a digital component for data processing and storage. They are commonly used in applications such as control systems, simulations, and scientific research.
In summary, the classification of computers into analog, digital, and hybrid is based on the type of data-handling techniques they employ. Analog computers handle continuous data, digital computers process discrete data, and hybrid computers combine both approaches for enhanced capabilities.

A type of application software that combines the abilities of several general purpose applications in one program is ?

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Integrated Packages is the type of application software that combines the abilities of several general purpose applications in one program.
Imagine you have different applications on your computer - one for creating documents, another for working with spreadsheets, and another for creating presentations. With an integrated package, you don't need to open separate applications for each task. Instead, you have one program that can do all of these things.
For example, you can create a document, add tables or charts from a spreadsheet, and include images or diagrams from a presentation - all within the same program. This makes it convenient and efficient to handle multiple tasks without switching between different software.
Integrated packages provide a seamless user experience by allowing users to easily switch between different functions within the same program. They help to streamline workflow and eliminate the need to learn and navigate multiple software applications.
In summary, integrated packages simplify the process of using different applications by combining them into one program, making it easier and more efficient to complete various tasks without the need for separate software programs.

At what stage in system development life cycle are all data documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams(DFDs)

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All data is documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) during the System Analysis stage in the System Development Life Cycle.
During the System Analysis stage, the focus is on understanding the current system, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and gathering requirements for the new system. This is done through various techniques such as interviews, observations, and analyzing documents.
One of the important tasks in this stage is data modeling, which involves identifying the various data inputs, outputs, processes, and storage within the system. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are commonly used for visualizing and documenting the flow of data between these components.
DFDs provide a clear and graphical representation of how data moves within the system, showing the processes that transform the data, the data stores that hold the data, and the data flows that connect these elements. They help in understanding the overall data flow within the system and in identifying potential issues or bottlenecks.
By creating detailed DFDs, all the data and their associated flows are documented explicitly, ensuring that no important data flows are overlooked during the system development process. This documentation becomes a valuable reference for system designers, developers, and stakeholders throughout the project.
To summarize, during the System Analysis stage of the System Development Life Cycle, detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) are created to document and visualize the flow of data within the system. These DFDs provide a clear representation of the data inputs, outputs, processes, and storage and become an essential reference for the development team.

Large computers are classified as

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Large computers are classified as **mainframe computers**. These are powerful machines that are capable of performing complex tasks and handling large amounts of data. Mainframe computers are designed to be used by multiple users simultaneously, making them suitable for large organizations or institutions that have high computing needs. They have the ability to run multiple operating systems and software applications at the same time. One of the distinguishing features of mainframe computers is their high processing power and storage capacity. They can handle massive data processing tasks and have robust memory capabilities. This makes them ideal for handling large-scale data processing operations such as financial transactions, scientific calculations, and data analysis. Unlike other types of computers, mainframes are often housed in dedicated rooms called data centers. These rooms are equipped with specialized cooling and power supply systems to ensure the proper functioning of the mainframe computers. In summary, mainframe computers are large and powerful systems that excel at processing and storing large amounts of data, making them suitable for organizations with high computing needs.

Which of the following is NOT a high-level programming language?

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Assembly language is NOT a high-level programming language. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that provides a direct representation of the computer's hardware architecture. It is a symbolic representation of machine language instructions, which are specific to a particular computer architecture. Assembly language is typically used by programmers who need to have fine control over the hardware, such as device driver developers or firmware programmers.
In contrast, high-level programming languages like C++, Python, and Java are designed to be easier for humans to read, write, and understand. These languages provide more abstracted and portable ways of writing programs, allowing developers to focus on the logic and functionality of their code rather than the details of the underlying hardware.
High-level programming languages use English-like keywords and syntax to make programming more accessible and intuitive. They provide built-in libraries and functions that simplify common tasks, and they support features like objects and classes for organizing code in a structured manner.
In summary, while Assembly language is a low-level programming language that directly interacts with the computer's hardware, C++, Python, and Java are high-level programming languages designed for ease of use and abstraction from the underlying hardware.

which communication channel allows the sending of information in one direction only?

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Simplex mode is the communication channel that allows the sending of information in one direction only. This means that the communication can only occur from one end to the other without any feedback or response from the receiving end.
In simplex mode, the sender can transmit data, but the receiver cannot respond or send any data back. It is like a one-way street where there is only traffic going in one direction. This mode is commonly used for broadcasting or when there is no need for a response or feedback from the receiver.
For example, think of a television broadcast. The television station transmits the signal to your TV set but there is no way for your TV set to send any information back to the station using the same channel. The communication is strictly one-way.
In summary, simplex mode allows for communication to occur in only one direction, with the sender transmitting information but the receiver unable to respond or send data back.

what is the first computing machine invented ?

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The abacus is considered to be the first computing machine invented. It is an ancient device that was used for making calculations in early civilizations. The abacus consists of a series of rods or wires, each containing a set of beads that can be moved back and forth.
To use the abacus, numbers are represented by positioning the beads in a certain way. By moving the beads on the rods, different mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division could be performed. The abacus provided a simple and visual way to perform calculations without the need for written numbers or complex algorithms.
The abacus was widely used across different cultures and played a significant role in various aspects of life such as trade, accounting, and astronomy. Its simplicity and effectiveness made it a powerful tool for solving mathematical problems.
Although the abacus may seem primitive compared to modern computers, it was the foundation for more complex computing machines that were developed later. It laid the groundwork for the development of mechanical calculators, such as the Pascal calculator and slide rule, which were advancements in computing technology. The abacus is an important part of the history of computing and represents the initial steps towards the creation of more sophisticated machines we have today.

What type of booting does the computer go through when starting up from a powered down ?

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When a computer is powered down and then started up, it goes through a process called booting. Booting is the series of steps that the computer takes to initialize and load the operating system into memory.
One type of booting is cold booting. This occurs when the computer is completely shut down and then powered on again. During a cold boot, the computer goes through a complete startup sequence. This includes checking hardware components, loading the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), and then loading the operating system.
Another type of booting is soft booting. This occurs when the computer is already powered on and the operating system is restarted. Soft booting does not involve shutting down and powering up the computer. Instead, it involves restarting the operating system while keeping the computer's power on. Soft booting is often done when there is a need to refresh the system or troubleshoot certain issues.
Warm booting is a term that is often used interchangeably with soft booting. It refers to the process of restarting the computer without shutting down the power. Warm booting is generally used to describe the act of manually initiating a system restart.
Finally, rebooting is a more general term that can be used to describe any kind of system restart, whether it is a cold boot, soft boot, or warm boot. Rebooting essentially means to restart the computer.
In summary, when a computer starts up from a powered down state, it goes through a process called booting. This can involve cold booting, which is a complete startup sequence after the computer has been completely shut down. It can also involve soft booting or warm booting, which is a restart of the operating system while keeping the computer's power on. Rebooting is a more general term that encompasses any type of system restart.

When records are given a new value, it is called

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When records are given a new value, it is called updation.
Updation refers to the process of changing the value of an existing record in a database or data structure. It involves replacing the current value with a new value.
Let's say we have a database table that stores information about students, including their names, ages, and grades. If we want to update the grade of a specific student, we would search for that student in the database and modify the grade field with a new value. This is known as updation.
Updation is an essential operation in data management as it allows us to keep the information in our records up to date. It ensures that the data accurately reflects the current state of the subject being represented.
In summary, updation is the process of changing the value of an existing record to a new value in a database or data structure.

The type of database in which the data are connected in different files by using common data elements or a key field is ?

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The type of database in which the data are connected in different files by using common data elements or a key field is Relational database.
In a relational database, data is organized into tables, where each table represents a specific entity or concept. Each row in the table represents an instance of that entity, and each column represents a specific attribute or characteristic of that entity. The tables are then linked together using common data elements, known as key fields.
These key fields establish relationships between the tables, allowing us to retrieve related data from multiple tables by using queries. For example, if we have a table for customers and a table for orders, we can link them together using a common key field such as customer ID. This allows us to retrieve orders for a specific customer or retrieve customer information for a specific order.
One of the main advantages of a relational database is its flexibility and ability to handle complex relationships between data. By using key fields, we can easily link multiple tables together and perform various data operations like filtering, sorting, and joining data.
Relational databases are widely used in various industries and applications due to their simplicity, scalability, and data integrity. They provide a structured and efficient way to store and retrieve data, making them suitable for managing large amounts of data in a systematic and organized manner.

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The priority in technical feasibility is to determine whether the problem can be solved using existing technology and resources available. This means considering whether the necessary tools, equipment, and knowledge are currently accessible to develop a solution for the problem at hand. While considering technical feasibility, it is important to assess if the problem can be solved within the user's environment, as well as if the likely benefits outweigh the cost of solving the problem. However, these factors are secondary to ensuring that the problem can be addressed using the existing technology and resources available. Solving a problem without causing any social issues is not specifically related to technical feasibility, but it is an important consideration overall. It falls under the broader category of social feasibility, which addresses the potential impact and consequences of solving a problem on society. In summary, the primary focus in technical feasibility is to determine if the problem can be solved using existing technology and resources available.

The closest computer language to human is ?

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The closest computer language to human is High level language.
High level languages are designed to be easy for humans to read, write, and understand. They use natural language keywords and phrases that resemble English or other human languages. This makes it easier for programmers to express their thoughts and intentions in a way that is more familiar and intuitive.
High level languages are designed to be more abstract and closer to the way humans think, allowing programmers to focus on solving problems rather than worrying about the low-level details of the computer hardware. They use variables, functions, and objects to represent real-world concepts, making the code more readable and maintainable.
Examples of widely used high-level languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. These languages have a wide range of built-in libraries and tools that make it easier for programmers to solve complex problems without having to understand the inner workings of the computer.
In summary, high level languages are the closest computer languages to human because they are designed to be easy to read, write, and understand, allowing programmers to focus on solving problems using natural language keywords and phrases.

Which of the following monitors has only two colours

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A monitor that has only two colors is called a monochrome monitor. This type of monitor is capable of displaying only two colors - typically black and white.
Monochrome monitors were commonly used in the early days of computing, when color displays were not widely available or affordable. These monitors were simpler in design and used only one color for displaying images and text.
The advantage of a monochrome monitor is its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. It requires less processing power and memory to display images and text in just two colors. This made it suitable for many applications where color was not a crucial requirement, such as word processing, programming, and data entry.
However, the limitation of a monochrome monitor is the lack of color representation. It cannot display images or graphics with the same level of detail and realism as color monitors. As technology advanced, color monitors with higher resolutions and better color accuracy became more popular and affordable.
In summary, a monochrome monitor is a type of monitor that can only display two colors - typically black and white. It was commonly used in the early days of computing for applications that did not require color representation.

Which of the following components of the computer is referred to as the administrative section ?

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The component of the computer that is referred to as the administrative section is the CPU, which stands for Central Processing Unit.
The CPU is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It controls the overall operation of the computer system.
The CPU consists of two main parts: the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the activities of the computer's hardware components, while the ALU performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.
The CPU acts as the administrator of the computer, making decisions and directing the flow of data and instructions between other hardware components such as the input unit, output unit, and memory unit.
Input unit: This component of the computer is responsible for receiving data or instructions from the outside and sending it to the CPU for further processing. It includes devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones.
Output unit: This component of the computer is responsible for presenting processed data or information to the user. It includes devices like monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors.
Memory unit: This component of the computer is responsible for storing data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. It includes both primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory (hard drives or solid-state drives).
In summary, the CPU is the component of the computer that functions as the administrative section. It controls the overall operation of the computer system and acts as the brain, making decisions and coordinating the activities of other hardware components like the input unit, output unit, and memory unit.

What part of the central processing unit coordinates other units and manages the computer resources ?

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The part of the central processing unit (CPU) that coordinates other units and manages computer resources is the Control unit.
The Control unit is like the brains of the CPU. It directs and coordinates the activities of other units, such as the Memory unit, Arithmetic Logic unit, and coordinating unit. Its main job is to fetch, decode, and execute instructions from the computer's memory.
The Control unit controls the flow of data and instructions between different parts of the CPU and other components of the computer system. It ensures that each instruction is carried out in the correct sequence and at the right time. It also manages the allocation of computer resources, such as memory and processing power, to different tasks and programs running on the computer.
In simpler terms, you can think of the Control unit as the conductor of an orchestra. It keeps everyone in sync and ensures that each musician plays their part at the right time. Similarly, the Control unit coordinates the different units of the CPU and manages resources to ensure the smooth operation of the computer.

EDVAC was produced using which of these concepts ?

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The EDVAC was produced using the concept of stored program. The stored program concept is a fundamental idea in computer architecture where both the program instructions and the data to be processed are stored in the same memory. This means that the computer can retrieve instructions from memory, process them, and then store the results back into memory.
In the context of the EDVAC, this concept allowed for significant flexibility and advancement in computing. Before the advent of the stored program concept, computers were designed to perform specific tasks and their programs were hardwired into the machine. Any changes or modifications to the program required physically rewiring the circuits.
However, with the introduction of the stored program concept, the EDVAC and subsequent computers became programmable machines. The instructions and data required by a program could be stored in memory, making it easier to modify, update, and reuse programs without rewiring the computer hardware.
This concept revolutionized computing by allowing for the development of more advanced and versatile computers. The EDVAC, utilizing the stored program concept, became a pivotal milestone in the history of computing and laid the foundation for the modern computers we use today.