JAMB UTME - Government - 2004

The principle of separation of powers was made popular by

Detalles de la respuesta

The principle of separation of powers was made popular by Baron de Montesquieu, a French philosopher of the Enlightenment era. Montesquieu believed that the concentration of power in any one branch of government could lead to tyranny and oppression. To prevent this, he proposed that power should be divided among three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislative branch would be responsible for making laws, the executive branch would be responsible for enforcing laws, and the judiciary branch would be responsible for interpreting laws. Each branch would have its own set of powers and responsibilities, and would serve as a check on the others, ensuring that no one branch could become too powerful. Montesquieu's ideas had a profound influence on the development of modern democratic systems of government, including the United States Constitution. The principle of separation of powers is now a fundamental aspect of many democratic systems around the world, helping to ensure that power is distributed in a way that protects the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Independence of the judiciary is pertinent because it accords the judiciary the power to

Detalles de la respuesta

Independence of the judiciary is pertinent because it accords the judiciary the power to enable the judges to try and decide cases without bias.

It also enables the judges to:

1. Interpret and defend the constitution of the land, without fear and favour.

2. To prevent it from being controlled by other organs of government.

3. To ensure and protect civil liberties and rights of the citizens

4. To settle disputes between the executive and legislature efficiently

5. To be able to punish the law breakers accordingly.

6. To guide and protect the constitution properly.

The countries in which Nigeria participated in the ECOMOG peace-keeping operations were

Detalles de la respuesta

Nigeria participated in ECOMOG peace-keeping operations in two countries, which were Liberia and Sierra Leone.

The 1976 Local Government Reforms in Nigeria transformed the relationship between states and local governments into one of

Detalles de la respuesta

The 1976 Local Government Reforms in Nigeria transformed the relationship between states and local governments into one of partnership and co-operation

A specialized agency of the United Nations Organization is the

Detalles de la respuesta

A specialized agency of the United Nations Organization is the World Health Organization. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for coordinating international efforts to improve public health. It was established on April 7, 1948, and its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, setting norms and standards, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends. The organization works closely with governments, NGOs, and other international organizations to promote health and prevent the spread of diseases. Its main objective is to ensure that everyone can enjoy the highest possible level of health, regardless of their socioeconomic status or geographic location.

The one-time president of the United Nations General Assembly was

Detalles de la respuesta

The one-time president of the United Nations General Assembly was Joseph Garba. Joseph Garba was a Nigerian diplomat and military officer who served as the president of the United Nations General Assembly from 1989 to 1990. As the president of the General Assembly, he presided over meetings of the UN and played a key role in promoting international cooperation and addressing global issues. While Ibrahim Gambari, Arthur Mbanefo, and Maitama Sule are all notable figures in Nigerian history and international diplomacy, none of them served as the president of the United Nations General Assembly.

In a presidential system of government, the president checks the legislature through

Detalles de la respuesta

In a presidential system of government, the president checks the legislature through the exercise of veto power. The legislature makes laws, but the president can reject or veto a bill that has been passed by the legislature. This gives the president the power to check the actions of the legislature and prevent the passage of laws that they may not agree with. The president can either veto the entire bill or specific provisions of the bill, which would then require the legislature to either amend or override the veto with a two-thirds majority vote. This process ensures that there is a balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful. Therefore, the correct answer is exercise of veto.

The creation of a classless society is the ultimate aim of

Detalles de la respuesta

The creation of a classless society is the ultimate aim of communism. Communism is a political and economic ideology that seeks to create a classless society in which all property and resources are owned collectively by the people. The ultimate goal of communism is to eliminate the concept of social classes and create a society in which everyone is equal, with no one person or group holding power or wealth over others. Communism advocates for the abolition of private property and the means of production, and the establishment of a planned economy based on cooperation and sharing. In a communist society, resources and wealth are distributed according to need, rather than according to the ability to pay. While socialism also seeks to reduce inequality and promote social welfare, it does not necessarily aim to create a completely classless society. Capitalism, on the other hand, is based on the principles of private ownership and the accumulation of wealth, and does not seek to create a classless society. Fascism, meanwhile, is a far-right political ideology that emphasizes authoritarianism, nationalism, and often racial superiority, and does not aim to create a classless society either.

In a confederation,the constituency that a member of the legislature represents is a

Detalles de la respuesta

In a confederation, the constituency that a member of the legislature represents is typically a region. A confederation is a form of government in which a group of states or regions join together to form a loose alliance, with each member retaining a significant degree of autonomy and self-governance. In a confederation, the central government is typically weaker than the individual member states or regions, and is primarily responsible for coordinating common policies and resolving disputes between members. The legislature of a confederation is typically made up of representatives from each member state or region. These representatives are elected by the people in their respective regions or states, and are responsible for advocating for the interests of their constituents within the confederation. Unlike a nation-state or a parliamentary constituency, which represent a specific, defined geographic area, the constituency of a member of the legislature in a confederation is often broader, representing a larger region or group of states. This reflects the fact that in a confederation, power is more dispersed and decentralized, with decisions made through a process of negotiation and consensus-building among the member states or regions.

The difference between commercialized and privatized companies is that in the former

Detalles de la respuesta

Commercialized companies are those that are owned by the government and run as if they were businesses with the goal of generating profits. In contrast, privatized companies are those that have been sold off to private individuals or companies, who now own and operate them for profit. Therefore, the main difference between commercialized and privatized companies is that in the former, public ownership is dominant, while in the latter, private ownership is dominant.

Nigeria's relation with black political communities outside Africa is built on

Detalles de la respuesta

Nigeria's relation with black political communities outside Africa is built on economic considerations

The economic basis of feudalism is

Detalles de la respuesta

The economic basis of feudalism is agriculture. Feudalism was a social and economic system that emerged in medieval Europe in which land was the primary source of wealth and power. The feudal system was based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled and managed the land and its resources. The lords were the owners of the land, while the vassals were granted the use of the land in exchange for military and other services. Agriculture was the primary economic activity in feudal society, and the production of food and other crops was essential for the survival and prosperity of the feudal system. The peasants, who worked the land, were the backbone of the feudal economy, and their labor was essential for the production of food and other goods. The feudal system was characterized by a lack of social and economic mobility, with individuals being born into their respective social classes and unable to move up the social ladder. Therefore, agriculture was the foundation of the feudal economy, and the feudal system was built around the ownership and control of the land.

Judicial administrations in respect of National Code of Conduct lies with the

Detalles de la respuesta

The Judicial administrations in respect of National Code of Conduct lies with the Code of Conduct Bureau

The permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations are

Detalles de la respuesta

The permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations are the United States, Russia, France, Britain and China. These five countries are also known as the P5 or the "Big Five." They have veto power over any substantive resolution or decision made by the Security Council, which means that if any one of these countries votes against a resolution, it cannot be passed. The P5 are considered to be the most powerful countries in the world, both economically and militarily, and they are responsible for maintaining global peace and security.

The pre-colonial Yoruba political system as a whole can best be described as a

Detalles de la respuesta

The pre-colonial Yoruba political system as a whole can best be described as confederation of monarchs and chiefdoms

The fundamental assumption on which the idea of the rule of law is based is

Detalles de la respuesta

The fundamental assumption on which the idea of the rule of law is based is the supremacy of the constitution. The rule of law is a fundamental principle of modern democratic societies, which holds that everyone is subject to the law, including the government itself. The idea of the rule of law means that laws must be clear, predictable, and accessible to everyone, and that they must be enforced in a fair and consistent manner. The supremacy of the constitution means that the constitution is the highest law of the land, and that all other laws and actions of government must be in accordance with it. This ensures that the government operates within the limits set by the constitution, and that the rights and freedoms of individuals are protected. While the rationality and equality of human beings, as well as love for social justice, may also be important principles for a just and democratic society, they are not the fundamental assumption on which the idea of the rule of law is based.

The leaders who spearheaded the transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union are from

Detalles de la respuesta

The leaders who spearheaded the transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)into the African Union are from Nigeria,Libya and South Africa.

The inauguration of the new union took place in Durban, South Africa. Mummer Gadhafi of Libya first proposed it as full blown (United States of Africa)

The process of nationalism was accelerated by

Detalles de la respuesta

the signing of the Atlantic Charter accelerated the process of nationalism . The declaration in article 3 of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 of the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will have to live gave much impetus to nationalist activities in West Africa.

The responsibility for admitting new members to the OPEC rests with the

Detalles de la respuesta

The responsibility for admitting new members to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rests with the Conference. The Conference is the highest decision-making body of OPEC and is made up of oil ministers from member countries. It meets at least twice a year to make important decisions regarding oil production, pricing, and market stabilization. One of the responsibilities of the Conference is to consider and decide on membership applications from countries interested in joining OPEC. To become a member, a country must meet certain criteria such as having a substantial exportable oil reserve, being a net oil exporter, and being willing to cooperate with other OPEC member countries. Once a country submits an application, the Conference will evaluate the country's eligibility based on the established criteria and make a decision on whether to accept or reject the application. If the application is accepted, the new member will be required to abide by OPEC's policies and agreements. In summary, the Conference has the responsibility for admitting new members to OPEC.

In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated at the center

Detalles de la respuesta

In a unitary system of government,power is concentrated at the center with residual functions. Some examples of residual lists are markets and chieftancy affairs.

The agent through which the state undertakes political socialization is the

Detalles de la respuesta

The agent through which the state undertakes political socialization is the pressure group. Pressure groups are organisation or associations of people who seek to influence government policies and actions and people in authority to the benefit of their members, Pressure groups do not intend to contest election and control the government. They act as the watch-dogs that check the activities of the government. For instance, the present struggle between the NLC and Obasanjo regime over the increase in fuel. Students Union also influence and help to change obnoxious policies of government such as signing of Nigerian Anglo Defence pact of the first Republic

In the Second Republic,the ruling National Party of Nigeria formed an alliance with the

Detalles de la respuesta

In the Second Republic of Nigeria, the ruling National Party of Nigeria formed an alliance with the Nigeria People's Party. The alliance was formed in order to gain a greater share of the votes and secure a majority in the National Assembly. The alliance was known as the "NPN-NPP alliance" and was formed ahead of the 1979 general elections. The alliance was successful in winning the presidential election, with Shehu Shagari becoming the President of Nigeria. However, the alliance did not last long due to political differences and power struggles between the two parties. Therefore, the correct answer is Nigeria People's Party.

The law of libel limits a citizen's right to freedom of

Detalles de la respuesta

The law of libel limits a citizen's right to freedom of expression. Libel refers to the publication of false and damaging statements about an individual or organization, which can harm their reputation or livelihood. The law of libel is designed to protect individuals and organizations from false statements that could damage their reputation or livelihood. However, this law also limits a citizen's right to express themselves freely, as they could be sued for making false and damaging statements about another person or organization. Therefore, individuals and media outlets must be careful in what they publish to avoid being sued for libel. This law ensures that there is a balance between freedom of expression and the protection of individuals and organizations from false statements. Therefore, the correct answer is expression.

The current Executive Secretary of the ECOWAS is

Detalles de la respuesta

Mohammed Ibn Chambers is the current Executive Secretary of the ECOWAS.

Chambers is from Ghana 2002 to date others were as follows:

1. Dr Abubakar Qattara

2. Momadumuru

3. Dr. Abass Chernor Bundu

4. Edward Benjamin

Under the 1999 Constitution, the power to declare war is vested in the

Detalles de la respuesta

Under the 1999 Constitution, the power to declare war is vested in the Executive. This is with the approval of the National Assembly.

Nigeria's support for the South-South Cooperation is based on her desire to

Detalles de la respuesta

Nigeria's support for the South-South Cooperation is based on her desire to promote economic understanding in the Third World. South-South Cooperation refers to the cooperation among developing countries, particularly those in the southern hemisphere, to promote their economic, social, and cultural development. Nigeria's support for this initiative is based on the belief that economic cooperation among developing countries can help to accelerate their development and reduce their dependence on the developed countries. Nigeria, as a leading economic power in Africa, recognizes the importance of promoting economic growth and development among other developing countries in the region and beyond. By supporting the South-South Cooperation, Nigeria is able to contribute to the economic advancement of developing countries and foster greater cooperation among nations in the Global South.

A major problem of the defunct Organization of African Unity was

Detalles de la respuesta

A major problem of the defunct Organization of African Unity (OAU) was ideological differences among member states. The OAU was established in 1963 as a pan-African organization with the primary objective of promoting unity and solidarity among African countries and achieving greater political and economic integration on the continent. However, there were significant ideological differences among member states, particularly with regards to the role of socialism and capitalism in development. Some member states favored socialist policies and were critical of the capitalist economies of other member states. These ideological differences made it difficult for the OAU to develop a coherent policy agenda and effectively address pressing issues facing the continent, such as poverty, conflict, and underdevelopment. Therefore, the correct answer is ideological differences.

In a constitutional monarchy,the authority to remove the head of state is exercised by the

Detalles de la respuesta

In a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a monarch, usually a king or queen, who serves as a ceremonial figurehead. The real power is held by the head of government, who is usually a prime minister or a president. The authority to remove the head of state is typically exercised by the legislature or parliament, which may pass a vote of no confidence or take other measures to remove the monarch from power in case of misconduct or other issues. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is the legislature.

The immediate cause of the January 15 1966 military coup in Nigeria was the

Detalles de la respuesta

The immediate cause of the January 15, 1966 military coup in Nigeria was the election crisis in the Western Region. The coup was carried out by a group of young military officers who were dissatisfied with the corrupt and ineffective civilian government at the time. The crisis in the Western Region, which was caused by a dispute over the results of a regional election, was seen as a major example of the failure of the political leadership in Nigeria. The coup resulted in the overthrow of the civilian government and the establishment of military rule in Nigeria.

In a democracy,sovereign authority is exercised by the

Detalles de la respuesta

In a democracy,sovereign authority is exercised by the electorate

Laws made by state governments are known as

Detalles de la respuesta

Laws made by state governments are known as edicts. It should be noted that edicts are the laws made by the state military governments.

Unicameral legislature is a common feature of

Detalles de la respuesta

Unicameral legislature is a common feature of unitary systems of government, where all legislative powers are vested in a single chamber or house. In a unicameral legislature, there is no separate upper house or senate as found in bicameral systems. Instead, a single body is responsible for passing laws and making decisions on behalf of the people. This system is often used in small countries or those with a homogeneous population, where there is less need for multiple levels of representation. It can also be more efficient and cost-effective than a bicameral system, as there are fewer legislators and less bureaucracy involved. Therefore, the correct answer is unitarism.

The Native Authority system was most effective and successful in

Detalles de la respuesta

The Native Authority system was most effective and successful in Northern Nigeria. This system was a form of indirect rule introduced by the British colonial government, whereby traditional rulers were given some powers to govern their local areas under the supervision of British officials. It was successful in Northern Nigeria because the traditional rulers already had significant influence and control over their communities before the arrival of the British, and the system allowed the British to govern the area with minimal interference while also maintaining the authority of traditional rulers. The system was less successful in other parts of Nigeria, such as the Western region, where traditional rulers had less influence and were seen as obstacles to modernization and development.

The two-chambers of elected national representatives in Nigeria are called

Detalles de la respuesta

The two chambers of elected national representatives in Nigeria are called the National Assembly. The National Assembly is made up of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents each of Nigeria's 36 states equally, with three senators elected from each state. The House of Representatives is based on population, with the number of representatives allocated to each state based on its population. Together, the Senate and the House of Representatives make up the National Assembly, which is responsible for making laws, conducting oversight of government agencies, and representing the interests of the Nigerian people at the national level.

A major influence on the formation of public opinion is

Detalles de la respuesta

The mass media is a major influence on the formation of public opinion. The mass media, such as television, radio, newspapers, and social media, have the power to shape the way people think and feel about issues and events. They can set the agenda for public discourse by selecting which stories to cover and how to frame them. The mass media can also influence public attitudes by presenting a particular point of view or bias. As a result, the mass media play a crucial role in shaping public opinion on a wide range of issues.

Delegated legislation refers to the laws

Detalles de la respuesta

Delegated legislation refers to the laws or regulations made by non-legislative bodies or persons, under the authority of the legislature or parliament. In other words, it is the process by which a higher legislative body delegates some of its law-making powers to other bodies or individuals. These delegated bodies may include government departments, local councils, regulatory agencies, or other authorized entities. Delegated legislation is often used to provide detailed rules and regulations on specific issues that may be too complex or technical for the legislature to handle effectively. It is also a way for the government to respond more quickly to changing circumstances or emergencies. Therefore, the correct answer is non-legislative bodies.

With the admission of Asian and African countries to the Commonwealth,the Queen of England became the

Detalles de la respuesta

The Queen of England became the chairperson of the Commonwealth With the admission of Asian and African countries to the Commonwealth.

The body responsible for running the personal affairs of senior local government staff in Nigeria is the

Detalles de la respuesta

The body responsible for running the personal affairs of senior local government staff in Nigeria is the Local Government Service Commission. The Local Government Service Commission is responsible for the management of the personal affairs of senior staff in local government areas in Nigeria. This includes the appointment, promotion, and disciplinary actions for these staff members. The Commission is an independent body created by law to ensure the effective and efficient management of the local government system. It is made up of a board of commissioners appointed by the government and is headed by a chairman. Overall, the Local Government Service Commission plays a critical role in ensuring that local government areas are staffed by competent and qualified personnel who are able to deliver services to the community.

A common feature of the earlier political parties in Nigeria was that they

Detalles de la respuesta

The correct option for this question is "started as social-cultural organizations." The earlier political parties in Nigeria were not formed by the government, backed by colonialists or non-elitist in nature. Instead, they were mostly initiated by nationalists and activists who came together to advocate for the rights of their people. These parties started as social-cultural organizations aimed at promoting the cultural and social interests of their members, and later became political parties as the struggle for independence intensified. The most notable of these parties were the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC), the Action Group (AG), and the Northern People's Congress (NPC).

The relationship between the tiers of government in Nigeria can be described as one of

Detalles de la respuesta

The relationship between the tiers of government in Nigeria can be described as one of coordinate and independent jurisdiction. This means that each tier of government (federal, state, and local) has its own independent powers and functions assigned to it by the Constitution, and they are expected to operate within their own sphere without undue interference from the other tiers. However, they are also expected to coordinate and cooperate with each other for the effective governance of the country. Therefore, they have their own independent responsibilities, but they work together to achieve common goals.

The major motivation for British colonization of Nigeria was to

Detalles de la respuesta

The major motivation for British colonization of Nigeria was to satisfy British economic interests. The British saw Nigeria as a source of raw materials and as a market for British manufactured goods. They also sought to establish control over Nigeria's vast natural resources such as oil, coal, and tin, and to use Nigerian labor to work on British-owned plantations and mines. The spread of Christianity and Westernization, as well as protection from external attacks, were secondary motives.

In a parliamentary system of government, a vote of no confidence leads to the resignation of

Detalles de la respuesta

A vote of no confidence leads to the resignation of the entire cabinet. Should a minister represent the Government in a bad light the parliament will pass a vote of no confidence and all cabinet ministers must resign. On the other hand, if the prime minister who is always the Chairman of the council of ministers must resign with him.

Nigeria demonstrated her commitment to the policy of non-alignment during the regime of

Detalles de la respuesta

Nigeria demonstrated her commitment to the policy of non-alignment during the regime of Murtala Muhammed. Murtala Muhammed was a Nigerian military ruler who governed Nigeria from July 1975 until his assassination in February 1976. During his regime, he pursued a foreign policy of non-alignment and sought to improve Nigeria's relations with other African countries, particularly those in the Southern African region. He also sought to reduce Nigeria's dependence on Western countries and their aid, and to promote self-reliance and pan-Africanism. His commitment to non-alignment and his efforts to promote African unity and self-reliance remain a significant aspect of Nigeria's foreign policy.

A distinguishing feature of the 1979 Constitution was the

Detalles de la respuesta

The distinguishing feature of the 1979 Constitution was the departure from the parliamentary to the presidential system of government. This means that the head of the government is the President who is elected by the people and has significant powers to make decisions and check the legislature. The President is separate from the legislature, unlike in the parliamentary system where the head of the government is the Prime Minister and is also a member of the legislature. The presidential system of government provides for checks and balances between the executive and legislative arms of government.

The first franchise in the history of the democratic process is

Detalles de la respuesta

The first franchise in the history of the democratic process is the male franchise. This means that only men were allowed to vote in elections and participate in the democratic process. The male franchise was prevalent in many countries, including the United States and most European countries, during the 19th century. Women and other groups were excluded from the democratic process and were not allowed to vote or participate in the decision-making process. It was not until later in the 20th century that universal suffrage, which allows all citizens, regardless of gender or other factors, to vote and participate in the democratic process, was adopted in many countries. Therefore, the male franchise was the first step towards universal suffrage and paved the way for greater inclusivity in the democratic process.

An interest group that admits members and conducts its affairs according to stated rules is described as

Detalles de la respuesta

An interest group that admits members and conducts its affairs according to stated rules is described as an "associational" interest group. Associational interest groups are organizations that are formed to promote a common interest or to represent a particular group of people. They are usually structured in a formal way, with rules and regulations that guide their activities. Members of associational interest groups pay dues, and they may have elected officers, bylaws, and other organizational features. Examples of associational interest groups include professional associations, labor unions, and trade associations.

Government-owned companies operating in the economic sector are referred to as

Detalles de la respuesta

Government-owned companies operating in the economic sector are referred to as public enterprise. Public enterprise is a type of business organization in which the government or state has a controlling interest or ownership. In other words, the government owns and operates the company or corporation. These companies can operate in a wide range of sectors including manufacturing, transportation, utilities, and services. The main objective of establishing public enterprises is to serve the public interest, and to contribute to the economic development and growth of the country. Public enterprises are often established in sectors where private investment is not forthcoming or where private investment is not deemed to be in the public interest. Examples of public enterprises include the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC), and the National Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC).

One of the sources of a constitution is

Detalles de la respuesta

One of the sources of a constitution is constitutional law. Constitutional law is a body of law that outlines the fundamental principles by which a country or state is governed. It sets out the rules and structures of government, outlines the rights and duties of citizens, and establishes the relationship between the government and the people. Constitutional law can be derived from a number of sources, including written documents like a constitution or other foundational documents, as well as unwritten sources like customary law and past legal decisions. In the case of a written constitution, it serves as the primary source of constitutional law, providing the framework for the government and legal system. The constitution is typically created by a group of people, such as a constitutional convention, and can be amended or changed through a specific process outlined in the constitution itself. Overall, constitutional law serves as a vital source for creating and maintaining a just and stable society by establishing a clear framework for governance and protecting individual rights and freedoms.

The Lagos Treaty of May 28th 1975 led to the formation of the

Detalles de la respuesta

The Lagos Treaty of May 28th, 1975 led to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The treaty was signed by the Heads of State and Government of 15 West African countries and provided for the establishment of a regional economic community with the objective of promoting economic integration, development, and cooperation among member states. The Lagos Plan of Action was also adopted as a framework for implementing the treaty, with a focus on promoting self-reliance, food security, industrialization, and the development of human resources in the region. The establishment of ECOWAS has since played a crucial role in promoting regional integration and stability, with its member states collaborating on various economic, political, and security issues. Therefore, the correct answer is Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

The highest grade in the civil service is known as the

Detalles de la respuesta

The highest grade in the civil service is known as the administrative cadre. The administrative cadre consists of the highest-ranking officers in the civil service, who are responsible for policy formulation, implementation, and execution. They are the top-level executives who oversee the day-to-day functioning of the government and work closely with elected officials to implement government policies and programs. The administrative cadre is the most prestigious cadre in the civil service, and it requires a high level of education, experience, and expertise to attain. The administrative cadre is often divided into various levels, such as the senior administrative grade, higher administrative grade, and lower administrative grade, depending on the rank and responsibilities of the officers. Therefore, the administrative cadre is the most coveted and respected cadre in the civil service, and it is the pinnacle of achievement for civil servants.