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Question 1 Report
Describe the conditions that must be satisfied before embarking on Hajj.
Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam and is obligatory once in a lifetime upon every Muslim who is able. Before a person embarks on it, certain conditions (shurut) must be satisfied. These fall into conditions of obligation and conditions of validity.
1. Islam. The pilgrim must be a Muslim. Hajj is an act of worship, and no act of worship is accepted from a non-believer.
2. Sanity (‘Aql). The person must be of sound mind. The insane is not held responsible in Shari‘ah until reason returns.
3. Maturity (Bulugh). The pilgrim should have attained the age of puberty. A child may perform Hajj, but it does not discharge the obligatory Hajj of adulthood.
4. Freedom (Hurriyyah). The person should be free, not a slave, since a slave is occupied with the service of his master.
5. Physical ability (health). The pilgrim must be physically strong enough to bear the rigours of the journey and the rites at Makkah, Mina, ‘Arafah and Muzdalifah.
6. Financial capability (Istita‘ah). He must possess lawful wealth sufficient for his transport, feeding and lodging to and from Makkah, over and above the maintenance of his dependants left behind, and free from debt.
7. Security of the route. The road to Makkah must be safe from war, banditry and disease, so that life and property are not endangered.
8. Provision and mount (Zad wa Rahilah). He must have provisions for the journey and a means of conveyance.
9. Mahram or safe company for a woman. A woman must travel with her husband or a mahram (a relative she cannot marry), or in trustworthy, safe company, so that her honour is protected.
10. The prescribed time. Hajj is performed only in the months of Shawwal, Dhul-Qa‘dah and the first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah. It cannot be validly performed outside these months.
Allah says: "And Hajj to the House is a duty owed to Allah by mankind, for whoever is able to find a way to it" (Q3:97). When all these conditions are met, the Muslim is obliged to embark on Hajj without delay.
Answer Details
Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam and is obligatory once in a lifetime upon every Muslim who is able. Before a person embarks on it, certain conditions (shurut) must be satisfied. These fall into conditions of obligation and conditions of validity.
1. Islam. The pilgrim must be a Muslim. Hajj is an act of worship, and no act of worship is accepted from a non-believer.
2. Sanity (‘Aql). The person must be of sound mind. The insane is not held responsible in Shari‘ah until reason returns.
3. Maturity (Bulugh). The pilgrim should have attained the age of puberty. A child may perform Hajj, but it does not discharge the obligatory Hajj of adulthood.
4. Freedom (Hurriyyah). The person should be free, not a slave, since a slave is occupied with the service of his master.
5. Physical ability (health). The pilgrim must be physically strong enough to bear the rigours of the journey and the rites at Makkah, Mina, ‘Arafah and Muzdalifah.
6. Financial capability (Istita‘ah). He must possess lawful wealth sufficient for his transport, feeding and lodging to and from Makkah, over and above the maintenance of his dependants left behind, and free from debt.
7. Security of the route. The road to Makkah must be safe from war, banditry and disease, so that life and property are not endangered.
8. Provision and mount (Zad wa Rahilah). He must have provisions for the journey and a means of conveyance.
9. Mahram or safe company for a woman. A woman must travel with her husband or a mahram (a relative she cannot marry), or in trustworthy, safe company, so that her honour is protected.
10. The prescribed time. Hajj is performed only in the months of Shawwal, Dhul-Qa‘dah and the first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah. It cannot be validly performed outside these months.
Allah says: "And Hajj to the House is a duty owed to Allah by mankind, for whoever is able to find a way to it" (Q3:97). When all these conditions are met, the Muslim is obliged to embark on Hajj without delay.
Question 2 Report
Outline the Islamic views on Death, Resurrection and Judgement .
Belief in the Last Day is one of the six articles of faith (Iman) in Islam. It embraces death, resurrection and judgement.
Death (al-Mawt).
Resurrection (al-Ba‘th).
Judgement (al-Hisab).
These beliefs teach the Muslim accountability, restrain him from sin, and encourage righteous deeds in preparation for meeting Allah.
Answer Details
Belief in the Last Day is one of the six articles of faith (Iman) in Islam. It embraces death, resurrection and judgement.
Death (al-Mawt).
Resurrection (al-Ba‘th).
Judgement (al-Hisab).
These beliefs teach the Muslim accountability, restrain him from sin, and encourage righteous deeds in preparation for meeting Allah.
Question 3 Report
Examine the effects of migration of early Muslims to Abyssinia.
Background: As the persecution of the Muslims in Makkah grew unbearable, the Prophet (S.A.W) advised some of his followers to migrate to Abyssinia (Habashah), whose Christian king, the Negus (an-Najashi), was known to be just. Two migrations took place, and the effects of this migration were far-reaching.
Conclusion: The migration to Abyssinia protected the early Muslims, preserved the young faith, opened friendly contact with a Christian kingdom and demonstrated the justice of the Negus against the tyranny of the Quraysh.
Answer Details
Background: As the persecution of the Muslims in Makkah grew unbearable, the Prophet (S.A.W) advised some of his followers to migrate to Abyssinia (Habashah), whose Christian king, the Negus (an-Najashi), was known to be just. Two migrations took place, and the effects of this migration were far-reaching.
Conclusion: The migration to Abyssinia protected the early Muslims, preserved the young faith, opened friendly contact with a Christian kingdom and demonstrated the justice of the Negus against the tyranny of the Quraysh.
Question 4 Report
Write on Iddah with emphasis on kinds, purposes, durations and implications.
Meaning of Iddah: Iddah is the prescribed waiting period that a woman must observe after the termination of her marriage, whether by divorce or by the death of her husband, before she may remarry. It is ordained in the Qur'an.
Kinds and durations of Iddah:
Purposes of Iddah:
Implications of Iddah:
Conclusion: Iddah safeguards lineage, allows for reconciliation and mourning, and protects the rights of both spouses, showing the wisdom and orderliness of Islamic family law.
Answer Details
Meaning of Iddah: Iddah is the prescribed waiting period that a woman must observe after the termination of her marriage, whether by divorce or by the death of her husband, before she may remarry. It is ordained in the Qur'an.
Kinds and durations of Iddah:
Purposes of Iddah:
Implications of Iddah:
Conclusion: Iddah safeguards lineage, allows for reconciliation and mourning, and protects the rights of both spouses, showing the wisdom and orderliness of Islamic family law.
Question 5 Report
Examine the importance of the Quran to humankind.
The Qur'an is the final revealed book of Allah, sent to guide the whole of humankind. Its importance is examined below.
Conclusion: The Qur'an is therefore of the highest importance to humankind as a divine guidance, a source of law, a means of moral reform, a healing for the soul and a lasting proof of the truth of Islam.
Answer Details
The Qur'an is the final revealed book of Allah, sent to guide the whole of humankind. Its importance is examined below.
Conclusion: The Qur'an is therefore of the highest importance to humankind as a divine guidance, a source of law, a means of moral reform, a healing for the soul and a lasting proof of the truth of Islam.
Question 6 Report
Describe a complete Rak;ah with its recitations.
Meaning: A rak'ah is one complete unit of the Islamic prayer (salat), made up of standing, bowing and prostrating, each accompanied by its recitations. A description of a complete rak'ah, taking the first unit of prayer, is given below.
With the completion of the second prostration one full rak'ah is finished. The worshipper then rises for the next rak'ah, and after the required number of units he sits for the tashahhud and ends the prayer with the taslim (salam) to the right and left.
Conclusion: A complete rak'ah thus comprises standing with recitation, bowing, rising, two prostrations and the sitting between them, each with its fixed words of glorification and praise of Allah.
Answer Details
Meaning: A rak'ah is one complete unit of the Islamic prayer (salat), made up of standing, bowing and prostrating, each accompanied by its recitations. A description of a complete rak'ah, taking the first unit of prayer, is given below.
With the completion of the second prostration one full rak'ah is finished. The worshipper then rises for the next rak'ah, and after the required number of units he sits for the tashahhud and ends the prayer with the taslim (salam) to the right and left.
Conclusion: A complete rak'ah thus comprises standing with recitation, bowing, rising, two prostrations and the sitting between them, each with its fixed words of glorification and praise of Allah.
Question 7 Report
Examine the attitudes of the Jahiliyyah Arabs to worship.
Before the coming of Islam, the Arabs of the Jahiliyyah period held corrupt and confused attitudes towards worship. These attitudes are examined below.
Conclusion: The worship of the Jahiliyyah Arabs was dominated by idolatry, polytheism, superstition and corrupt rites, a situation Islam later reformed by establishing the pure worship of the One God, Allah.
Answer Details
Before the coming of Islam, the Arabs of the Jahiliyyah period held corrupt and confused attitudes towards worship. These attitudes are examined below.
Conclusion: The worship of the Jahiliyyah Arabs was dominated by idolatry, polytheism, superstition and corrupt rites, a situation Islam later reformed by establishing the pure worship of the One God, Allah.
Question 8 Report
Explain the lessons of Suratud-Duha (Q.93).
Suratud-Duha (Q.93) was revealed to comfort the Prophet (S.A.W) at a time when revelation had paused and his enemies mocked him, saying his Lord had forsaken him. Allah reassures him that He has neither abandoned nor become displeased with him, that the Hereafter is better for him than this life, and that his Lord will give him until he is satisfied. Allah then reminds him of past favours and directs him to be kind to the orphan, the beggar and to proclaim the favours of his Lord. The lessons of the surah are as follows.
Conclusion: Suratud-Duha teaches trust in Allah, patience and hope in adversity, gratitude for His favours, and kindness to the orphan and the needy, values every Muslim should apply in daily life.
Answer Details
Suratud-Duha (Q.93) was revealed to comfort the Prophet (S.A.W) at a time when revelation had paused and his enemies mocked him, saying his Lord had forsaken him. Allah reassures him that He has neither abandoned nor become displeased with him, that the Hereafter is better for him than this life, and that his Lord will give him until he is satisfied. Allah then reminds him of past favours and directs him to be kind to the orphan, the beggar and to proclaim the favours of his Lord. The lessons of the surah are as follows.
Conclusion: Suratud-Duha teaches trust in Allah, patience and hope in adversity, gratitude for His favours, and kindness to the orphan and the needy, values every Muslim should apply in daily life.
Question 9 Report
Highlight the roles played by traders and teachers in the spread of Islam to West Africa.
Traders and teachers were the two most important agents in the peaceful spread of Islam to West Africa. Their roles are highlighted below.
Roles played by traders:
Roles played by teachers (ulama and clerics):
Conclusion: Traders opened the door to Islam through commerce, settlement and good conduct, while teachers deepened and consolidated the faith through education, preaching and scholarship, together making Islam a lasting religion in West Africa.
Answer Details
Traders and teachers were the two most important agents in the peaceful spread of Islam to West Africa. Their roles are highlighted below.
Roles played by traders:
Roles played by teachers (ulama and clerics):
Conclusion: Traders opened the door to Islam through commerce, settlement and good conduct, while teachers deepened and consolidated the faith through education, preaching and scholarship, together making Islam a lasting religion in West Africa.
Question 10 Report
Outline the contributions of women to Hadith Literature.
Women played a major role in the preservation, transmission and development of Hadith literature from the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) through later generations. They narrated the sayings, actions, approvals and personal practices of the Prophet, taught these reports to others and served as reliable links in the chains of transmission (isnad).
The most prominent female contributor was ‘A’ishah bint Abi Bakr, the wife of the Prophet (S.A.W.). She narrated over two thousand Hadith and was regarded as one of the leading authorities on the Sunnah. Her Hadith dealt with matters of worship, marriage, family life, medicine, inheritance, morals and the private conduct of the Prophet. Many Companions and later scholars consulted her whenever they were uncertain about a narration, and she corrected reports that she considered inaccurate.
Other wives of the Prophet, known as the Mothers of the Believers, also made important contributions. Umm Salamah, Hafsah bint ‘Umar, Maymunah, Zaynab bint Jahsh and others narrated Hadith concerning the Prophet’s domestic life, worship, fasting, pilgrimage and legal rulings. Since they lived closely with the Prophet, they preserved knowledge that was not easily available to other Companions.
Other female Companions, such as Asma’ bint Abi Bakr, Umm ‘Atiyyah, Umm Hani’, Fatimah bint Qays, Rubayyi‘ bint Mu‘awwidh and Fāṭimah, the daughter of the Prophet, also transmitted Hadith. Their narrations enriched Hadith literature in areas such as purification, menstruation, funeral rites, marriage, fasting, warfare, charity and women’s religious duties.
Women also contributed by teaching Hadith to men and women. ‘A’ishah taught many Companions and Successors, while women scholars in later centuries held Hadith classes, granted licences (ijazah) to students and transmitted famous Hadith collections. Their reliability and careful preservation of reports made them respected transmitters in the isnad of many authentic Hadith.
Thus, through narration, memorisation, teaching, verification and transmission, Muslim women made an indispensable contribution to Hadith literature and to the preservation of the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.).
Answer Details
Women played a major role in the preservation, transmission and development of Hadith literature from the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) through later generations. They narrated the sayings, actions, approvals and personal practices of the Prophet, taught these reports to others and served as reliable links in the chains of transmission (isnad).
The most prominent female contributor was ‘A’ishah bint Abi Bakr, the wife of the Prophet (S.A.W.). She narrated over two thousand Hadith and was regarded as one of the leading authorities on the Sunnah. Her Hadith dealt with matters of worship, marriage, family life, medicine, inheritance, morals and the private conduct of the Prophet. Many Companions and later scholars consulted her whenever they were uncertain about a narration, and she corrected reports that she considered inaccurate.
Other wives of the Prophet, known as the Mothers of the Believers, also made important contributions. Umm Salamah, Hafsah bint ‘Umar, Maymunah, Zaynab bint Jahsh and others narrated Hadith concerning the Prophet’s domestic life, worship, fasting, pilgrimage and legal rulings. Since they lived closely with the Prophet, they preserved knowledge that was not easily available to other Companions.
Other female Companions, such as Asma’ bint Abi Bakr, Umm ‘Atiyyah, Umm Hani’, Fatimah bint Qays, Rubayyi‘ bint Mu‘awwidh and Fāṭimah, the daughter of the Prophet, also transmitted Hadith. Their narrations enriched Hadith literature in areas such as purification, menstruation, funeral rites, marriage, fasting, warfare, charity and women’s religious duties.
Women also contributed by teaching Hadith to men and women. ‘A’ishah taught many Companions and Successors, while women scholars in later centuries held Hadith classes, granted licences (ijazah) to students and transmitted famous Hadith collections. Their reliability and careful preservation of reports made them respected transmitters in the isnad of many authentic Hadith.
Thus, through narration, memorisation, teaching, verification and transmission, Muslim women made an indispensable contribution to Hadith literature and to the preservation of the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.).
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