JAMB UTME - Government - 1999

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Indirect legislation can be achieved by judicial interpretation and precedent. Judicial interpretation and precedent refer to the way courts interpret laws and legal principles and how those interpretations become established as precedents for future cases. Indirect legislation occurs when a law is not directly created by the legislature, but rather, is created through the interpretation and application of existing laws by the judiciary. This happens when a court interprets a statute or a constitutional provision and sets a precedent that applies to future cases. As a result, the interpretation effectively becomes a new law, albeit indirectly created through judicial precedent. Indirect legislation is an important aspect of the legal system as it allows for the law to evolve and adapt to changing circumstances, and helps ensure that the law remains relevant and applicable to the current context. Therefore, indirect legislation can be achieved through judicial interpretation and precedent.

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The annual budget of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) is approved by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. The Assembly is the highest decision-making body of the organization and is composed of all the heads of state or government of member countries. The budget outlines the financial plan for the organization's activities for the coming year and includes the expected income and expenditures. The budget is reviewed and approved by the Assembly during their annual meeting, where member states also discuss important issues affecting the continent. By having the heads of state or government approve the budget, the OAU ensures that member states have a say in how the organization's resources are allocated to meet the needs of Africa.

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A government controlled by a few people for their own interests is known as an oligarchy. In an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals who often come from wealthy or influential backgrounds. They make decisions that benefit themselves and their associates, rather than the general population. This type of government is often characterized by a lack of transparency and accountability, and citizens have little to no say in how their country is run.

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The instrument for safeguarding the rights of citizens is the writ of habeas corpus. This legal document is used to protect individuals from being unlawfully detained or imprisoned. Essentially, the writ of habeas corpus requires that anyone who is being held in custody be brought before a court or judge, who will then determine whether the detention is lawful or not. This ensures that people cannot be imprisoned without a valid legal reason and provides a safeguard against arbitrary detention.

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A hereditary system of government is a system where the position of power is passed down from one family member to another based on bloodline or lineage. In this type of system, the ruler or leader is usually determined by birthright, rather than by merit or election. This can be seen in a monarchy, where the title of king or queen is passed down from one generation to the next within the same family. It can also be seen in aristocracy, where political power is held by a small group of wealthy and privileged families. Therefore, the correct option is "a monarchy".

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The first Head of Government in independent Nigeria was Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Nigerian statesman who became the first Prime Minister of Nigeria in 1960, after the country gained independence from British colonial rule. Balewa played a key role in the struggle for independence and was a respected leader who was widely regarded as a unifying figure. He served as the leader of the Northern People's Congress (NPC), one of the major political parties in Nigeria at the time, and was appointed Prime Minister by the Governor-General, Sir James Robertson, after the NPC won the 1959 federal elections. As Prime Minister, Balewa worked to unify the country and to build a strong and independent nation. He promoted economic development, education, and social welfare, and played an important role in shaping Nigeria's foreign policy. Unfortunately, his government was overthrown in a military coup in January 1966, which led to a series of events that ultimately plunged the country into a long period of military rule. However, Tafawa Balewa's legacy as a nationalist leader and a champion of Nigerian independence remains an important part of the country's history.

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Naturalization is the process through which a foreigner becomes a citizen of a country. This means that someone who was not born in that country can become a legal citizen with all the rights and responsibilities that come with it. To be eligible for naturalization, the person usually needs to be a resident of the country for a certain period of time and must meet certain requirements, such as having a good character, passing a language and/or civics test, and being willing to pledge loyalty to the country. Dual nationality means having citizenship of two or more countries at the same time, so it's not a process of acquiring citizenship but rather already having it. Foreign visitors to a country usually don't have the intention to become citizens, so they don't go through naturalization. And being born abroad doesn't necessarily mean someone needs to go through naturalization if one or both of their parents are already citizens of the country they were born in.

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The British Government took over the administration of Nigeria in 1900 by revoking the Charter of the Royal Niger Company. This means that the company, which was previously responsible for governing the area on behalf of the British government, was no longer in charge. Instead, the government itself took direct control of the region. This move was significant because it marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Nigeria, which lasted until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

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In a presidential system of government, ministers are individually responsible to the president. This means that each minister is accountable to the president for their actions and decisions within their respective ministries. In other words, the president appoints ministers to head different ministries and these ministers report directly to the president. They are expected to carry out the policies and directives of the president and to implement government programs in their areas of responsibility. If a minister makes a mistake or fails to carry out their duties effectively, they may be dismissed by the president. The president may also reshuffle the cabinet or change ministers as they see fit. This is in contrast to a parliamentary system of government, where ministers are collectively responsible to the parliament or the legislature. In such a system, ministers are accountable to the parliament for their actions and decisions, and the parliament can hold them to account through various mechanisms such as votes of no confidence.

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Nigeria was suspended from the Commonwealth because of her violation of fundamental human rights. The Commonwealth is a political association of 54 member countries, most of which are former British colonies, that aims to promote democracy, human rights, and economic development. Nigeria was suspended from the Commonwealth in 1995 following the execution of the Ogoni Nine, a group of environmental activists who were fighting for the rights of the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta region. The Nigerian government's crackdown on this peaceful protest, including the summary trial and execution of the Ogoni Nine, drew widespread condemnation from the international community and led to Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth. The suspension was lifted in 1999 following the transition to civilian rule in Nigeria, and the country has since been fully reintegrated into the Commonwealth. Therefore, the correct option is "violation of fundamental human rights".

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The feature that best differentiates pressure groups from political parties is that pressure groups do not seek to nominate ministers. While both pressure groups and political parties seek to influence public opinion and policy-making, political parties are structured to nominate candidates for political office and eventually gain political power through elections. Pressure groups, on the other hand, do not aim to directly take political power, but rather to influence those in power by lobbying and advocating for specific policies or interests. Additionally, while political parties usually have permanent organizations and hierarchies, pressure groups may be more loosely organized and focused on a specific issue or cause. Therefore, the correct option is "nominate ministers".

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A dominant two-party system means that in a political system, two political parties have a strong hold over the country's political landscape, and their candidates are the most likely to win elections. Out of the options provided, the United Kingdom and United States operate a dominant two-party system. In the UK, the two dominant parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. In the US, the two dominant parties are the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. India and Pakistan, France and Germany, and South Africa and Senegal do not operate a dominant two-party system, as there are multiple political parties with a significant presence in their respective political landscapes.

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Nigeria's role in ECOMOG is essentially informed by her desire for peace and stability. ECOMOG stands for the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group, and it is a regional peacekeeping force created by ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) to intervene in conflicts and maintain peace and security in the West African region. Nigeria, as a major regional power and a member of ECOWAS, has played a leading role in ECOMOG operations, deploying troops and resources to help resolve conflicts and restore stability in several West African countries. Nigeria's participation in ECOMOG is driven by a desire to promote peace and security in the region, as well as to protect its own national interests and maintain regional stability. Therefore, the correct option is "desire for peace and stability".

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During the 1957 constitutional conference, the Willink Commission was set up to recommend solutions to the problem of the minorities in Nigeria. The minorities were ethnic groups that were smaller in population and often marginalized in the political and economic life of the country. The Commission was tasked with investigating the grievances of the minorities and making recommendations for how their rights and interests could be protected within a larger Nigerian state. The Commission's report, which was published in 1958, recommended measures such as the creation of minority commissions, the establishment of safeguards for minority rights in the Constitution, and the adoption of policies that would ensure that minority groups had a fair share of political and economic power.

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Yes, before a new member is admitted to the United Nations Organization, its application must be approved by all the permanent members of the Security Council, which are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In addition, the approval of a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly, which includes all member states, is also required. The membership application may also be considered by the Economic and Social Council and the International Court of Justice, but their approval is not required for admission to the UN.

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The separation of judicial, legislative, and executive functions is designed to prevent tyranny. The principle of the separation of powers is a fundamental concept in modern democratic governance. It is designed to ensure that no one person or group has too much power, which can lead to tyranny and abuse of power. The separation of powers divides the functions of government into three separate branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judiciary interprets laws and settles disputes. By separating these functions, each branch serves as a check and balance on the others, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful and abusing its power. This system helps to ensure that the government operates within the bounds of the law and respects the rights and freedoms of its citizens. Therefore, the separation of powers is designed to prevent tyranny and protect democracy.

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The League of Nations was in existence before the outbreak of the Second World War. The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. Its main goal was to maintain international peace and security through collective security and disarmament and promoting economic and social cooperation among its member states. However, its effectiveness was limited, and it failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War. The League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations.

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The Lagos Colony and Protectorate was amalgamated with The Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1906. This was done as part of the British colonial administration's efforts to consolidate and streamline its control over Nigeria. Before this amalgamation, Lagos Colony and Protectorate and the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were administered separately, with different laws and systems of government. The amalgamation brought them together under a single administration, with a unified legal and administrative system, and marked a significant step towards the eventual creation of a single, unified Nigeria.

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One of the distinctive features of democracy is that it facilitates popular participation. Democracy is a form of government in which power is held by the people or their elected representatives, and decisions are made through a process of free and fair elections. In a democratic system, individuals and groups are free to express their views, form political parties, and contest elections. This means that the people have the opportunity to participate in the political process and to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democratic systems also provide for mechanisms of accountability and transparency, which ensure that the government is answerable to the people and that its actions are subject to scrutiny and oversight. This promotes a culture of openness and accountability, which helps to build trust between the government and the people. Overall, democracy is a system of government that seeks to empower and involve the people in the decision-making process, and to ensure that the government is responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people.

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A state is said to be fascist when all rights and liberties are subordinated to state interest. Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes strong centralized control and the suppression of opposition through the use of violence and propaganda. In a fascist state, the government places the interests of the state above the interests of individuals and groups. Individual rights and freedoms are not respected, and the government may use force to maintain control and suppress dissent. Fascist regimes often promote extreme nationalism, militarism, and authoritarianism. They may use propaganda to promote the cult of personality around a single leader or ruling party, and suppress opposing viewpoints and political parties. Historically, fascist regimes have been associated with extreme violence and human rights abuses, including genocide and mass persecution of minority groups.

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In a federal constitution, legislative powers that are shared by two levels of government are referred to as "concurrent." This means that both the federal government and the state/provincial governments have the power to make laws on the same topic. For example, in the United States, both the federal government and the individual states have the power to make laws about taxation, education, and transportation. This is different from "exclusive" powers, which are powers held only by one level of government, and "residual" powers, which are powers not specifically assigned to either level of government and therefore fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government.

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The civil service plays a crucial role in advising the government and implementing its policies. Civil servants are responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of government, providing expert advice to ministers and helping to develop and implement policies. They work across a wide range of areas, including health, education, defence, and the economy, and are responsible for keeping accurate records and providing information on government and its agencies. The civil service exists to serve the public and ensure that the government's policies are delivered efficiently, effectively, and with integrity.

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A constitution is classified as unwritten when it is not contained in any single document. This means that an unwritten constitution is not codified in a single written document, unlike a written constitution, which is a document that sets out the fundamental principles and rules by which a country is governed. An unwritten constitution, on the other hand, is based on a combination of sources such as custom, tradition, and judicial precedent. It evolves over time and is not limited by the constraints of a written document. Countries like the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Israel have unwritten constitutions. In an unwritten constitution, the fundamental principles and rules of governance are not contained in a single document but are dispersed across various sources, and as such, they may be subject to interpretation and change over time.

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The notion of equality before the law is the same as the principle of the rule of law. The rule of law is the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to the law. It implies that the law is supreme and that no one, including the government, is above the law. One of the core tenets of the rule of law is the idea of equality before the law, which means that all individuals are equal under the law and should be treated equally by it. This means that no one should be above the law, and everyone should have the same rights and protections under the law. The principle of the rule of law, including the idea of equality before the law, is essential for the protection of individual rights and freedoms, and for maintaining a just and democratic society. Therefore, the notion of equality before the law is the same as the principle of the rule of law.

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The process of learning the norms and values associated with a political system is referred to as political socialization. Political socialization is the process by which individuals, particularly young people, learn about the political culture, values, and norms of their society. This process can occur through various means, such as family, schools, the media, and religious institutions. Through political socialization, individuals learn how to participate in the political process, understand their rights and responsibilities as citizens, and develop political attitudes and beliefs. It is an important process for the development of a stable and democratic political system, as it helps to ensure that citizens have a shared understanding of the principles and values that underpin their society.

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The organ of the United Nations Organization responsible for the former colonies of defeated world war ll powers is the Trusteeship Council. The Trusteeship Council was established by the United Nations in 1945 to oversee the administration of trust territories and to promote their development towards self-government or independence. These trust territories were territories that were formerly part of the defeated powers of World War II, which were placed under the control of the United Nations. The Trusteeship Council was responsible for overseeing the administration of these territories, providing assistance in economic and social development, and ensuring that they were prepared for self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council suspended its operations in 1994 after the last trust territory, Palau, became independent. Therefore, the Trusteeship Council was responsible for overseeing the former colonies of the defeated powers of World War II under the United Nations.

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The most important function of the executive organ of government is to enforce laws. This means that the executive branch is responsible for ensuring that the laws passed by the legislature are carried out and obeyed by the citizens. The executive branch consists of the president or prime minister, along with various departments and agencies, that are responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws. Without effective enforcement, laws are simply words on paper, and society would be in chaos. Therefore, the executive branch's responsibility to enforce the laws is critical to maintaining order and ensuring the smooth functioning of society.

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The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was primarily a political organization. It was established in 1963 with the objective of promoting unity and solidarity among African countries, and to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity. The OAU played a significant role in the decolonization of African countries and was involved in mediating conflicts between member states. In 2002, the OAU was replaced by the African Union (AU), which has broader objectives, including economic and social development.

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Bicameral legislature, which means having two separate chambers or houses in a legislative body, are a common feature of federal systems. In a federal system, power is shared between a central government and smaller regional governments. The bicameral legislature provides a way for both the central government and the regional governments to be represented in the lawmaking process. This is in contrast to unitary systems, where all power is concentrated in a central government, and confederal systems, where power is held by independent states that have joined together in a loose alliance. Monarchical systems, on the other hand, are defined by the presence of a monarch as the head of state and do not necessarily have a bicameral legislature.

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One of the main reasons for the creation of more local government in Nigeria is to make them more responsive to people's needs. Local governments are the closest level of government to the people and are responsible for providing basic services and infrastructure at the grassroots level. By creating more local governments, the Nigerian government aims to bring governance and development closer to the people and to ensure that local needs and priorities are addressed. This is expected to improve service delivery, enhance community participation in governance, and promote grassroots development. In addition, the creation of more local governments is intended to deepen Nigeria's federal system by establishing local government as the third tier of government after the federal and state levels. This is in line with Nigeria's federal structure, which allows for the decentralization of power and resources to the various levels of government. Therefore, the creation of more local governments is expected to promote a more participatory and inclusive system of governance in Nigeria, where the needs and voices of local communities are taken into account in decision-making and development planning.

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The duty of an Alkali under the Hausa Fulani political system is to adjudicate under Islamic laws. An Alkali is a judge who presides over cases in the traditional justice system of the Hausa Fulani people of Northern Nigeria. The Alkali serves as a custodian of Islamic law, and his duty is to interpret and apply Islamic law to settle disputes among individuals and communities. The traditional justice system under which the Alkali operates is based on Islamic law and jurisprudence, and it is an alternative to the formal legal system of the country. The Alkali's role is critical in ensuring justice and promoting peace and harmony within the community. Therefore, the Alkali's primary responsibility is to adjudicate disputes and ensure that justice is served according to Islamic law.

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The ideology that states that each person is the best judge of what is in his or her self-interest is called liberalism. This means that individuals should have the freedom to make their own decisions about what is best for themselves, without interference from the government or other outside forces. Liberalism places a high value on individual rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and association, and seeks to limit the power of government to interfere with these rights. It is often associated with capitalism and the free market, where individuals are free to pursue their self-interest through economic activity, with little government regulation or intervention.

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The Code of Conduct Bureau was established essentially to enhance probity and accountability in public service. The Bureau is a government agency responsible for ensuring that public officials, especially those in top positions, maintain high standards of ethical behavior and integrity in the performance of their duties. The Bureau achieves this by requiring public officials to declare their assets and liabilities before taking office and periodically during their tenure. This helps to prevent corrupt practices such as embezzlement and abuse of power by public officials. By promoting transparency and accountability in public service, the Code of Conduct Bureau helps to reduce corruption and ensure that public resources are used for the benefit of the people.

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The major strategy used by OPEC to influence oil price is by allocating production quotas to its members. OPEC stands for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and is a group of 13 oil-producing countries. OPEC controls a significant portion of the world's oil production and exports, which gives it a lot of influence over oil prices. One of the ways OPEC tries to stabilize oil prices is by controlling the amount of oil that its members produce. OPEC members meet regularly to decide on production levels, and each member country is assigned a production quota. When OPEC wants to increase oil prices, it may decide to reduce production quotas, which will reduce the overall supply of oil in the market, leading to an increase in prices. Conversely, when OPEC wants to lower oil prices, it may decide to increase production quotas, which will increase the overall supply of oil in the market, leading to a decrease in prices. Therefore, the correct option is "allocating production quotas to members".

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Nigeria's non-aligned policy means that she does not take sides in international issues based on ideological considerations. This policy is based on the principle of neutrality and non-alignment with any particular ideology or bloc, and instead seeks to maintain friendly relations with all nations based on mutual respect and cooperation. By adopting a non-aligned stance, Nigeria seeks to promote its own national interests, maintain its independence and sovereignty, and avoid getting involved in conflicts or alliances that do not directly benefit the country. Nigeria's non-aligned policy does not mean that it has nothing to do with superpowers, or that it avoids dealing with countries based on ideological leanings. Rather, it means that Nigeria seeks to maintain an independent foreign policy and engage with all nations on the basis of mutual benefit and respect, regardless of their political or ideological orientation. Therefore, the correct option is "not take sides in international issues based on ideological considerations".

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Delegated legislation refers to laws made by government agencies or bodies that have been given the authority to do so by the legislature. Legislative control over delegated legislation can be performed through investigation into the exercise of delegated power by the executive or the agency responsible for making the law. The legislature can investigate whether the delegated power has been exercised in accordance with the objectives set by the legislature. The legislature can also investigate whether the delegated legislation is consistent with the Constitution and the laws of the country. If the delegated legislation is found to be inconsistent with the Constitution or the laws of the country, it can be nullified by the judiciary. The judiciary can also withdraw delegated powers if the agency responsible for making the law has exceeded its authority or acted outside the scope of its powers. This can be done through judicial review. In summary, the legislative control over delegated legislation can be performed through investigation, nullification, and withdrawal of delegated powers by the judiciary. The Chief Justice does not have the authority to approve legislation made by government agencies or bodies.

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