JAMB UTME - Home Economics - 2010

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HIV/AIDS cannot be contacted through kissing. Kissing involves only saliva, which does not contain enough concentration of the virus to transmit HIV. However, HIV can be transmitted through blood transfusion, unsterilized injection, and sharing of needles. Manicure and pedicure, although involving sharp objects, have very low chances of transmitting HIV, especially when proper sanitation and hygiene practices are followed. It is important to note that HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

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The raising agent used in the preparation of omelette is air. When beaten eggs are cooked in a pan, air gets trapped within the mixture and creates pockets of air, which cause the omelette to rise and become fluffy. Therefore, no additional raising agent like yeast, baking powder, or baking soda is needed to make an omelette.

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Diced and finely toasted bread used to garnish soups are referred to as croutons. Croutons are small cubes of bread that are toasted or fried until crispy and golden brown. They are commonly used as a garnish in soups, salads, and other dishes to add a crunchy texture and extra flavor. Croutons can be made from any type of bread, but are typically made from white bread or French bread. They are often seasoned with herbs, garlic, or other spices to enhance their flavor.

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The process of mending a hole in a woven fabric is called darning. Darning involves interweaving the threads of the fabric with a needle and thread to fill in the hole and create a seamless repair. It is a traditional method of repairing fabrics, often used for repairing socks, sweaters, and other knitwear. Patching involves adding a separate piece of fabric to cover a hole, while crotcheting is a method of creating fabric using a crochet hook and yarn, and sanforizing is a process of pre-shrinking fabric to prevent it from shrinking further during use.

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Iodine test on food is used to test for the presence of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are a type of macronutrient found in foods like bread, rice, and pasta. Iodine, when mixed with starch (a type of carbohydrate), reacts by turning from brown to blue-black in color. This is because iodine molecules slip into the coils of starch molecules, forming a complex that reflects light differently and appears blue-black to the human eye. Proteins, fats, and vitamins do not react with iodine in the same way as carbohydrates, and therefore the iodine test is not used to test for their presence. For example, fats do not contain the type of chemical bonds that iodine can react with, so there is no color change when iodine is added to a sample of fat. Similarly, vitamins do not react with iodine in a way that produces a color change. In summary, the iodine test is used specifically to test for carbohydrates in food by looking for a color change from brown to blue-black.

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Home management is concerned with the skills necessary for effective management of the home. This includes a variety of tasks and responsibilities such as budgeting, meal planning, cleaning, organizing, and maintaining the home and its contents. While issues relating to house-care, interior decoration, household equipment, and utilities are all part of home management, they are not the only focus. Home management involves developing and utilizing strategies to create a safe, comfortable, and functional living environment for the household members. These strategies may include time management, communication, and problem-solving skills, as well as knowledge about financial planning, home maintenance, and organization. Ultimately, the goal of home management is to create a well-run and harmonious home that meets the needs of the household members while promoting a sense of belonging and satisfaction.

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When an injury occurs on the skin without any cut, but the affected area becomes swollen and painful, it is typically a bruise. A bruise, also known as a contusion, happens when small blood vessels underneath the skin are damaged or broken due to an impact or injury. Blood leaks out of the damaged vessels and pools in the surrounding tissues, causing a discoloration that ranges from black and blue to purple and yellow as the body reabsorbs the blood. In contrast, a scald is a type of burn caused by hot liquids or steam, while a burn is an injury caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. A tear, on the other hand, refers to a cut or a rip in the skin or other tissues.

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A combination of fat and flour cooked together is called a roux, which is a common base for making sauces. To make a roux, equal parts of fat and flour are heated and stirred together until they are well combined and the flour is cooked, which gives the roux a nutty flavor and removes the raw taste of the flour. The type of fat used can vary, but butter and oil are commonly used. The roux can then be used as a base for a variety of sauces by adding liquid, such as milk or broth, and other flavorings, such as herbs or spices. The resulting sauce can be thickened or thinned to achieve the desired consistency. Roux-based sauces are commonly used in cooking, particularly in French cuisine. Examples of sauces made with roux include béchamel sauce, which is a white sauce made with milk, and velouté sauce, which is a light-colored sauce made with chicken, fish, or veal broth. In summary, a combination of fat and flour cooked together is called a roux, and it is a common base for making sauces.

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The common type of floor surface among the options given is concrete. Concrete is a popular type of flooring surface for both residential and commercial buildings. It is durable, easy to maintain, and can be customized with various finishes, textures, and colors. Plastic and leather are not typically used as primary flooring surfaces due to their lack of durability and potential slipperiness. Wood, while also a common flooring material, can be expensive and requires more maintenance than concrete. Concrete, on the other hand, is affordable, strong, and long-lasting. It can be used in a variety of settings and can be finished in different ways to achieve different looks and functions. For example, it can be polished to a glossy finish for a modern look, or stamped with patterns to mimic the look of tile or stone. Overall, concrete is a popular and practical choice for a common type of floor surface.

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Removing the color of foods is NOT a function of salt as a seasoning agent. Salt is a common seasoning used to enhance the flavor of many different types of food. It provides sodium and chloride in the diet, which are essential minerals that the body needs to function properly. In addition to its role in providing essential nutrients, salt also helps to improve the natural flavors of foods, bringing out the subtle flavors of different ingredients. Salt can also act as a preservative for many foods by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause spoilage. However, salt is not used to remove the color of foods, so that is not a function of salt as a seasoning agent.

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The family type that includes a father, mother, children, and relatives is the extended family. An extended family is a family structure that includes more than just the immediate family members. It may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other relatives living together or in close proximity. In some cultures, extended families are common and may provide social support, childcare, and other benefits. In contrast, a nuclear family consists of only the parents and their children, while a monogamous family refers to a family structure in which one man is married to one woman. The term "beginning family" is not a commonly used term in family studies or sociology.

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The stitch used in transferring markings on a pattern to fabric is called tailor tacking. When making a garment or other sewing project, it's often necessary to transfer markings from the pattern onto the fabric. Tailor tacking is a type of stitch that is used for this purpose. It involves creating temporary markings on the fabric by sewing through both layers of the pattern and fabric with a contrasting color of thread. This creates a visible line of stitches on the fabric that can be used as a guide for cutting and sewing. Tailor tacking is often used for transferring markings such as darts, pleats, or other design elements from the pattern to the fabric. Once the markings have been transferred, the tailor tacking stitches can be removed by gently pulling on the threads. Basting, over sewing, and herringbone are other types of stitches used in sewing, but they are not typically used for transferring markings from a pattern to fabric.

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Starch is used in laundry to stiffen cotton and linen materials. When starch is applied to these fabrics and then ironed, it creates a crisp and polished look that is desired for some clothing items such as dress shirts, tablecloths, and napkins. Starch works by coating the fibers of the fabric, which creates a smooth surface that is more resistant to wrinkles and creases. Additionally, starch can help to protect the fabric from dirt and stains, as well as make it easier to iron. While starch can be used on other fabrics, such as wool and silk, it is more commonly used on cotton and linen due to their absorbent properties and ability to hold starch well.

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Stains from milk are referred to as "animal stains." Milk is an animal-based substance, and when it is spilled or splattered on clothing or other materials, it can leave behind a stain. These stains are considered "animal stains" because they come from an animal-based product. Vegetable stains, on the other hand, come from fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based substances. Mineral stains come from minerals, such as rust or hard water deposits, and grease stains come from oils and fats. It is important to treat stains as soon as possible to increase the chances of removing them. For milk stains, it is recommended to first blot up any excess liquid, then pretreat the stain with a stain remover or laundry detergent before washing the item in the washing machine.

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Household pests such as cockroaches, ants, termites, bed bugs, and rodents can be controlled through the use of insecticides. Insecticides are chemical substances that are formulated to kill or control pests. They come in various forms such as sprays, baits, powders, and granules, and they are designed to target specific pests. Kerosene and alcohols are not effective for controlling household pests, as they do not contain the necessary chemicals to kill or control pests. In fact, using kerosene or alcohol to try to control pests can be dangerous and may even cause a fire. "Pestifume" is not a commonly used term, and it is not clear what it refers to. If it is a misspelling of "pest fumigation," then it is a method of pest control that involves using fumigants to kill pests. However, fumigation is typically a more expensive and complex method of pest control that is usually only used in extreme cases, and it requires professional training and equipment.

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Rancidity is a type of spoilage associated with butter. Butter is a dairy product made from milk or cream, and it contains fats that can become rancid over time. Rancidity is a process that occurs when the fats in butter are exposed to oxygen, causing them to break down and produce unpleasant flavors and odors. Frozen beef and chicken can also spoil over time, but this type of spoilage is typically associated with freezer burn, which occurs when the food becomes dehydrated and develops a dry, tough texture. Milk can spoil as well, but this type of spoilage is typically characterized by sourness, rather than rancidity. To prevent rancidity in butter, it is important to store it properly in an airtight container in a cool, dark place. It is also important to use butter within its recommended shelf life and to check for signs of spoilage, such as an off odor or flavor, before consuming it.

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Budgeting is required in money management to avoid impulse buying. When one has a budget, it means they have allocated specific amounts of money for different expenses such as rent, bills, groceries, and so on. With a budget in place, one can better control their spending and avoid making impulsive purchases that may not be necessary or fit into their overall financial plan. Budgeting helps people to prioritize their expenses and allocate funds to the most important areas of their lives while avoiding overspending in less important areas.

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The plan for future expenditures of a given family is referred to as a budget. A budget is a plan for how to spend money over a specific period of time, often a month or a year. It takes into account a family's income and expenses, and outlines how much money can be spent on different categories, such as housing, food, transportation, and entertainment. The purpose of a budget is to help a family manage their money effectively and make sure they have enough money to cover their expenses. By creating a budget, families can identify areas where they are spending too much money and make adjustments to reduce their expenses. They can also set aside money for savings or investments to help them achieve their long-term financial goals. Overall, a budget is an important tool for managing a family's finances and planning for the future. It allows families to make informed decisions about how to spend their money and helps them to achieve their financial goals over time.

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The characteristic that is common to all beverages is that they are liquid. Beverages are defined as drinks that are consumed by humans, and they come in a wide range of types and flavors. Some examples of beverages include water, juice, soda, coffee, tea, beer, and wine. Despite their differences, all beverages share the common characteristic of being liquid. This means that they are able to flow and take the shape of their container, and they are easy to drink. Unlike solids, which have a fixed shape and volume, and gases, which are free to expand and contract, liquids have a fixed volume but can take the shape of their container. This makes them easy to pour, drink, and transport. In summary, the characteristic that is common to all beverages is that they are liquid. This allows them to take the shape of their container, making them easy to pour, drink, and transport.

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Home Economics is related to "Chemistry and fine arts". Home Economics is a field of study that deals with the management of resources, both within and outside the home, to improve the quality of life for individuals and families. Chemistry is related to Home Economics as it helps in understanding the chemical properties of food, nutrition and textiles, while fine arts are related as it helps to develop creativity and aesthetic sense that can be applied in areas such as clothing and interior decoration.

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The statement of ingredients and procedure for preparing a dish is called the recipe. It is a set of instructions that provide a detailed list of ingredients and a step-by-step procedure for preparing a particular dish. A recipe can be used by anyone to create a dish, from a professional chef to a home cook. It includes information about the quantities of each ingredient, the preparation techniques involved, cooking times, and serving suggestions. Therefore, option (A) is the correct answer. Option (B) and (C) do not accurately describe a recipe, and option (D) refers to the seasoning or spice used to flavor food and not the recipe itself.

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Pancake is a type of plain batter. It is made by combining flour, eggs, milk, and butter, and then cooking the mixture on a hot griddle or frying pan. Pancakes are typically flat and round, and are often served with syrup or other sweet toppings. They can also be filled with savory ingredients like cheese, vegetables, or meat. So, option d is the correct answer.

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The course under Home Economics is Dietetics. Home Economics is a field of study that focuses on the management of the home and community. It involves the study of various subjects like food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, family economics, and human development. Dietetics is a branch of Home Economics that deals with the study of food and nutrition, and the planning and preparation of meals for individuals and communities to promote health and prevent diseases. Therefore, Dietetics is the course under Home Economics.

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Individual values are determined by beliefs and norms. Values are personal principles or standards that are important to an individual, guiding their behaviour and decision-making. These values are shaped by a range of factors, including upbringing, cultural background, religion, personal experiences, and exposure to different perspectives. Beliefs are the convictions that a person holds to be true, while norms are the accepted standards of behaviour within a society or group. Both beliefs and norms contribute to the formation of an individual's values. Factors such as hair colour, height and weight, and family traits are not directly related to the determination of individual values.

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The relationship that exists between siblings excludes marriage. Siblings are brothers and sisters who share a bond that is different from any other relationship. They may grow up together, share experiences, and have a lifelong connection. Sibling relationships can be characterized by companionship, love, and support, as well as occasional conflict and rivalry. Siblings can provide each other with a sense of security and understanding that comes from a shared history and a deep emotional connection. While siblings may not always agree with each other, they often have a deep respect for each other's views and opinions. However, the relationship between siblings is not a romantic one, and therefore excludes marriage. Siblings are not allowed to marry each other because it is considered incestuous and against the laws of most countries.

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Secateurs are a type of garden tool that is used for cutting small branches, stems, and twigs from plants. They have sharp blades that are designed to make clean cuts without damaging the surrounding plant material. They are commonly used for pruning, shaping, and harvesting plants in the garden. Therefore, the answer to the question "Secateurs is used for?" is cutting.

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A short-overweight person should wear fabrics with straight down stripes. This is because straight down stripes create an illusion of height and make a person appear taller and slimmer. In contrast, fabrics with stripes running around, spotted fabrics, and bold flowers can draw attention to the width of the body and make the person appear shorter and wider. Clothing with straight down stripes such as vertical lines or pinstripes can make a person's body appear elongated and leaner. Wearing clothes that create a slimming effect can boost a person's confidence and help them feel more comfortable in their own skin.

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If a material does not fray, it means that it does not unravel or develop loose threads along its cut edges. For such materials, a suitable finishing technique is needed to prevent the cut edges from becoming worn or damaged. One common finishing technique is called pinking. It involves cutting the edges of the material with pinking shears, which are scissors with serrated blades that create a zigzag pattern along the edge. This pattern helps to prevent fraying and adds a decorative touch to the finished product. Therefore, the correct answer is "pinking."

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The characteristic flavour of meat comes from the combination of minerals and extractives present in the muscle tissues. When meat is cooked, heat causes the breakdown of the muscle fibers, releasing the minerals and extractives that contribute to the flavour. These compounds are also responsible for the aroma and colour of meat. Therefore, the answer to the question "The characteristic flavour of meat is derived from its?" is minerals and extractives.

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One of the principles of consumer education is that it provides information about products and services, and how to make informed decisions about them. Consumer education is the process of teaching individuals how to make better-informed decisions when purchasing goods and services. It involves providing information about products and services, including their features, benefits, and potential drawbacks. This information helps consumers to make informed decisions that are aligned with their values and goals. By providing information about products and services, consumer education enables individuals to weigh the alternatives among different options. This allows consumers to compare and contrast various products and services based on their individual needs, preferences, and budget. In addition to weighing alternative options, consumer education also helps to clarify values and identify goals. By providing individuals with a better understanding of their own values and priorities, consumer education helps to ensure that purchasing decisions are aligned with their goals and values. Overall, consumer education is an essential component of responsible and informed consumer behavior. It provides individuals with the knowledge and tools they need to make informed decisions about the products and services they purchase.

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Fresh meat that is to be used for soup is typically first simmered. Simmering involves cooking the meat slowly in water at a low temperature, allowing it to become tender and flavorful. This process also helps to remove any impurities or excess fat from the meat. Once the meat is simmered and tender, it can then be added to the soup along with other ingredients to finish cooking. Salting, steaming, and stewing are not typically used as the first step for preparing meat for soup.

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The BCG vaccine is a vaccine that is administered to children to help build immunity against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is a serious infectious disease that can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The BCG vaccine contains a weakened strain of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, which stimulates the body's immune system to produce a response that helps to protect against the disease. While the BCG vaccine may offer some protection against other related bacteria, it is mainly used to prevent tuberculosis. It is important to note that the BCG vaccine is not 100% effective, and other measures such as good hygiene practices are also necessary to prevent the spread of tuberculosis.

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The cleaning agent recommended for the prevention of blockage in a sink is a nylon sponge. When we use our sinks, small bits of food, grease, and other debris can build up and eventually create a blockage. To prevent this, we need a cleaning agent that can effectively scrub away the debris without damaging the sink. An iron sponge and steel wool are too abrasive and can scratch the sink's surface, making it more difficult to clean in the future. Fresh leaves, on the other hand, will not be able to effectively scrub away the debris and may even contribute to the blockage if they end up in the sink. A nylon sponge, however, is soft enough to prevent damage to the sink while still being tough enough to scrub away any debris. Additionally, it can be used with soap or cleaning solution to further aid in the cleaning process. Overall, a nylon sponge is the best option for preventing blockage in a sink.

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The correct option is "change in voice and appearance." During adolescence, boys experience significant physical and hormonal changes, leading to growth spurts, changes in body shape, and changes in voice as their vocal cords lengthen and thicken. These changes are associated with the increased production of testosterone, the primary male hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics. Adolescents may also experience emotional changes, such as mood swings and increased risk-taking behavior, as the brain continues to develop during this stage. However, the production of oestrogen and progesterone is a characteristic of females, not males.