JAMB UTME - Geography - 2013

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Igneous rocks are different from sedimentary rocks by their appearance and origin. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification and cooling of magma or lava, which are molten materials that originate from the Earth's mantle or crust. This process of cooling and solidification happens either underground or on the surface and can take a long time. As a result, igneous rocks tend to have a crystalline structure with interlocking mineral grains that are visible to the naked eye. On the other hand, sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and cementation of small particles such as sand, mud, and other debris. These particles may come from the erosion of older rocks, organic matter, or chemical precipitation. Sedimentary rocks often have layers or strata and contain fossils or other evidence of past life. In summary, the main difference between igneous and sedimentary rocks lies in their formation process and resulting appearance. Igneous rocks form from the solidification and cooling of molten material and tend to have a crystalline structure, while sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and cementation of small particles and often have layers or fossils.

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The greatest industries areas of the world are Western Europe and the United States of America. These regions have a long history of industrialization and have developed some of the most advanced and sophisticated industrial sectors in the world. They have a strong infrastructure, highly skilled labor force, access to capital and technology, and a favorable business environment. These factors have allowed these regions to become leading players in industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and finance, among others. Japan and Australia are also significant industrial players in their own right, with well-developed manufacturing sectors and a focus on technology and innovation. The Ruhr industrial region and South Africa also have important industries, particularly in areas such as mining, steel production, and heavy manufacturing. However, they may not be on the same level as Western Europe and the United States in terms of overall industrial output and technological sophistication. In Africa and the Caribbean, there is also some industrial activity, but it is generally less developed compared to the other regions mentioned. Nevertheless, there is potential for growth in these areas, particularly as economies become more diversified and infrastructure improves.

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The location of a cement industry in Ewekoro, Nigeria is largely influenced by the availability of raw materials. The cement industry requires large amounts of limestone, clay, and other minerals as raw materials, and the proximity to these materials will play a key role in determining the industry's location. Adequate transportation facilities are also important, as the raw materials and finished products need to be transported to and from the industry. Nearness to a source of water is also important, as water is used in various stages of the production process, from mixing the raw materials to cooling the finished products. Finally, government policy can also play a role in determining the location of a cement industry. The government may offer incentives or tax breaks to encourage the development of certain industries in certain areas, and may also regulate the industry to ensure that it operates in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.

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An example of an atmospheric resource is water. Water is a natural resource that is essential for all living organisms on Earth. It exists in various forms, including liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). The atmosphere is one of the major sources of water on Earth, as it contains water vapor, which can condense into liquid water and fall back to the ground as precipitation, such as rain or snow. Water in the atmosphere is constantly moving and cycling through a process called the water cycle. It evaporates from bodies of water and transpires from plants, rises into the atmosphere as water vapor, and then condenses into clouds. Eventually, the clouds release their water as precipitation, which can be collected and used for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, and generating electricity. Therefore, water is an atmospheric resource that is crucial for supporting life and human activities on Earth.

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Mountains formed as a result of compressional forces are known as "Fold Mountains". When tectonic plates collide, the rocks at the edge of the plates are subjected to immense compressive forces that cause them to buckle and fold. Over time, these folds become permanent and form mountains. These mountains are called fold mountains because they are formed by the folding of the earth's crust. Fold mountains can be found all over the world and are often characterized by long, linear ridges and valleys. The Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, and the Andes are all examples of fold mountains. In contrast, block mountains are formed when large blocks of the earth's crust are uplifted and tilted along a fault line, while residual mountains are formed by the erosion and weathering of existing mountains. Volcanic mountains, as the name suggests, are formed by volcanic activity and are typically steep and cone-shaped.

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Settlements that develop along communication routes are likely to be linear. When people settle in an area, they often choose a location that is easily accessible and convenient. Settlements that develop along communication routes, such as roads, rivers, or railroads, are more likely to be linear in shape because they are oriented along a specific axis. A linear settlement consists of a series of buildings or homes arranged along a single line or road. This pattern is common in areas where transportation is important, such as along major highways or transportation routes. In contrast, a nucleated settlement refers to a cluster of buildings or homes that are located closely together in a central area, while a dispersed settlement consists of individual buildings or homes that are spread out across a larger area. An oval settlement is a circular or elliptical-shaped settlement, which is less common than the other patterns. Therefore, settlements that develop along communication routes are more likely to be linear because this shape is most practical and convenient for access and transportation purposes.

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The soil forming process in the hot, humid tropics where rainfall and temperature are high throughout the year is known as laterization. Laterization is a soil formation process that occurs in areas with high rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year. In this process, rainwater leaches minerals from the soil, leaving behind a layer of aluminum and iron oxides. This layer is called laterite, and it is rich in clay, aluminum, and iron. The high levels of clay make laterite soils heavy and difficult to cultivate. Laterite soils are common in tropical regions, such as Southeast Asia, where they are used to produce crops such as rice, rubber, and oil palm. The soils are low in fertility, so farmers often have to apply fertilizers to improve crop yields. In addition, the heavy nature of laterite soils makes them susceptible to erosion, which can lead to soil degradation over time. In summary, the soil forming process in the hot, humid tropics where rainfall and temperature are high throughout the year is laterization. This process leads to the formation of laterite soils, which are heavy and difficult to cultivate but are commonly used for agriculture in tropical regions.

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An inland drainage system is a type of river system that does not flow into the ocean or sea. Instead, the river water flows into a lake or an inland sea. Out of the four options given, the River Hadejia is an inland drainage system because it flows into the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria, which is an inland freshwater swamp. The river does not flow into any ocean or sea. The other three options, namely the River Nile, River Senegal, and River Volta, do not belong to the inland drainage system because they all flow into the Atlantic Ocean.

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The major components of soils are organic matter, mineral particles, water, and air. Organic matter comes from dead plants and animals, and it provides nutrients for plants to grow. Mineral particles are the solid pieces of rock and minerals that make up the soil. They come in different sizes, and their size and shape determine the soil's texture. Water is essential for plants to grow, and it also helps move nutrients around in the soil. Air is important for soil organisms to breathe, and it also helps with the exchange of gases that plants need to survive. All of these components work together to create a healthy soil that can support plant growth. The texture and structure of the soil determine how easily water and air can move through it, and the amount and type of organic matter affects the soil's fertility.

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Pine, fir, larch, and spruce trees are commonly found in coniferous forests. Coniferous forests are also known as taiga or boreal forests, and they are characterized by their cold and dry climates with long winters and short summers. These types of trees are well-suited to survive in these conditions as they have adapted to conserve water and withstand cold temperatures. They have needle-like leaves that are covered in a waxy coating, which helps them retain moisture and resist freezing. Coniferous forests are found in northern regions of the world, such as Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia.

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The annual range of temperature in Delhi is around 20oC. This means that the average difference between the highest and lowest temperatures in Delhi in a year is approximately 20 degrees Celsius. Delhi has a hot semi-arid climate, with long, hot summers and cool winters. The average temperature in Delhi during the summer months (May to September) is around 35-45°C, while the average temperature in the winter months (December to February) is around 10-15°C. So, while the highest temperatures in Delhi can reach up to 45°C, the lowest temperatures can drop to around 10°C. The annual range of temperature in Delhi is therefore around 35°C - 10°C = 20°C.

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The group that practices nomadic grazing is the Masai of Kenya. Nomadic grazing is a way of life in which people move from place to place with their livestock, allowing them to graze on fresh vegetation. The Masai of Kenya are known for their nomadic lifestyle and their dependence on cattle. They move their herds from place to place in search of fresh grazing land and water. The Akans, Hausas of Nigeria, and Arabs of Algeria are not known for practicing nomadic grazing. The Akans are a group of people from Ghana who are predominantly farmers, while the Hausas of Nigeria are mainly farmers and traders. The Arabs of Algeria are primarily sedentary and rely on agriculture and trade.

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The problems of unemployment, housing, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation are associated with urbanization. Urbanization is the process of a population shifting from rural areas to urban areas, which leads to the growth of cities and towns. The rapid growth of urban areas leads to the development of slums, which are characterized by poor living conditions and inadequate housing. With urbanization comes industrialization, which leads to an increase in job opportunities. However, if the population grows faster than the job opportunities, unemployment becomes a significant problem. As the population increases in urban areas, the number of vehicles on the roads also increases, leading to traffic congestion. Additionally, the increase in industrialization and transportation leads to environmental degradation, such as air and water pollution. Political disturbances can also exacerbate the problems associated with urbanization, but they are not the root cause of the issues. Therefore, the main label associated with the problems of unemployment, housing, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation is urbanization.

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The total population of a country can be obtained from its national census. A national census is a survey conducted by the government that aims to count every person living in the country at a specific point in time. It usually involves asking questions about demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and ethnicity, as well as household information like occupation and income. Unlike a sample survey which only captures a portion of the population, a national census is designed to be a comprehensive count of every person living in the country. It is typically conducted every 10 years and provides important information for policy-making and resource allocation. While birth rate and death rate can provide information on changes in population over time, they do not provide a direct measure of the total population.

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The greatest advantage of road transport over other modes is that it is more flexible. Unlike other modes such as air, sea or rail transport, road transport allows for direct point-to-point delivery, which means that goods can be picked up and delivered to specific locations without the need for transshipment or intermediate handling. This flexibility also allows for greater control over delivery schedules, as road transport can operate on a 24/7 basis and can be tailored to meet specific customer needs. Additionally, road transport can access remote and rural areas where other modes may not be available or economically viable. While road transport may not always be the fastest or cheapest option, its flexibility makes it an essential part of modern logistics and supply chain management.

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The area marked K most likely represents a tropical rainforest vegetation. This is because tropical rainforests are characterized by a very high amount of rainfall and humidity, which creates a very dense and lush vegetation. The trees in a tropical rainforest are tall and have broad leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible, and there is a wide variety of plant and animal species. Additionally, the location of the area marked K on the globe may also be a clue to it being a tropical rainforest, as they are typically found near the equator where there is a consistent warm temperature and high levels of precipitation.

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The country that has gold as its major foreign exchange earner is South Africa. This means that gold mining and exports contribute significantly to South Africa's economy and balance of trade. Gold is a valuable and precious metal that is used for jewelry, investments, and various industrial applications. South Africa has a long history of gold mining, and it is one of the largest producers of gold in the world. The country's gold mines are located in areas such as the Witwatersrand Basin, which is known for its rich gold deposits. Gold exports generate a significant amount of foreign currency for South Africa, which helps to boost its economy. Gold mining is also a major employer in South Africa, providing jobs for thousands of people. However, the mining industry is not without its challenges, including labor disputes, safety concerns, and environmental impacts. In summary, South Africa relies heavily on gold exports as a major source of foreign exchange earnings, making it an important contributor to the country's economy.

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Mixed farming combines crop farming and animal husbandry in one farming system. The greatest benefit of mixed farming is that it combines the advantages of both crop and animal production. This means that farmers can produce both crops and animals on the same piece of land, which can increase their income and food security. For instance, animals produce manure which can be used as a natural fertilizer for crops, reducing the need for costly chemical fertilizers. Additionally, crops can provide feed for animals, reducing the cost of purchasing feed. By combining crop and animal farming, farmers can also reduce their risks, as they are not solely dependent on one type of production. Overall, mixed farming can be a very sustainable and cost-effective way to produce both crops and animals, benefiting both the environment and farmers.

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The term that relates population size to land is density. Population density is a measure of the number of people living in a given area of land. It is calculated by dividing the total population of an area by its land area. This measurement helps to give an idea of how crowded or sparsely populated a particular area is. For example, a city with a high population density has a large number of people living in a relatively small area of land, while a rural area with low population density has fewer people living in a larger area of land. Census refers to the official count of a population at a particular time and place, while demography is the scientific study of human populations, including their size, structure, and distribution. Intensity is a more general term that can refer to the degree or strength of something and is not specifically related to population or land.

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The city with the highest concentration of industries in Nigeria is Lagos. Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria and one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. It is the commercial and economic hub of Nigeria and the West African region. The city has a diverse range of industries, including manufacturing, finance, technology, construction, and trade. Lagos is home to the largest seaport in Nigeria, the Lagos Port Complex, which serves as a major gateway for imports and exports. Lagos' strategic location, access to transportation networks, and a large pool of skilled and unskilled labor make it an attractive destination for businesses to set up their operations. Additionally, the government of Lagos State has been implementing policies and initiatives to attract foreign investment and support the growth of local businesses. In summary, Lagos is the city with the highest concentration of industries in Nigeria due to its strategic location, access to transportation networks, large pool of labor, and supportive government policies.

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The group of countries that is a major producer of rubber is Malaysia, Indonesia, and Liberia. Rubber is a very important raw material used in making various products like tires, gloves, and other industrial products. These countries are major producers because they have a favorable climate for growing rubber trees and have invested heavily in the rubber industry. Malaysia and Indonesia are located in Southeast Asia and have a tropical climate that is suitable for growing rubber trees. They are the two largest producers of rubber in the world, with Malaysia producing around 700,000 metric tons of rubber and Indonesia producing over 3 million metric tons of rubber annually. Liberia, on the other hand, is located in West Africa and has a similar climate to Southeast Asia, making it suitable for growing rubber trees. Liberia is one of the largest rubber-producing countries in Africa, producing around 100,000 metric tons of rubber annually. In summary, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Liberia are major producers of rubber due to their favorable climate and investments in the rubber industry.

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Deforestation refers to the large scale removal of trees and forest cover without replanting or replacement. This can be caused by activities such as logging, agriculture, and urbanization. As a result, forests are turned into land that is used for other purposes and can lead to loss of habitats for wildlife, soil erosion, and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. It is important to find ways to balance the need for development and economic growth with the protection of our forests for future generations.