JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2023

The type of database in which the data are connected in different files by using common data elements or a key field is ?

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The type of database in which the data are connected in different files by using common data elements or a key field is Relational database.
In a relational database, data is organized into tables, where each table represents a specific entity or concept. Each row in the table represents an instance of that entity, and each column represents a specific attribute or characteristic of that entity. The tables are then linked together using common data elements, known as key fields.
These key fields establish relationships between the tables, allowing us to retrieve related data from multiple tables by using queries. For example, if we have a table for customers and a table for orders, we can link them together using a common key field such as customer ID. This allows us to retrieve orders for a specific customer or retrieve customer information for a specific order.
One of the main advantages of a relational database is its flexibility and ability to handle complex relationships between data. By using key fields, we can easily link multiple tables together and perform various data operations like filtering, sorting, and joining data.
Relational databases are widely used in various industries and applications due to their simplicity, scalability, and data integrity. They provide a structured and efficient way to store and retrieve data, making them suitable for managing large amounts of data in a systematic and organized manner.

Which of the following does not replicate itself in an infected computer?

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A Trojan horse does not replicate itself in an infected computer.

Spyware, worm, and virus are all types of malicious software that have the ability to replicate or self-replicate:

• Spyware is designed to secretly gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge. It typically does not replicate itself, but rather focuses on monitoring activities and transmitting the collected data back to its creator.
• Worms are self-replicating programs that spread across networks and systems by exploiting vulnerabilities. They do not require user interaction to propagate and can replicate themselves to infect multiple systems.
• Viruses are also self-replicating programs that attach themselves to other files or software on a computer. They infect files or programs and can spread to other computers when those files are shared or transferred.

On the other hand, a Trojan horse appears to be harmless or legitimate software but contains malicious code or functions. Unlike worms and viruses, Trojan horses do not have the ability to replicate themselves. They rely on users being tricked into running or opening them. Once executed, Trojan horses can perform various malicious actions such as stealing data, deleting files, or giving unauthorized access to a computer.

In summary, while spyware, worms, and viruses can all replicate themselves, a Trojan horse does not have this capability.

Anti-virus software is an example of ?

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Anti-virus software is an example of utility programs.
Utility programs are software applications designed to assist in managing and optimizing the computer system. They perform specific tasks that are not directly related to the core functioning of the operating system or the application software.
Anti-virus software is specifically designed to protect our computer systems from malicious software like viruses, worms, and malware. It scans files and programs for any potential threats, identifies and removes or quarantines them to prevent harm to our system.
The purpose of anti-virus software is to detect and eliminate different types of malware that can harm our computer. It helps to keep our personal and sensitive information secure, prevents unauthorized access, and ensures the smooth functioning of our system.
So, anti-virus software falls under the category of utility programs as it helps in managing and protecting our computer system from potential threats.

The term used to describe when new information replaces old information or data is

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The term used to describe when new information replaces old information or data is overwrite.
When we talk about overwriting, it means that we are replacing or writing new data on top of existing data. Imagine you have a piece of paper with some writing on it. Now, if you write something else on top of that existing writing, you are overwriting it.
Similarly, in the context of information or data stored in a computer or any other storage device, when new information is written over the old information, it is called overwriting. This can happen when you save a file with new data, and it replaces the old data that was there before.
It's important to note that when data is overwritten, the old information is completely replaced and cannot be recovered unless a backup copy was made. So, if you accidentally overwrite a file that you needed, it may be permanently lost.
To summarize, overwriting is the term used to describe the process of replacing old information or data with new information.

At what stage in system development life cycle are all data documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams(DFDs)

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All data is documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) during the System Analysis stage in the System Development Life Cycle.
During the System Analysis stage, the focus is on understanding the current system, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and gathering requirements for the new system. This is done through various techniques such as interviews, observations, and analyzing documents.
One of the important tasks in this stage is data modeling, which involves identifying the various data inputs, outputs, processes, and storage within the system. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are commonly used for visualizing and documenting the flow of data between these components.
DFDs provide a clear and graphical representation of how data moves within the system, showing the processes that transform the data, the data stores that hold the data, and the data flows that connect these elements. They help in understanding the overall data flow within the system and in identifying potential issues or bottlenecks.
By creating detailed DFDs, all the data and their associated flows are documented explicitly, ensuring that no important data flows are overlooked during the system development process. This documentation becomes a valuable reference for system designers, developers, and stakeholders throughout the project.
To summarize, during the System Analysis stage of the System Development Life Cycle, detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) are created to document and visualize the flow of data within the system. These DFDs provide a clear representation of the data inputs, outputs, processes, and storage and become an essential reference for the development team.

Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called ?

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Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called processing. Processing refers to the actions that a computer takes to transform raw data into meaningful information. It involves performing calculations, making decisions, and executing instructions to manipulate the data based on the instructions given by the user or programmer.
During processing, a computer takes in input data, which can be text, numbers, images, or any other form of digital information. It then performs various operations on this data, such as sorting, filtering, analyzing, and transforming it according to the given instructions.
Processing can also involve performing complex tasks like running software programs, simulating real-world scenarios, and solving mathematical problems. It utilizes the computer's hardware resources, including the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and storage, to carry out these operations.
Processing is a fundamental function of computers and enables them to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently and accurately. It is what allows computers to process vast amounts of data, perform calculations in seconds, and execute complex algorithms.
In summary, processing is the manipulation of data by a computer to transform raw input into meaningful output. It involves executing instructions, performing calculations, and utilizing the computer's resources to process data efficiently.

Which of the following monitors has only two colours

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A monitor that has only two colors is called a monochrome monitor. This type of monitor is capable of displaying only two colors - typically black and white.
Monochrome monitors were commonly used in the early days of computing, when color displays were not widely available or affordable. These monitors were simpler in design and used only one color for displaying images and text.
The advantage of a monochrome monitor is its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. It requires less processing power and memory to display images and text in just two colors. This made it suitable for many applications where color was not a crucial requirement, such as word processing, programming, and data entry.
However, the limitation of a monochrome monitor is the lack of color representation. It cannot display images or graphics with the same level of detail and realism as color monitors. As technology advanced, color monitors with higher resolutions and better color accuracy became more popular and affordable.
In summary, a monochrome monitor is a type of monitor that can only display two colors - typically black and white. It was commonly used in the early days of computing for applications that did not require color representation.

Analog, digital and hybrid computers are classification of computers based on

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Analog, digital, and hybrid computers are classifications of computers based on the type of data-handling techniques.
Analog computers work with continuous data, such as measurements from sensors or physical quantities like temperature, pressure, or voltage. They perform mathematical operations using physical components like resistors, capacitors, and amplifiers. Analog computers are able to handle complex calculations quickly and are commonly used in scientific and engineering applications.
Digital computers, on the other hand, work with discrete data, represented as binary numbers (0s and 1s). They use electronic circuits called logic gates to perform calculations and store and manipulate data digitally. Digital computers are highly versatile and can perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations and data processing. They are the most common type of computer used in everyday life.
Hybrid computers combine the advantages of both analog and digital computers. They have the ability to handle real-world, continuous data as well as process and analyze digital information. Hybrid computers often consist of an analog component for data acquisition and a digital component for data processing and storage. They are commonly used in applications such as control systems, simulations, and scientific research.
In summary, the classification of computers into analog, digital, and hybrid is based on the type of data-handling techniques they employ. Analog computers handle continuous data, digital computers process discrete data, and hybrid computers combine both approaches for enhanced capabilities.

The diagrammatic representation of an algorithm is

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The diagrammatic representation of an algorithm is a flowchart.
A flowchart is a visual representation that uses different shapes and arrows to show the step-by-step process of solving a problem or executing an algorithm. Each shape in the flowchart represents a specific action or decision point, and the arrows show the direction of flow.
Flowcharts are a powerful tool because they allow us to visualize the logic of an algorithm and understand its workings without having to read through lines of code. They are especially helpful for beginners or non-technical individuals who may find it difficult to understand complex programming concepts.
In a flowchart, we typically start with a start symbol, which represents the beginning of the algorithm. From there, we connect different shapes such as rectangles, diamonds, and parallelograms to represent different actions or decisions.
Rectangles are used to indicate processes or actions that need to be performed, such as calculations or assignments of values. Diamonds are used for decision points where a condition needs to be checked, and the flow of the algorithm can take different paths based on the result.
Arrows are used to connect the different shapes and show the flow of the algorithm. They indicate the order in which the actions or decisions are executed. We can also use connectors to direct the flow to a different part of the flowchart or to go back to a previous step.
At the end of the flowchart, we usually have an end symbol, which represents the termination of the algorithm.
By using flowcharts, we can easily understand how an algorithm works and identify any potential errors or bottlenecks. They offer a visual representation that can be easily understood by both technical and non-technical individuals, making them a valuable tool in the field of computer science and problem-solving.

A type of application software that combines the abilities of several general purpose applications in one program is ?

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Integrated Packages is the type of application software that combines the abilities of several general purpose applications in one program.
Imagine you have different applications on your computer - one for creating documents, another for working with spreadsheets, and another for creating presentations. With an integrated package, you don't need to open separate applications for each task. Instead, you have one program that can do all of these things.
For example, you can create a document, add tables or charts from a spreadsheet, and include images or diagrams from a presentation - all within the same program. This makes it convenient and efficient to handle multiple tasks without switching between different software.
Integrated packages provide a seamless user experience by allowing users to easily switch between different functions within the same program. They help to streamline workflow and eliminate the need to learn and navigate multiple software applications.
In summary, integrated packages simplify the process of using different applications by combining them into one program, making it easier and more efficient to complete various tasks without the need for separate software programs.

The connection between two or more computers to share resources or allow electronic communication is called ?

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The correct answer is Network.
A network is a connection between two or more computers that allows them to share resources and communicate electronically. It's like a virtual highway that enables computers to send and receive information to and from each other.
Imagine you have a group of friends who want to share their toys. Instead of each person having their own toys, they decide to share and play together. They form a network, where they can exchange toys and communicate with one another.
Similarly, in the world of computers, a network allows computers to connect and share resources such as files, printers, and internet access. It enables us to send emails, browse the internet, and even play online games with others.
Networks can be wired or wireless. Wired networks use physical cables to connect computers, like an electric wire connecting different devices. On the other hand, wireless networks use signals, like Wi-Fi, to transmit information without the need for physical cables.
In summary, a network is the connection between computers that allows them to share resources and communicate electronically. It's like a virtual highway that enables computers to exchange information and work together.

Which of these storage devices can act as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory ?

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The storage device that can act as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory is Cache Memory.
Cache memory is a small, very fast, and expensive type of memory that is located close to the CPU. It is used to temporarily store data and instructions that the CPU frequently accesses.
When the CPU needs to access data or instructions, it first checks the cache memory. If the requested data or instructions are found in the cache, this is called a cache hit, and the CPU can access them quickly. This helps to improve the overall performance of the CPU because accessing data from cache memory is much faster than accessing it from the main memory.
If the requested data or instructions are not found in the cache, this is called a cache miss. In this case, the CPU needs to fetch the data or instructions from the main memory, which takes more time. However, once the data or instructions are fetched from the main memory, they are also stored in the cache for future use. This way, if the CPU needs the same data or instructions again, it can access them quickly from the cache, resulting in faster performance.
By acting as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory, cache memory helps to reduce the CPU's waiting time for data and instructions, which ultimately improves the overall speed and efficiency of the computer system.

Which of these application packages can be used to create a spreadsheet ?

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The application package that can be used to create a spreadsheet is Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Excel is specifically designed to create, organize, and analyze data in the form of a spreadsheet. It provides a grid-like interface that allows users to input data into cells, perform calculations, create formulas, and generate charts and graphs.
Excel is widely used in various industries and professions such as finance, accounting, data analysis, and project management, as it offers powerful features and functionalities to manipulate and visualize data efficiently.
By using Excel, users can easily organize their data in rows and columns, perform mathematical operations on the data, and apply formatting and styling to enhance the readability of the spreadsheet. Additionally, Excel allows users to create formulas to automate calculations, apply functions to analyze and manipulate data, and create charts and graphs to present data in a visually appealing way.
In conclusion, Microsoft Excel is the application package that is specifically designed for creating spreadsheets, making it an essential tool for managing and analyzing data efficiently.

Which of the following is the standard keyboard layout ?

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The standard keyboard layout is called QWERTY. It is the most commonly used keyboard layout in many English-speaking countries.
The name "QWERTY" comes from the first six letters in the top row of the keyboard. This layout was designed more than a century ago for typewriters and was carried over to computer keyboards. It was created to prevent mechanical jams on typewriters by placing commonly used letters further apart from each other.
The QWERTY layout is characterized by the arrangement of letters, numbers, symbols, and function keys on the keyboard. The letters are organized in a specific order, with the most frequently used characters placed in easily accessible positions. The layout also includes a number pad on the right side and function keys at the top.
While some alternative keyboard layouts, such as Dvorak and AZERTY, have been developed to potentially improve typing speed and efficiency, QWERTY remains the standard and is widely accepted and recognized. It has become ingrained in our typing habits and is supported by operating systems and software applications.
Overall, the QWERTY keyboard layout is the most widely used and recognized standard layout that allows for efficient and accurate typing for the majority of English-speaking users.

Which of the following is a valid variable name in Python?

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Out of the given options, my_variable is the only valid variable name in Python.
A variable is a name assigned to a value or data in programming. In Python, we have certain rules for naming variables.
Rule 1: Variable names must start with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or an underscore (_).
Rule 2: After the first character, variable names can consist of letters, numbers (0-9), or underscores (_). Symbols, such as $ or -, are not allowed in variable names.
Rule 3: Variable names are case-sensitive, so "my_variable" and "My_variable" would be considered as different variables.
Following these rules, we find that the valid variable name is my_variable. It starts with a letter, followed by letters and underscores.
The other options, my_variable$, my-variable, and 1my_variable, do not follow the rules mentioned above. They either include symbols ($) or hyphens (-) in the name, or start with a number (1), which is not allowed. Therefore, they are not valid variable names in Python.

The default file extension for PowerPoint version 2007 and newer is ?

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The default file extension for PowerPoint version 2007 and newer is .pptx.
PowerPoint is a popular software program used for creating and presenting slideshows. When you save your presentation in PowerPoint 2007 or a newer version, it automatically saves it with the extension .pptx.
The file extension .pptx stands for PowerPoint XML, which represents the XML-based file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint. XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
The .pptx file format introduced in PowerPoint 2007 offers various advantages over the previous .ppt format used in earlier versions. It allows for more efficient and compact storage of slide data, improved compatibility with other software, and support for advanced features and functionalities in PowerPoint.
By default, PowerPoint 2007 and newer versions save presentations as .pptx to ensure compatibility with the latest features and enhancements. However, it is important to note that PowerPoint also provides options to save presentations in other formats like .ppt, .pps, and .ppxt, which may be useful in specific scenarios or for compatibility with older versions of PowerPoint or other software applications.
In summary, the default file extension for PowerPoint version 2007 and newer is .pptx. This file format is based on XML and offers advantages in terms of efficiency, compatibility, and support for advanced features.

The following are input devices except.

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Answer: Input devices are electronic devices that are used to provide data or instructions to a computer. They allow us to interact with the computer and give it commands or input information. The purpose of an input device is to take the input from the user and convert it into a form that the computer can understand.
Out of the given options, the monitor is not an input device. The monitor is an output device. It is a display screen that shows us the output or result of the computer's processing. It allows us to see the data, images, videos, and other information that the computer generates based on the input. The monitor does not take any input from the user; rather, it displays the output produced by the computer.
On the other hand, the other three options mentioned—mouse, keyboard, and joystick—are all input devices.
- A mouse is a handheld device that allows the user to move a cursor on the screen and select objects or options by clicking on them. It is used for pointing and controlling the movement of the cursor on the computer monitor. - A keyboard is a device with a set of buttons or keys that are used to input text, numerical data, commands, and other instructions into the computer. It is the most common input device used for typing and controlling the computer. - A joystick is a handheld device with a stick-like lever and buttons that is used to control the movement or actions of objects on the computer screen, particularly in games or simulations.
In summary, an input device allows us to give input or commands to a computer, while an output device displays the outcome of processing the input. The monitor, in this case, is an output device, while the mouse, keyboard, and joystick are input devices.

The two types of operating system are

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The two types of operating systems are command line and graphical user interface.
A command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based interface where the user interacts with the computer by typing commands. The user enters specific commands and the computer responds accordingly. This type of interface is typically used by more advanced users or those who prefer a more hands-on approach. It allows for precise control over the system but requires knowledge of specific commands and syntax.
A graphical user interface (GUI) is a visual interface where the user interacts with the computer using icons, menus, and windows. It provides a more user-friendly and intuitive way of interacting with the computer. Instead of typing commands, users can simply click on icons or buttons to perform tasks. GUIs are widely used in modern operating systems and are often preferred by beginners or those who prefer a more visually appealing and user-friendly experience.
Overall, the key difference between command line and graphical user interface lies in the way users interact with the operating system. The command line requires typing commands, while the GUI provides a visual interface with icons and menus for interaction.

What is the difference between an assembler and a compiler ?

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An assembler and a compiler are two different types of software tools used in computer programming.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly level language code into machine language code. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonics to represent the instructions and registers of a computer's architecture. So, an assembler takes the instructions written in assembly language and translates them into the binary code that a computer can understand and execute.
On the other hand, a compiler is a program that converts high-level programming language code into machine language code. High-level programming languages, like C, Python, or Java, are designed to be more human-readable and easier to write and understand compared to assembly language. However, computers cannot directly understand high-level programming languages, so a compiler translates the high-level code into the specific machine language instructions that the computer can execute.
In simple terms, an assembler converts assembly level language into machine language, and a compiler converts high-level programming language into machine language. Therefore, the correct answer is: An assembler converts assembly level language code into machine language code, while a compiler converts high-level programming language code into machine language code.

Who invented the Napier Bones

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The inventor of the Napier Bones was John Napier.
Napier Bones are a computational device that was invented by John Napier in the early 17th century. They are a manual tool used for multiplication and division, and they were developed as an aid to calculation.
The Napier Bones consist of a series of rods or bones, usually made of wood or metal, with numbers inscribed on them. Each bone is divided into compartments, with the numbers in each compartment representing different powers of 10. The numbers in each row of bones are positioned diagonally, and when aligned properly, they allow for quick and efficient calculations.
To perform multiplication using Napier Bones, the bones corresponding to the multiplicand and multiplier are placed alongside each other, with the number compartments aligned. The intersections of the numbers are then summed up diagonally to obtain the result.
For division, Napier Bones are similar but used in a slightly different way. The divisor is placed on the top bone, and the dividend is placed below it. The quotients are obtained by looking at the numbers in each diagonal row and combining them.
The advantage of the Napier Bones is that they allow for quick and accurate calculations without the need for complex mathematical operations. They were widely used in their time, especially by merchants, accountants, and engineers, who relied on accurate calculations for their work.
Therefore, it was John Napier who invented the Napier Bones, as a valuable tool that simplified and hastened mathematical operations during the 17th century.

The logic gate in the figure above is

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The logic gate in the figure above is an **XOR gate**.

An XOR gate, also known as an Exclusive OR gate, is a digital logic gate that performs an exclusive OR operation. It has two input terminals and one output terminal. The output of an XOR gate is true (1) when the two input signals are different, and false (0) when the two input signals are the same.

In the figure, the gate has two inputs labeled A and B, and one output labeled O. Based on the connections, we can deduce that this gate is an XOR gate. If A and B are different, the output will be true (1). If A and B are the same, the output will be false (0).

Which of the following is not a third generation language?

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Assembly language is not a third-generation language.
First-generation languages are machine languages, which directly correspond to the instructions understood by a computer's hardware. It is difficult for humans to understand and use machine language directly.
Second-generation languages, such as assembly languages, use symbolic representations of the machine instructions. They are more readable and easier to use than machine languages. Assembly language instructions are specific to a particular computer architecture and closely related to the computer's hardware.
Third-generation languages are higher-level programming languages designed to be more programmer-friendly. They are further away from the computer's hardware and closer to human language. These languages are designed to be independent of any specific computer architecture. Examples of third-generation languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, and Basic.
Therefore, assembly language is not a third-generation language, as it is a second-generation language.

What is the shortcut for performing warm booting ?

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The shortcut for performing a warm boot, also known as a restart, is by pressing the Ctrl + Alt + Del keys simultaneously. This combination of keys triggers the operating system to restart the computer.
When you press the Ctrl + Alt + Del keys, it sends a request to the operating system, which then interrupts all running processes and takes control. This key combination is recognized by most operating systems as a secure way to perform a restart.
Once the operating system receives the request, it begins the shutdown process. It closes all running applications and disconnects any active network connections. It then restarts the computer, allowing it to start fresh with a new session.
It is important to note that warm booting or restarting the computer should be done when necessary, such as after installing software updates or encountering system errors. Regularly restarting your computer can help in clearing temporary files and refreshing system resources.
Ctrl + Alt + Del is a commonly used keyboard shortcut for warm booting because it is easy to remember and execute. By pressing these three keys simultaneously, you can quickly initiate a restart of your computer.

Which of the following is an example of graphics software ?

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Adobe Illustrator is an example of graphics software. This software is specifically designed for creating and editing vector graphics. Unlike other software that focuses on working with images made up of pixels, Adobe Illustrator allows users to create and manipulate illustrations using mathematical equations to define shapes and lines. This results in graphics that can be scaled to any size without losing any quality.
With Adobe Illustrator, users can draw, paint, and create complex shapes using a variety of tools and features. It provides a wide range of tools, including Pen Tool, Shape Builder Tool, and Live Paint Bucket, that allow users to create and edit paths, shapes, and colors.
This software also offers advanced features like the ability to create gradients, apply special effects, and work with layers to organize and manage different elements of a graphic. Users can also import and export files in various formats, making it compatible with other design software and allowing for seamless collaboration with others.
Adobe Illustrator is widely used by artists, designers, and illustrators in various industries such as advertising, publishing, and web design. It provides a powerful and versatile platform for creating stunning visual content, from logos and icons to illustrations and infographics. The software's intuitive interface and extensive range of tools make it accessible to both beginners and professionals in the field of graphic design.

what is the first computing machine invented ?

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The abacus is considered to be the first computing machine invented. It is an ancient device that was used for making calculations in early civilizations. The abacus consists of a series of rods or wires, each containing a set of beads that can be moved back and forth.
To use the abacus, numbers are represented by positioning the beads in a certain way. By moving the beads on the rods, different mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division could be performed. The abacus provided a simple and visual way to perform calculations without the need for written numbers or complex algorithms.
The abacus was widely used across different cultures and played a significant role in various aspects of life such as trade, accounting, and astronomy. Its simplicity and effectiveness made it a powerful tool for solving mathematical problems.
Although the abacus may seem primitive compared to modern computers, it was the foundation for more complex computing machines that were developed later. It laid the groundwork for the development of mechanical calculators, such as the Pascal calculator and slide rule, which were advancements in computing technology. The abacus is an important part of the history of computing and represents the initial steps towards the creation of more sophisticated machines we have today.

Which of the following controls the way in which the computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer.

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The correct answer is the operating system.
The operating system is like the boss of the computer. It controls the way the computer system functions and provides a means for users to interact with the computer.
It is responsible for managing all the software and hardware resources of the computer, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and input/output devices.
The operating system also allows users to run different programs and applications on the computer. It provides a user-friendly interface, like a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command-line interface, to interact with the computer easily.
Furthermore, it handles tasks like file management, security, and ensuring different programs run smoothly without interfering with each other.
In simple terms, the operating system is the backbone of the computer, keeping everything organized and running smoothly so that users can effectively use and navigate their computer.

A computer code that spreads without the user interaction and can cause network performance problem is

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A computer code that spreads without the user interaction and can cause network performance problem is a computer worm.
To understand this, let's think of a worm as a digital parasite. Similar to how a real-life worm can multiply quickly and spread in various directions, a computer worm can replicate itself and spread across computer networks without needing any action from the user.
Unlike viruses, which require a host file to attach themselves to and typically need user interaction to spread, worms can independently find vulnerabilities in computer systems and exploit them. This means that a worm can easily make copies of itself and infect multiple computers within a network without the user even knowing.
The ability of worms to rapidly spread can cause significant network performance problems. Imagine if a single worm infects one computer, then spreads to another, which spreads to two more, and so on. This exponential growth in infections can overload network resources, leading to sluggish internet speeds, system crashes, and even network failures.
Therefore, it is important to have strong security measures in place, such as firewalls and antivirus software, to protect against and prevent the spread of computer worms. Regularly updating software and operating systems can also help patch vulnerabilities that worms may exploit.
In conclusion, a computer worm is a type of malicious code that spreads autonomously across computer networks, causing network performance problems by rapidly infecting multiple computers.

What type of booting does the computer go through when starting up from a powered down ?

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When a computer is powered down and needs to start up again, it goes through a process called booting. Booting refers to the initialization of the computer's operating system and other essential software components. There are different types of booting methods that the computer can undergo:
1. Cold booting: - Cold booting is the process of starting up a computer from a completely powered-down state. - When the computer is powered off, all the memory is cleared, and the system starts from scratch. - During a cold boot, the computer performs a power-on self-test (POST) to check the hardware components and their functionality. - After the POST, the computer loads the basic input/output system (BIOS) or the unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI) firmware, which acts as a bridge between the hardware and the operating system. - The firmware then instructs the computer to load the operating system into the memory, and the booting process continues with the operating system taking control.
2. Soft booting: - Soft booting, also known as a warm boot, is the process of restarting the computer without completely powering it off. - Soft booting retains the system's current state and doesn't clear the memory or perform a POST. - In a soft boot, the computer restarts by executing a restart command issued by the user or software. - The operating system saves any open files or work in progress and reloads the necessary system files to continue running. - Soft booting is faster and allows for quick system recovery, especially when troubleshooting issues or installing updates.
3. Rebooting: - Rebooting simply refers to restarting the computer, either from a powered-down state or a running state. - It can be either a soft reboot (warm boot) or a cold reboot, depending on the initial state of the computer. - Rebooting is commonly used to refresh the system, apply software updates, or troubleshoot problems.
To summarize, when a computer starts up from a completely powered-down state, it goes through a cold boot. During a cold boot, the computer performs a POST, loads firmware, and then the operating system. On the other hand, a soft boot or warm boot is a process of restarting the computer without clearing the memory or performing a POST. Rebooting refers to restarting the computer, whether it is a soft or cold reboot.

Which of these is not true about peer-to-peer network ?

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A peer-to-peer network is a type of network where computers are connected to each other without the need for a central server. In this network, all computers are considered equal and are known as peers. This means that there is no hierarchy among the computers in terms of their roles or responsibilities.
However, the statement "it has a strong security system" is not true about peer-to-peer networks. Because of the lack of a central server, peer-to-peer networks tend to have weaker security compared to traditional client-server networks. In a peer-to-peer network, each computer is responsible for its own security, making it more vulnerable to unauthorized access, data breaches, and malware infections.
Additionally, since there is no dedicated server in a peer-to-peer network, the overall reliability and performance of the network can be affected. Without a centralized control, it can be challenging to manage and maintain the network efficiently.
To summarize, the key characteristics of a peer-to-peer network include the absence of a dedicated server, all computers being known as peers, and the lack of hierarchy among the computers. However, peer-to-peer networks generally have weaker security compared to client-server networks and may face challenges in terms of reliability and performance.

When records are given a new value, it is called

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When records are given a new value, it is called updation.
Updation refers to the process of changing the value of an existing record in a database or data structure. It involves replacing the current value with a new value.
Let's say we have a database table that stores information about students, including their names, ages, and grades. If we want to update the grade of a specific student, we would search for that student in the database and modify the grade field with a new value. This is known as updation.
Updation is an essential operation in data management as it allows us to keep the information in our records up to date. It ensures that the data accurately reflects the current state of the subject being represented.
In summary, updation is the process of changing the value of an existing record to a new value in a database or data structure.

In computer architecture, the type of bus that connects the major components of a computer system is

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The type of bus that connects the major components of a computer system is called the system bus.
The system bus is like the central highway that allows communication between the important parts of a computer, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and input/output devices. It is responsible for transmitting addresses which specify the location of data in memory, data itself that needs to be transferred between components, and control signals that manage the flow of information.
Think of the system bus as a pathway for information to travel back and forth between the CPU, memory, and other peripherals. It ensures that the different parts of the computer can work together effectively by providing a common method of communication.
So, in summary, the system bus connects the major components of a computer system and allows them to exchange addresses, data, and control signals. It plays a vital role in the overall functioning of a computer by enabling the efficient transfer of information.

Computers that are small and low cost are referred to as ?

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Computers that are small and low cost are referred to as **micro computers**. Micro computers are designed to be compact and affordable, making them suitable for personal use and small-scale applications. **Micro computers** are smaller in size compared to traditional computers and are often called **microcomputers**, **mini PCs**, or **mini computers**. They are commonly used for tasks such as word processing, web browsing, and basic computing needs. Micro computers are typically lightweight and portable, making them convenient for travel or on-the-go use. They are also cheaper compared to larger computers, making them more accessible to a wider range of users. These computers usually come with basic hardware specifications, including a compact motherboard, a low-power processor, limited storage capacity, and integrated input/output devices like a keyboard, touchpad, or touchscreen display. Micro computers can come in different forms, such as small desktop computers, mini laptops, mini PCs, and even **tablet computers**, which are handheld devices with a touchscreen interface. These devices are designed to be compact and energy-efficient, making them ideal for personal use, education, and small businesses. In summary, **micro computers** are small and low-cost devices that offer basic computing capabilities. They are portable, affordable, and suitable for everyday tasks, making them a popular choice for personal and small-scale use.

Which of these criteria is not important while classifying files ?

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The criteria that is not important while classifying files is the storage medium.
When classifying files, it is essential to consider various factors to ensure efficient organization and retrieval. However, the storage medium plays a minimal role in classifying files.
The organization method is significant because it determines the structure and arrangement of files. It helps in categorizing files into specific groups or folders based on their similarities or relationships. This makes it easier to locate and access files when needed.
The nature of content in the file is also crucial in classification. It involves understanding the purpose, subject, or topic of the file. By considering the content, files can be grouped together based on common characteristics, such as documents related to finances, marketing, or operations. This classification enables better organization and retrieval when specific information is required.
Another important criterion is the size of the file. File sizes may vary, and considering size during classification helps manage storage capacity effectively. Large files may require additional storage resources or special handling, while smaller files may be grouped together for efficient utilization of space.
However, the storage medium does not significantly impact classification. It refers to the physical or digital medium where the file is stored, such as hard drives, cloud storage, or external devices. While the choice of storage medium affects file management and accessibility, it does not directly influence the process of classifying files based on their organization method, nature of content, or size.
In conclusion, while organization method, nature of content, and size of the file are essential criteria for file classification, the storage medium does not significantly contribute to the classification process.

Which of these commands will reboot the computer ?

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To reboot the computer, you would use the Ctrl + Alt + Del command. This key combination is commonly known as the "Three-Finger Salute" and is used to bring up the Task Manager on Windows operating systems.
When you press Ctrl + Alt + Del, it triggers a system interrupt that takes you to a screen where you have several options. One of these options is to restart or reboot the computer.
Using this combination of keys is more secure because it ensures that you are interacting directly with the operating system, rather than potentially triggering a key combination that could have unintended consequences.
So, remember to press Ctrl + Alt + Del simultaneously to reboot your computer when needed.

Which of the following can be used to select the entire document ?

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To select the entire document, you can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + A. This command stands for "Select All" and it is commonly used in various software programs to quickly select all the content within a document or a text field.
When you press Ctrl + A, it tells the computer or software application to highlight and select all the text, images, or any other elements present in the current document. It is a convenient way to select everything at once and perform actions like copying, deleting, or formatting.
Ctrl + K is not used to select the entire document. In many applications, including web browsers, this combination is usually used for creating or modifying hyperlinks.
Shift + A does not have a specific function to select the entire document. The "Shift" key, when combined with other keys, generally allows you to make selections or perform actions on a range of items, but it is not applicable in this context.
Alt + F5 is also not used to select the entire document. In some applications, the "Alt" key combined with function keys or other shortcuts can trigger specific functions or menu options, but it does not select the entire document.
In conclusion, the correct option is Ctrl + A, which is a simple and widely-used shortcut to select all the contents of a document or text field.

The computer that combines the functions of both analog and digital computers is called ?

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A computer that combines the functions of both analog and digital computers is called a hybrid computer.
An analog computer works by representing and manipulating physical quantities, such as voltage or current, in a continuous manner. It is typically used for tasks like solving differential equations or simulating physical systems.
On the other hand, a digital computer works with discrete values represented by binary digits (0s and 1s). It performs calculations using arithmetic and logical operations and is commonly used for tasks like data processing, calculations, and general-purpose computing.
A hybrid computer combines the strengths of both analog and digital computers, enabling it to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently. It uses analog technology to process real-world inputs and digital technology to perform complex calculations and data manipulation.
For example, in weather forecasting, a hybrid computer can use analog technology to gather and process real-time data from sensors, such as temperature and humidity. It then performs digital calculations to analyze the data, predict weather patterns, and generate forecasts.
In summary, a hybrid computer is a computer system that combines the capabilities of both analog and digital computers, allowing it to handle both continuous and discrete data in a versatile and efficient manner.

What does R stands for in the CRUD acronym ?

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In the CRUD acronym, R stands for 'Read'. CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These are the four basic functions of persistent storage in databases.

The closest computer language to human is ?

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The closest computer language to human is High level language.
High level languages are designed to be easy for humans to read, write, and understand. They use natural language keywords and phrases that resemble English or other human languages. This makes it easier for programmers to express their thoughts and intentions in a way that is more familiar and intuitive.
High level languages are designed to be more abstract and closer to the way humans think, allowing programmers to focus on solving problems rather than worrying about the low-level details of the computer hardware. They use variables, functions, and objects to represent real-world concepts, making the code more readable and maintainable.
Examples of widely used high-level languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. These languages have a wide range of built-in libraries and tools that make it easier for programmers to solve complex problems without having to understand the inner workings of the computer.
In summary, high level languages are the closest computer languages to human because they are designed to be easy to read, write, and understand, allowing programmers to focus on solving problems using natural language keywords and phrases.

The first stage of data processing activities is ?

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The first stage of data processing activities is Collection.
In this stage, data is gathered or collected from various sources. This can include surveys, forms, sensors, databases, and more. The goal is to gather all the necessary data that is required for analysis and processing.
During the collection stage, it is important to ensure that the data is accurate, complete, and reliable. This includes checking for any errors or inconsistencies in the data and verifying its authenticity.
Once the data is collected, it is then ready to be processed and analyzed. This involves performing various operations such as manipulation, conversion, and sorting on the data to extract meaningful insights and information.
Overall, the collection stage is critical in the data processing process as it lays the foundation for the subsequent stages. It ensures that the data is available and ready for further processing and analysis.

Translators are type of ?

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Translators are types of software that help convert one form of code or language into another. They are used to facilitate communication between different components of a computer system.
System software is a broad category of software that includes translators as one of its components. Translators are needed to convert high-level programming languages, such as C++ or Java, into a form that can be understood and executed by the computer's hardware.
An operating system is another type of software that manages the computer's resources and provides a platform for other software applications to run. While an operating system may include translators as part of its functionality, translators themselves are not considered to be an operating system.
Utility programs are software tools that assist with system maintenance, optimization, and troubleshooting. While some utility programs may include rudimentary translators for specific tasks, such as language translation tools, translators are not typically considered to be utility programs.
Application software refers to programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for the user, such as word processors, spreadsheet applications, or web browsers. Translators are not typically included as part of application software, although some specific applications may include their own translators for specific purposes.
In summary, translators are a type of software that fall under the category of system software. They are used to convert programming languages into a format that can be understood and executed by the computer's hardware.