Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are the backbone of life, with carbon as their central element due to its unique tetravalency, allowing for the formation of complex chains of compounds through catenation. In this course, we will delve into the diverse world of organic compounds, starting with a detailed exploration of various classes.

Firstly, we will unravel the realm of aliphatic hydrocarbons, beginning with alkanes. Understanding the homologous series of alkanes in relation to their physical properties is crucial. We will also delve into substitution reactions and explore examples of halogenated products, elucidating the importance of isomerism, focusing on structural isomerism within a limited carbon atom range.

As we venture into the world of petroleum, we will dissect its composition and the process of fractional distillation, shedding light on the major products obtained. Furthermore, we will delve into cracking and reforming processes, essential for obtaining valuable products. We will also explore petrochemicals, the key starting materials of organic syntheses, and decipher the significance of quality petrol through octane numbers.

Moving on to alkenes, we will unravel structural and geometric isomerism intricacies. The course will emphasize additional and polymerization reactions, with a focus on essential products like polythene and synthetic rubber, highlighting their pivotal role in vulcanization processes.

Our exploration extends to alkynes, with a detailed look at ethyne, including its production from water action on carbides and essential properties. The aromatic hydrocarbon benzene will also be thoroughly examined, focusing on its structure, properties, and diverse applications.

Transitioning to alkanols, we will delineate the primary, secondary, and tertiary distinctions. The course will elucidate ethanol production through fermentation and from petroleum by-products, drawing examples from local sources like the production of gin from palm wine. The reactions of the OH group, including oxidation tests like the Lucas test, will be thoroughly explored.

Next, we will delve into alkanals and alkanones, deciphering the chemical tests that distinguish between these compounds. Alkanoic acids will be explored in detail, covering their chemical reactions such as neutralization and esterification, with examples like ethanedioic acid and benzene carboxylic acid.

Our course will also illuminate alkanoates, elucidating their formation from alkanoic acids and alkanols. We will uncover the significance of fats and oils as alkanoates, delving into saponification processes and distinguishing between soaps and detergents.

The journey continues with a deep dive into amines, specifically alkanamines, encompassing primary, secondary, and tertiary distinctions. We will study the classification of carbohydrates, including mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, exploring their composition and diverse uses across various industries.

Furthermore, our exploration will extend to proteins, where we will analyze their primary structures, hydrolysis processes, and essential tests like Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon's, and xanthoproteic tests. Natural and synthetic polymers will also be a focal point, guiding us through addition and condensation polymerization processes, illustrating their preparation methods, examples, and wide-ranging utilities in today's world.

This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and diverse applications, preparing you for a fascinating journey into the realm of carbon-based chemistry.