JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 1991

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During the reign of Caliph 'Ali, the seat of administration moved from the city of al-Madīnah to the city of Kūfah. Kūfah was a newly founded city in Iraq, which had a strategic location for trade and military purposes. It was closer to the Persian Sassanid Empire, which was a major enemy of the Islamic Caliphate at the time. Kūfah was also a place where many supporters of Caliph 'Ali had settled, making it a natural choice for him to establish his capital there. The move to Kūfah represented a shift in power from the traditional base of the Islamic Caliphate in the Arabian Peninsula to the newly expanding regions of Iraq and Persia.

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text or the content of the narration. The difference between isnād and matn is that isnād is the chain of reporters who transmitted the narration, and matn is the text or the content of the narration itself. Isnaad includes the names of the reporters in the chain of transmission, their teachers and students, and other details about their reliability, while matn refers to the actual words and meanings of the narration. Isnaad is important in determining the authenticity and reliability of a narration, while matn is important in understanding its content and implications.

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The special night is referred to in Sūrat al-Qadr. This chapter of the Quran talks about the revelation of the Quran and the blessings of the Night of Decree (Laylat al-Qadr) which is believed to be one of the last ten nights of Ramadan. It is considered a highly spiritual and blessed night, and it is believed that the reward of worship during this night is better than the worship of a thousand months.

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In order to make Tawaf, a Muslim is required to keep the Ka'bah to their left and go around it in an anti-clockwise direction. Tawaf is one of the Islamic rituals performed during the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It involves walking seven times around the Ka'bah in a counter-clockwise direction, starting and ending at the Hajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) corner. Keeping the Ka'bah to the left and walking in an anti-clockwise direction ensures that all the pilgrims move in the same direction and helps in avoiding any chaos or confusion during the Tawaf.

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According to Islamic tradition, Prophet ‘īsā (Jesus) spoke in the cradle and exonerated his mother Maryam (Mary) from any accusation of immorality or wrongdoing. This miracle is mentioned in the Quran and it signifies the prophethood and righteousness of Prophet ‘īsā and his mother.

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Iddah is the waiting period that a divorced woman must observe before she can remarry. During this time, she is expected to remain unmarried and cannot have sexual relations with anyone. The duration of the iddah varies depending on the circumstances of the divorce, but in general, it is three menstrual cycles or three lunar months.

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The expression “Man kāna yu ‘minu billāhi wal yawmil ‘ākhir fal yaqual khayran aw li yasmut” is an Arabic phrase that means "One who believes in Allah and the Last Day should either say good things or remain silent." This means that as a believer in Allah and the Day of Judgment, one should be careful of the words they say, and only speak words that are good and beneficial or remain silent. It emphasizes the importance of using one's tongue for good and avoiding idle talk or speech that can cause harm.

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The conversion of ‘Umar b. al-Khattāb was a turning point in the history of Islam because it encouraged the actualization of the Prophet's mission. ‘Umar was a fierce opponent of Islam but when he converted to Islam, his conversion strengthened the Muslims and discouraged the enemies of Islam. His conversion brought a new level of strength to the Muslim community, and he played a critical role in spreading the message of Islam. His leadership and support were essential to the success of the early Muslim community, and his conversion marked a significant turning point in the spread and acceptance of Islam.

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The success of the business venture that Muhammed (S.A.W) carried out for Khadījah was mainly due to his dedication and honesty. Muhammed (S.A.W) was known for his exceptional work ethic and trustworthy character, which earned him a good reputation among the people of Mecca. He was also a skilled and experienced trader who knew how to make profitable deals. These qualities, combined with the support of his assistants, helped him to make the business venture successful. While Khadījah's love for him may have been a contributing factor, it was not the main reason for the success of the business. Similarly, his status as a prophet did not play a role in the business venture's success.

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The correct answer is "Badr and Uhud". After Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) migrated to al-Madinah, he and his followers faced opposition and military aggression from the Makkans. The first major battle between the Muslims and the Makkans was the Battle of Badr in 624 CE. The Muslims were outnumbered but were victorious due to their faith and strategy. The second major battle was the Battle of Uhud in 625 CE. This time, the Makkans were better prepared and initially gained the upper hand, but the Muslims ultimately held their ground.

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The option that does not belong to the group is Muslim b. al-Hajjāj. The other three options are all prominent companions of Prophet Muhammad in the early years of Islam, and they played significant roles in the development and spread of the religion. Abdullah b. 'Umar was the son of the second caliph, Umar b. al-Khattab, and he was known for his piety and knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence. Abdullah b. Mas'ud was also a close companion of the Prophet, and he was known for his expertise in Quranic recitation and interpretation. Umar b. al-Khattab was the second caliph of Islam and played a pivotal role in the expansion of the Islamic empire during his reign. Muslim b. al-Hajjāj, on the other hand, was not a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He was a scholar of Hadith who lived several generations after the Prophet, and he compiled one of the most widely accepted collections of Hadith known as Sahih Muslim. While he is a respected figure in Islamic scholarship, he does not belong to the same group as the three other companions of the Prophet mentioned in the question.

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The Battle of Siffin was fought in 657 CE between the forces of Ali, the fourth caliph of Islam, and Muawiyah, the governor of Syria. The battle ended in a stalemate, and a group of Ali's supporters, known as the Khawarij, split from his camp, accusing him of compromising with Muawiyah and violating Islamic principles. Therefore, the correct answer is Khawarij, as the Battle of Siffin led to the emergence of this group in the early Islamic history.

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Salat āl−Janaℎ is a special funeral prayer performed by Muslims. It is unique because it lacks the rukū and sujūd (bowing and prostration) which are present in all other prayers. Instead, it consists of standing and reciting certain supplications for the deceased. The prayer is performed in a specific manner and is considered an important part of the Islamic funeral rites.

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Tayammum is a ritual purification in Islam performed with clean earth or dust, which is an alternative to wudu (ablution) or ghusl (full-body washing) when water is not available or its use is prohibited, or when a person is unable to use water due to illness or disability. So, performing Tayammum is justified when a person is unable to use water due to a valid reason such as the unavailability of water, sickness, or other reasons where the use of water is not possible.

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The Prophet who was an ancestor of both Arabs and Jews is Ibrāhīm (Abraham). Muslims, Jews, and Christians all consider him as their father in faith.

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The Quyaysh boycotted Banū Hāshim because they protected the Prophet (S.A.W) and refused to surrender him. The Quyaysh were against the Prophet (S.A.W) and his teachings, and they wanted to force him and his followers to abandon their beliefs. Banū Hāshim, which included the Prophet (S.A.W)'s close family members, refused to surrender him to the Quyaysh and protected him. As a result, the Quyaysh boycotted Banū Hāshim and prevented them from buying and selling goods or marrying outside their clan. This boycott lasted for three years and caused a great deal of hardship for Banū Hāshim.

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In the verse Yā ayyuhal-ladhīna āmanū Lā taqrabus-salāta wa antum sukārā (Q. 4.43), Allah is advising the believers not to approach prayer while they are in a state of drunkenness. This means that Muslims should not pray while they are under the influence of alcohol or any other substance that impairs their ability to perform the prayer properly. Allah wants Muslims to be in a clear and conscious state of mind when performing the prayer, so that they can fully concentrate on and connect with Him.

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The ninth year of hijrah is known as the "Year of Deputation." This is because during this year, many delegations from different tribes and regions came to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Medina to declare their acceptance of Islam and to seek his guidance. These delegations included both Arabs and non-Arabs, and their conversions helped to spread Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula. The Year of Deputation was a significant year in the history of Islam, as it marked the growing acceptance of the new religion among the people of Arabia.

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The Makkan Surah with the main objective of reassuring the Prophet (S.A.W) at a time of distress is Surah ad-Duhā. This Surah was revealed to the Prophet (S.A.W) during a time of great sadness and worry. In this Surah, Allah reminds the Prophet (S.A.W) of His blessings and encourages him to remain patient and steadfast. The Surah also serves as a message of hope and reassurance for all believers who may be going through difficult times.

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The main function of Angel Azrāil is taking the lives of people. In Islamic belief, Azrāil is responsible for separating the soul from the body at the moment of death and delivering it to the afterlife. He is also known as the Angel of Death.

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The act of abstaining from eating, drinking, and sexual activity is called "sawn" in Islam. This refers to a specific form of fasting that is observed from dawn until dusk, with the intention of worshiping Allah. Sawn is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, and is an important act of worship during the month of Ramadan. During this time, Muslims abstain from food, drink, and sexual activity from dawn until dusk, and are encouraged to focus on prayer, charity, and acts of kindness. However, sawn can also be observed at other times of the year for various reasons, such as seeking forgiveness, showing gratitude, or asking for guidance.

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The verse above (Q. 17.23) warns against insulting parents. In this verse, Allah commands people to worship Him alone and not to associate any partners with Him. Then, Allah mentions the importance of treating parents with kindness and respect. Insulting parents is a grave sin because they have given life, raised, and taken care of their children, and they deserve to be treated with love and respect. Therefore, the verse serves as a reminder to honor and respect parents and to refrain from insulting them.

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The Prophet's uncle who lost his life in the Battle of Badr was Hamzah. Hamzah was the brother of the Prophet's father and a strong supporter of Islam. During the Battle of Badr, he fought bravely but was eventually killed by an enemy soldier named Wahshi. Hamzah's death was a great loss to the Prophet and the Muslim community, as he was not only a close relative but also a powerful defender of the faith.

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If a worshipper remembers after completing his prayer that he missed an obligatory step of ablution, he will have to repeat both the ablution and the prayer. This is because the prayer is not considered valid without the proper performance of ablution, and missing an obligatory step in the ablution breaks the continuity of the required ritual purity. Therefore, the worshipper must redo the ablution and the prayer to ensure that the act of worship is valid in the eyes of God.

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Sūrat an-Nās is the last surah (chapter) of the Qur'an. It seeks protection from the evils of men and jinn. Men and women, husbands and wives, and males and females are not specifically mentioned in this surah.

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The principle of Ijbār allows a father or guardian to give out his daughter or ward in marriage without her consent as long as she has reached the age of maturity. This means that the girl is legally capable of making decisions for herself and is not considered a minor. The father or guardian must ensure that the girl's interests are protected and that the groom is a suitable match. The principle of Ijbār does not require the mother to be informed, nor does it have any conditions related to the physical disability of the groom.

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In Islam, the five most important prophets are believed to be Nūh (Noah), Ibrāhīm (Abraham), Mūsā (Moses), īsā (Jesus), and Muhammad. These prophets are considered the most significant in Islamic theology, and their stories are recounted in the Quran and Hadiths. They are revered for their faith, piety, and teachings, which guide Muslims in their religious practices and daily lives.

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The Prophet who, according to the Qur’an, lived for not less than nine hundred and fifty years is Nuh (Noah). This is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Al-Ankabut, verse 14: "And indeed, We sent Nuh to his people, and he remained among them a thousand years minus fifty years."

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Zakāh is one of the five pillars of Islam and is an obligatory act of worship. It is a prescribed percentage of a Muslim's wealth that must be given to the poor and needy. The amount of Zakāh paid is dependent on the amount of wealth a person has and varies depending on the type of wealth. For cash and cash equivalents, such as the amount Mallam Ibrāhim has, the Zakāh rate is 2.5%. Therefore, to calculate the Zakāh amount, he should multiply the amount he has by 2.5% or 0.025. 500 * 0.025 = N12.50k Therefore, Mallam Ibrāhim should pay N12.50k as Zakāh from his N500.

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The first tawāf which a pilgrim makes when he arrives at Makkah is called "al-qudūm". It is the initial tawāf that a pilgrim performs upon arriving in Makkah and it is considered to be one of the most important rituals of Hajj. During the tawāf, the pilgrim circumambulates the Kaaba seven times in a counterclockwise direction while reciting supplications and prayers. The Kaaba is the black cube-shaped structure located in the center of the Masjid al-Haram, the holiest mosque in Islam. Performing the tawāf is a symbolic act of unity and devotion to Allah, as well as a recognition of the historical significance of the Kaaba as the first house of worship built by Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Isma'il (Ishmael). In summary, the first tawāf that a pilgrim makes when he arrives at Makkah is called "al-qudūm", and it involves circumambulating the Kaaba seven times in a counterclockwise direction as a symbolic act of unity and devotion to Allah.

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The 'Iddaℎ period of a pregnant woman is the waiting period a woman must observe after the dissolution of her marriage contract, or the death of her husband, before she can remarry. If a woman is pregnant, her 'Idda period terminates at the time of delivery. In other words, the waiting period ends as soon as the baby is born, and the woman is then free to remarry.

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The Sūrah that tells us the story of how the Ka’abah was delivered from destruction is al-Fīl. This surah describes the story of the people of the elephant who tried to destroy the Ka'abah with their army of elephants, but were ultimately defeated by Allah's power. The surah explains how the birds sent by Allah destroyed the enemy army and saved the Ka'abah. This event is known as the Year of the Elephant and is considered a significant event in Islamic history.

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The Prophet described as rūhullāh in the Qur’ān is Isa (Jesus). "Rūhullāh" means "the spirit of God" in Arabic, and it is used to describe Jesus in the Quran. Isa is considered a prophet and messenger of God in Islam, and Muslims believe that he was born of the Virgin Mary and performed many miracles. Isa is also believed to have foretold the coming of the Prophet Muhammad, who is considered the final prophet in Islam.

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The treaty of al-Hudaybiyyah was expected to last for ten years.

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The Khulafā al-Rāshidūn were the first four caliphs who ruled the Islamic state after the death of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). They were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali (may Allah be pleased with them). They reigned between A.D. 632 and 661, which means that they ruled the Islamic state for approximately 29 years. Therefore, the correct answer is the first option: A.D. 632 and 661.

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The official compilation of Hadith was initiated by 'Umar b. Abd al-Aziz, who was the eighth Umayyad caliph. He realized that the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) were not properly documented, and that some fabricated Hadiths were circulating among the people. In order to preserve the authenticity of the Prophet's teachings, 'Umar b. Abd al-Aziz ordered the scholars of his time to collect and authenticate the Hadiths. This process led to the development of the science of Hadith, which involved careful examination of the chains of narrators and the text of the Hadiths. The most famous compilation of Hadith is Sahih al-Bukhari, which was collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari in the 9th century, based on the standards set by 'Umar b. Abd al-Aziz and other early Hadith scholars.

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Sadāq (also known as mahr) in Islamic law refers to the mandatory payment made by the husband to the wife at the time of marriage, as a form of financial security for the wife. It is the exclusive property of the wife, meaning that she has complete ownership and control over it. Therefore, the correct answer is "wife."

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The statement mentioned in the question was made by Waraqah bin Nawfal. Waraqah bin Nawfal was the cousin of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). He was a scholar of the scriptures and was well-versed in the knowledge of the previous Prophets. When the first revelation came to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), he was distressed and confused. It was Khadijah who took him to her cousin, Waraqah bin Nawfal, who reassured him that he was indeed a Prophet of Allah and that he would face persecution from his people. The statement mentioned above is from Waraqah bin Nawfal to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), expressing his belief in his prophethood and his commitment to help the cause of Allah.

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Apart from the cleanliness of the body and clothes, the devotee who intends to pray must also ensure the cleanliness of the place where he/she intends to pray. This involves ensuring that the place is free from impurities, such as urine or feces, and that it is generally clean and tidy. This is important because prayer is a form of worship that requires a state of purity and cleanliness, not just in the physical sense, but also in the spiritual sense. Therefore, ensuring that the place of prayer is clean and free from impurities helps to create a suitable environment for worship and helps to focus the mind on prayer.