JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2022

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The principle of Ijbar refers to the right of a father or guardian to give out his daughter or ward in marriage without her consent. This principle is recognized in Islamic law but is subject to certain conditions.

One of the key conditions for the principle of Ijbar to be applicable is that the girl must have attained the age of maturity, which is generally considered to be around 9-10 years old. This means that the girl must be capable of understanding the implications of the marriage contract and the duties and responsibilities that come with it.

In addition, the father or guardian must ensure that the marriage is in the best interests of the girl and that the groom is a suitable match for her.

This includes considerations such as the groom's character, financial situation, and physical and mental health.

The consent of the mother is not a requirement for the principle of Ijbar, although it is generally recommended that the mother be consulted and informed about the marriage.

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The minimum amount that may be stolen to warrant cutting of the hand is 1/4 Dinar.

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One of the strong proofs of the authenticity of the Qur'an is that the like of it has not been produced by an individual or a group of people. This means that the Qur'an's unique style and content, including its language, expressions, themes, and message, cannot be replicated or matched by anyone. This has been widely acknowledged by scholars, linguists, and experts in the field, who have attempted to imitate the Qur'an's style but have failed to do so. This is considered as a miraculous proof of the Qur'an's divine origin and a testament to its authenticity.

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The 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah is known as Yawm al-Tarwiyah because it marks the day when the pilgrims in Hajj prepare themselves for the main day of Hajj, which is the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, also known as the Day of Arafah. Tarwiyah means "to quench thirst" or "to water", and it is named as such because in the past, pilgrims used to fill their water containers in Mina on this day in preparation for the day of Arafah. On the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims put on the Ihram clothing and proceed to Mina, a small town near Mecca, where they spend the night in tents. This is where the pilgrims rest and prepare for the rituals of Hajj that will take place the following day. Although no major Hajj rites are performed on the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, it is a significant day for Hajj pilgrims because it marks the beginning of the Hajj rituals, and it is a day of spiritual preparation and reflection for the pilgrims before the Day of Arafah. The pilgrims spend the night in Mina in preparation for the next day, where they will head to the plains of Arafah to perform the most important Hajj ritual, which is standing on the mountain of Arafat in supplication to Allah.

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Associating partners with Allah is unpardonable.

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The unity of Allah is expressed in Suratul-Ikhlas. This surah is the 112th chapter of the Quran and it emphasizes the oneness of Allah. It is also known as "Al-Tawheed" which means "the declaration of the oneness of God." The Surah begins with the statement "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." This surah explains that Allah is the only true God, and there is no other deity worthy of worship. It also emphasizes that Allah is eternal and absolute, and that He has no children or parents. In Islam, the concept of the oneness of Allah is known as "Tawheed," and it is the foundation of Islamic faith. Thus, the Suratul-Ikhlas is a very important chapter in the Quran for Muslims as it emphasizes the core principle of Tawheed, which is the belief in the unity and oneness of Allah. It is recited in various Islamic rituals such as the daily prayers and during special occasions such as funerals.

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A hadith is a narration of the sayings or actions of the Prophet Muhammad or his companions. To assess the authenticity of a hadith, scholars use a methodology called hadith criticism, which involves examining the chain of narrators and the content of the hadith to determine its reliability. One reason a hadith may be considered unreliable is if it contradicts a Quranic injunction. The Quran is considered the primary source of Islamic teachings and beliefs, and any hadith that contradicts it is likely to be considered inauthentic. Another reason a hadith may be considered unreliable is if its narrator was not considered trustworthy or reliable. Hadith scholars have a detailed system for evaluating the reliability of narrators, based on their character, memory, and other factors. In addition, a hadith may be considered unreliable if its wording is too close to the text of the Quran or if it is no longer than a verse of the Quran. This is because the Quran is considered the ultimate authority in Islam, and any hadith that appears to mimic its language or content may be viewed with suspicion. In summary, to determine the authenticity of a hadith, scholars examine the chain of narrators and the content of the narration. If a hadith contradicts the Quran, is narrated by an untrustworthy narrator, or appears to mimic the language or content of the Quran, it may be considered unreliable.

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The Qur'an is considered to be of divine nature, which means that it is believed to be a direct message from God, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years. This belief in the divine nature of the Qur'an gives it a special status and authority in the Islamic faith, and it is considered to be the word of God, unchanged and unchanged over time. The Qur'an's divine nature is also one of the reasons why it is considered to be so important and why Muslims hold it in such high regard. The Qur'an is memorized, recorded and protected by Muslims, which ensures its authenticity and ensures that its message remains unchanged over time, making it an eternal source of guidance for Muslims.

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Ignorance of religious rites and duties is not excusable in Islam because it is obligatory on all Muslims to seek knowledge. This means that it is the responsibility of every Muslim to learn about their religion and the practices they need to follow. While it is true that many Muslims can read and write Arabic and that books on Islamic jurisprudence have been translated into many languages, it is the individual's responsibility to seek out and acquire this knowledge. The Islamic system of education is highly developed all over the world, but ultimately it is up to the individual to seek out and take advantage of these opportunities to learn about their religion. Thus, it is important for every Muslim to seek knowledge and not use ignorance as an excuse for not following their religious obligations.

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The phrase "Truth has come and falsehood has vanished" was uttered by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) when he entered the sacred Ka'bah after the conquest of Mecca. This event took place in the eighth year of Hijra (630 CE), when the Prophet and his followers conquered Mecca without any bloodshed, after years of persecution and exile. As the Prophet (SAW) entered the Ka'bah, which had previously been a site of pagan worship, he recited the verse from the Quran (Surah Al-Isra, 17:81) that says, "Truth has come and falsehood has vanished; indeed falsehood is bound to vanish." This verse is a powerful declaration of the triumph of truth over falsehood, and it was a fitting statement for the occasion of the conquest of Mecca, which marked the victory of Islam over the forces of disbelief and idolatry. The utterance of this phrase by the Prophet (SAW) at the time of the conquest of Mecca was a significant moment in the history of Islam. It symbolized the triumph of the message of Islam, and the victory of justice and truth over tyranny and falsehood. It also marked a turning point in the history of the Arabian Peninsula, as Islam began to spread rapidly throughout the region and beyond.

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Excellent or sound traditions are grouped under Sahih.

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In 628 CE, 1,394 years ago, the treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed; it is considered a landmark in Islam's history. What happened in Hudaybiyyah was a kind of peace treaty signed by the idolaters of Mecca and the Muslims. It was signed in the village of Hudaybiyyah, located about nine miles (14.5 km) outside Mecca, thereby acknowledging the equality of Muslims as bargaining partners.

It included terms such as the observance by both parties of a ten year period of peace.

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Seeking assistance from fortune tellers or any other forms of divination is forbidden in Islam because it goes against the fundamental belief in the absolute power and knowledge of Allah. By seeking knowledge of the future from fortune tellers, one is ascribing power to someone other than Allah, and this is considered a form of shirk, or polytheism, in Islam. Islam teaches that only Allah has absolute knowledge of the unseen, including knowledge of the future, and seeking such knowledge from any other source is considered an act of disobedience and disbelief. Furthermore, seeking knowledge of the future from fortune tellers can create false hopes and expectations, which may lead to disappointment, confusion, and even despair. In addition to being forbidden, seeking knowledge of the future from fortune tellers or any other forms of divination is considered a major sin in Islam. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "Whoever goes to a fortune-teller and asks him about anything, his prayer will not be accepted for forty days" (Muslim). This indicates that seeking knowledge of the future from fortune tellers can also have negative spiritual consequences. Overall, seeking knowledge of the future from fortune tellers is forbidden in Islam because it goes against the fundamental belief in the absolute power and knowledge of Allah, and it can lead to spiritual and emotional harm.

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Umar is credited with having ordered the first collection of Hadith, in an official manner, fearing that some of it might be lost. Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm and Ibn Shihab Al-Zuhri, were among those who compiled Hadith at Umar's behest.

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The verse that describes the essence of Allah is Ayatul Kursiyy. Ayatul Kursiyy is a verse from the Quran, which is located in Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 255. It is a powerful and profound verse that describes the greatness and majesty of Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. The verse starts with "Allahu la ilaha illa huwa," which means "Allah, there is no god but He." This statement emphasizes the oneness of Allah and affirms His existence as the only deity worthy of worship. The verse goes on to describe the attributes of Allah, including His sovereignty, knowledge, power, and mercy. It also highlights His role as the Protector of the believers and His ability to encompass and sustain all of creation. Overall, Ayatul Kursiyy is a beautiful and powerful verse that serves as a reminder of Allah's greatness and our dependence on Him. It is often recited as a means of seeking protection and guidance from Allah and is considered one of the most important verses in the Quran.

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Imam Malik ibn Anas was born in the city of Madinah in what is now Saudi Arabia. He was born in the year 711 CE and lived in Madinah for most of his life. Imam Malik is known as one of the most important scholars of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and hadith (the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad). He is the eponym of the Maliki school of Islamic law, which is one of the four major schools of thought in Sunni Islam. Imam Malik's birthplace of Madinah was a significant city in early Islamic history, as it was the site of the first Muslim community established by the Prophet Muhammad after his migration from Makkah. Madinah is also the location of the Prophet's Mosque, which is one of the most important sites in Islam and is visited by millions of Muslims from around the world each year.

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The quotation is from Surat al-Tin. The full quotation is "Surely, we created man of the best stature, then, we reduced him to the lowest of low save those who believe and good works." This verse appears in Surat al-Tin, which is the 95th chapter of the Quran. Surat al-Tin is a short chapter that contains only 8 verses, and it discusses the nature of human beings and the importance of good deeds. The verse is a reminder of the potential of human beings to achieve greatness and excellence, but also of their vulnerability to temptation and sin. It emphasizes that faith and good deeds are the means by which people can rise above their lower nature and fulfill their purpose in life.

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The divine attribute of omnipotence is implied in the attribute of "al-Qadir" (the All-Powerful). This means that Allah has the power and ability to do anything that is logically possible, including creating the universe, sustaining it, and controlling everything within it. Allah's power is limitless and absolute, and He can do anything without any constraints or limitations. This attribute is a fundamental belief in Islam and is emphasized throughout the Quran. It is important to note, however, that Allah's power is always exercised in accordance with His wisdom and justice, and is not arbitrary or capricious.

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Q. 4:34 enjoins the wife not only to be obedient but also to maintain her chastity.

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Abu Sufyan accepted Islam because he was totally disarmed by Muslim soldiers

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The Makkan Surah with the main objective of reassuring the Prophet (SAW) at a time of distress is Surah ad-Duha. Surah ad-Duha is the 93rd chapter of the Qur'an and was revealed in the early days of the Prophet's mission in Makkah when he was feeling distressed and anxious. The Prophet had not received any revelations from Allah for a long time, and the disbelievers were mocking him and calling him a liar. In this Surah, Allah reassures the Prophet (SAW) that He has not forgotten him and that his efforts will not go to waste. Allah tells the Prophet that He has blessed him with many favors and will continue to do so. The Surah is a beautiful reminder to the Prophet that he is not alone and that Allah is always with him. Therefore, among the given options, Surah ad-Duha is the Makkan Surah with the main objective of reassuring the Prophet (SAW) at a time of distress.

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The initial idea to preserve the Glorious Qur'an was mooted by Abu Bakr As-Saddiq, who was the first Caliph (leader) of the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. After the Prophet's death, many Muslims who had memorized the Qur'an died in the wars of apostasy. To prevent the loss of the Qur'an, Abu Bakr ordered the collection of all the verses that had been revealed to the Prophet and had been written down by his companions. This was done by Zaid b. Thabit, who was a close companion of the Prophet and one of the foremost Quranic scholars of his time. The collected verses were then compiled into a single book, known as the Mushaf, which became the standard text of the Qur'an.

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The Hadith collections of Muslim and Bukhari do not share similarities in covering the whole range of Fiqh.

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The expression "Man kana yu minu billahi wal yawmil akhir fal yaqual khayran aw li yasmut" is a saying in Arabic that is often used to encourage people to behave in a good and virtuous manner. The expression can be translated to mean: "The one who believes in Allah and the Last Day should either say something good or be silent." In simple terms, this expression is encouraging believers to think before they speak and to only say things that are kind, helpful, and positive. If they can't say something good, it is better to remain silent. This promotes a culture of positivity, kindness, and respect in speech and communication.

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Quran 24 vs 31
And tell the believing women to reduce [some] of their vision and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their headcovers over their chests and not expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their women, that which their right hands possess, or those male attendants having no physical desire, or children who are not yet aware of the private aspects of women. And let them not stamp their feet to make known what they conceal of their adornment. And turn to Allah in repentance, all of you, O believers, that you might succeed.

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The Arabs worshipped idols during the Jahiliyya period because they were ignorant of the true concept of God's existence. The Jahiliyya period refers to the time in Arabia before the advent of Islam, when the Arabs were steeped in ignorance and practiced idolatry. They worshiped statues and idols made of wood, stone, and other materials, and believed that these idols had the power to benefit or harm them. The Arabs at that time had no knowledge of the true concept of God, and their understanding of religion was limited to superstitious practices and beliefs. They believed in many gods and goddesses and associated various powers with them. Despite the presence of some prophets among them, the Arabs did not pay heed to their message and continued in their idolatrous ways. As such, they remained in ignorance until the arrival of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the revelation of the Qur'an, which taught them the true concept of God and called them to worship Him alone. Therefore, among the given options, the Arabs worshipped idols during the Jahiliyya period because they were ignorant of the true concept of God's existence.

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The devotee who intends to pray must also ensure the cleanliness of the place where they pray. This means that the area should be free of dirt and clutter and the floor should be clean. This creates a peaceful and respectful environment for prayer, which helps the devotee to focus and connect with their higher power.

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Al-Quddus and Al-Mutakabbir are both names or attributes of Allah (SWT) in Islamic theology. Al-Quddus means "The Holy" or "The Pure," and is a name that emphasizes Allah's (SWT) absolute purity and perfection. It conveys the idea that Allah (SWT) is free from any imperfection, deficiency, or impurity, and is completely separate from all that is imperfect or impure. Al-Mutakabbir, on the other hand, means "The Exalted in Might" or "The Supreme." It highlights Allah's (SWT) supreme power and authority, and emphasizes His absolute sovereignty and dominance over all of creation. It conveys the idea that Allah (SWT) is the ultimate source of power and authority, and that all power and authority ultimately derives from Him. Therefore, the word that can be associated with Al-Mutakabbir is "exalted" or "supreme," as it conveys the idea of Allah's (SWT) absolute power and authority over all of creation. While "almighty" could also be a possible association for Al-Mutakabbir, it is more commonly associated with another of Allah's (SWT) names, Al-Aziz, which means "The Almighty." "Compeller" is not commonly associated with Al-Mutakabbir in Islamic theology.

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Khadijah bint Khuwaylid is not a narrator of Hadith. Abu Hurayrah, Aisha bint Abi-Bakr, and Abu Sa'ad b. Malik are all famous companions of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and are known to have narrated many Hadiths. They were close companions of the Prophet and learned directly from him, and later transmitted his sayings and actions to others. However, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the first wife of the Prophet, did not narrate any Hadiths. This is not surprising, as she passed away before the Prophet started receiving revelations, and therefore did not have the opportunity to learn directly from him. While Khadijah is revered in Islamic tradition for her steadfast support of the Prophet, her role in Islamic scholarship is not as prominent as that of other companions who had the opportunity to learn directly from him. Therefore, among the given options, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid is the one who is not a narrator of Hadith.

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The Dower (Sadaq) is a sum of money or other property which becomes. payable by the husband to the wife as an effect of marriage. The Quran ordains: "And give the women ( on marriage) their dower as a free gift." ( 4:4) In another. Hence it is the property of the wife.

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Talaq al ba'in means irrevocable divorce. Talaq is the Arabic word for divorce, and al ba'in refers to the type of divorce that is considered to be final and cannot be undone. This type of divorce is usually only used in extreme circumstances and is considered to be the most serious form of divorce in Islamic law. Once a couple has undergone talaq al ba'in, they are no longer considered to be married and cannot reconcile without undergoing a new marriage ceremony.

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Tafsir is the science of explanation of the Qurʾān, the sacred scripture of Islam, or of Qurʾānic commentary.

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The waiting period of a divorced woman in Islam is called "iddah". It is a specific period of time during which a woman who has been divorced must wait before she can remarry or engage in any other sexual activity. The length of the iddah period varies depending on the circumstances of the divorce. If the divorce was initiated by the husband and he has not yet had sexual intercourse with his wife, the iddah period is three menstrual cycles. If the husband has had sexual intercourse with his wife, the iddah period is three menstrual cycles, or three lunar months (approximately 90 days). During the iddah period, the divorced woman is considered to be in a state of mourning and is not allowed to leave her home except for necessary reasons. The purpose of the iddah period is to ensure that the woman is not pregnant and to allow time for any potential reconciliation between the couple. In summary, iddah is the waiting period that a divorced woman must observe before she can remarry or engage in any other sexual activity. Its length depends on the circumstances of the divorce, and during this period, the woman is considered to be in a state of mourning and must remain in her home except for necessary reasons.

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The first revelation to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was Qur'an chapter 96:1-5, which is known as Surah Al-Alaq. According to Islamic tradition, the Angel Gabriel appeared to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) while he was meditating in a cave on Mount Hira. The Angel Gabriel then commanded the Prophet to read, and the first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq were revealed to him. These verses contain the first divine message that was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and they speak about the importance of seeking knowledge and the consequences of rejecting it. The verses read: "Read! In the Name of your Lord, Who has created (all that exists), Has created man from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood). Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous, Who has taught (the writing) by the pen [the first person to write was Prophet Idrees (Enoch)]. Has taught man that which he knew not." (Quran 96:1-5) This event is known as the first revelation and marks the beginning of the prophethood of Muhammad (SAW).

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One of the contributions of Islam to women's welfare is the introduction of inheritance. In Islam, women have the right to inherit property and assets from their families, which was a significant advancement in women's rights at the time. This means that women could own and control property, which gave them financial independence and security. The Qur'an specifies the portions of an estate that each heir is entitled to receive, including the wife, daughter, and mother. This contribution of Islam to women's welfare helped to empower women and improve their status in society.

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Abu Bakr, who was a close companion of the Prophet Muhammad and the first caliph of Islam, was nicknamed "as-Sadiq" due to his truthfulness. This nickname, which means "the truthful" in Arabic, was a testament to his reputation for being honest, sincere, and trustworthy in both his words and actions. Throughout his life, Abu Bakr was known for his unwavering commitment to speaking the truth, regardless of the circumstances or consequences. This quality was highly valued in Arabian culture and earned him widespread respect and admiration among the early Muslim community.

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According to Hadith 34 of an-Nawawi, the weakest of faith is changing an evil with the heart. This hadith teaches that faith is not merely a matter of ritual observance, but also involves moral responsibility. It highlights the importance of actively resisting evil and promoting good in both our actions and our thoughts. The hadith states that the strongest level of faith is to change an evil with our hands, meaning to physically intervene and stop the wrongdoing. The next level of faith is to change an evil with our tongue, which involves speaking out against the wrongdoing. The weakest level of faith is to change an evil with our heart, which means recognizing the evil as wrong but not taking any action to stop it. Therefore, the weakest level of faith according to this hadith is changing an evil with the heart, where a person acknowledges that something is wrong but does not take any action to stop it. This highlights the importance of taking proactive steps to promote good and prevent evil, both in our actions and in our thoughts.

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A decision taken in the interest of the public becomes istislah. Istislah is an Islamic legal term that refers to making a decision that is considered to be in the public interest. This concept is based on the idea that the ultimate goal of Islamic law is to promote the well-being of society and to prevent harm. When making a decision, a judge or Islamic scholar may use istislah to consider the impact on the wider community and to make a decision that is in the best interest of the public.