JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2023

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Permanent exemption from Ramadan fast may be occasioned by old age. According to Islamic jurisprudence, elderly people who find it extremely difficult to fast are allowed to break their fast and instead feed a poor person for each day they do not fast.

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Hadith 5 of an-Nawawi teaches us about the importance of intention in our actions. It highlights that our intentions should be pure and sincere when performing any act of worship or obeying Allah.
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "Indeed, actions are judged by intentions, and every person shall have what they intended." This means that our intentions are the foundation of our actions.
Whether it is praying, giving charity, or fasting, our actions will only be accepted by Allah if our intentions are solely for His sake and not for worldly gains or show-off. This hadith reminds us to constantly check and purify our intentions so that our acts of worship become a means of drawing closer to Allah and seeking His pleasure.
In addition, this hadith also emphasizes that our intentions influence the value and reward of our actions. If our intention is to please Allah and seek His reward, our actions will be considered as acts of worship. On the other hand, if our intention is driven by worldly desires or to impress others, our actions may not have any spiritual value.
Therefore, this hadith reminds us to reflect on our intentions and ensure that they align with the teachings of Islam. By having sincere intentions, we can transform our everyday actions into acts of worship, strengthen our faith, and avoid any innovations or deviations in our religious practices.

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The article of Faith that is not among the options listed is miracles. Miracles are not considered an article of Faith in most religious traditions, including Islam.
In Islam, the articles of Faith are the fundamental beliefs that all Muslims must have in order to consider themselves believers. These articles include belief in God, belief in angels, belief in prophets, belief in scriptures, belief in the Day of Judgment, and belief in fate. These beliefs form the basis of the Islamic faith and guide Muslims in their worship and daily lives.
While miracles are often mentioned in religious texts and are associated with the actions of prophets, they are not considered a fundamental article of Faith. Miracles are extraordinary events that are believed to be caused by God's intervention in the natural order. However, the belief in miracles is not essential to the core principles of the Islamic faith.
It is important to note that different religious traditions may have different articles of Faith. This answer specifically addresses the Islamic perspective.

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He was the first Muslim ruler in West Africa to make the journey to Mecca.

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In Quran 24:32, the injunction is that Muslims are encouraged to marry righteous partners. This means that it is recommended for Muslims to seek spouses who are pious, morally upright, and have good character. This verse does not command Muslims to marry more than one wife nor does it discourage polygamy. Its main emphasis is on the importance of choosing a spouse who is committed to their faith and leads a righteous life. Therefore, the correct option is that Quran 24:32 enjoins Muslims to marry righteous partners.

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The prayer that is not observed between Isha and Fajr is the Istisqa prayer.
The Istisqa prayer is a special prayer that is performed to seek rainfall from Allah during times of drought or scarcity of water. It is not specifically tied to any particular time of the day and can be performed at any time when the need for rain arises.
On the other hand, the other three prayers mentioned - Tahajjud, Shafi, and Witr - are all observed between the Isha and Fajr prayers.
Tahajjud is the voluntary night prayer that is performed after the Isha prayer and before the Fajr prayer. It is a recommended prayer that holds immense spiritual benefits and allows individuals to seek closeness to Allah in the tranquility of the night.
Shafi is a voluntary prayer that can be performed after the Isha prayer and before the Witr prayer. It is a Sunnah prayer that is highly recommended, although not obligatory. It is performed in pairs of two units (raka'ahs).
Witr is the final prayer of the day and is performed after the Tahajjud prayer or, if one did not perform Tahajjud, after the Isha prayer. It is a single unit prayer and it is considered highly recommended to perform Witr prayer before going to sleep.
Therefore, the prayer that is not observed between Isha and Fajr is the Istisqa prayer, as it is not specifically tied to any fixed time of the day and can be performed whenever the need arises for seeking rainfall.

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The last child of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. He lived for about 16 to 18 months and then died.

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Surah an-Nasr (Q. 110) discusses the victory of Islam and the rapid expansion of the Muslim community. Therefore, the major teaching of this Surah is that Islam has a bright future.

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The fifty Muslim archers at the battle of Uhud were instructed to stay in their position and not leave their post. This means that they were told to maintain their position and not move or abandon their post under any circumstances. By doing so, they were expected to provide protection and cover for the Muslim army against any potential attacks from the rear.
Their role as archers was crucial to the overall strategy of the battle. They were strategically positioned on a hill behind the main Muslim army, serving as a defensive line against the enemy cavalry. It was essential for them to maintain their position in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim forces.
However, during the course of the battle, when the Muslim army initially gained the upper hand, a portion of the archers saw a chance to gain war booty and left their post against the orders they were given. This opened up a gap in the defensive line, allowing the enemy cavalry to attack from the rear.
As a result, this breach in the defensive line proved to be a turning point in the battle, leading to a setback for the Muslim forces and ultimately their defeat. The lesson learned from this incident is the importance of following instructions and maintaining discipline in the face of temptation.

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Suratul Fatihah (Q.1:5) is the first chapter of the Quran and it emphasizes the worship of Allah alone. The verse says 'You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help.' Therefore, the correct answer is 'Worship none except Almighty Allah'.

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In the Qur'an, there are certain phrases or verses that are given special significance and are repeated frequently. These phrases are known as ad-Dhikr. Ad-Dhikr helps to emphasize and reinforce important concepts in the Qur'an. It serves as a reminder and a way to keep certain teachings and principles fresh in the minds of the believers.
Similarly, in the Qur'an, there is a chapter that is considered to be the essence and summary of the entire book. This chapter is known as Ummul-Kitab, which translates to "the Mother of the Book" or "the Opening". Ummul-Kitab, also known as Al-Fatihah, is the first chapter of the Qur'an and it holds great significance.
So, to answer the question, the relationship between ad-Dhikr and the Qur'an is similar to the relationship between Ummul-Kitab and Al-Fatihah. Ad-Dhikr is a general term referring to various repeated phrases in the Qur'an, while Ummul-Kitab specifically refers to the first chapter, Al-Fatihah, which is considered the summary and essence of the entire Qur'an.
Therefore, the answer is Fatihah.

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According to a Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), 'Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim, male and female.' Therefore, the correct answer is 'Male and Female'

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The works of Imam Bukhari and al-Tirmidhi are both called 'Jami'. Jami is a term used for a collection of hadiths, which are sayings, actions or approvals of the Prophet Muhammad.

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Imam Muslim, a prominent scholar of Hadith, was born in 817 CE and died in 875 CE. However, his most significant work, Sahih Muslim, was completed in 888 CE.

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A rak'ah in salat starts with Takbiratul Ihram. Takbiratul Ihram is the opening takbir (saying "Allahu Akbar") that marks the beginning of the prayer. It is the first act performed in each rak'ah of the prayer.
When we begin our prayer, we raise our hands up to our ears and say "Allahu Akbar" to enter into the state of prayer. This is called Takbiratul Ihram. It signifies the transition from our daily activities to focusing our minds and hearts on worshipping Allah.
By saying "Allahu Akbar" and raising our hands, we are expressing our belief in the greatness of Allah and our intention to dedicate this time purely for His worship.
After saying the Takbiratul Ihram, we proceed to the next actions in the salat, such as Qiyam bi Itidal (standing upright), Sujud (prostration), and Ruku (bowing). But it is the Takbiratul Ihram that marks the beginning of the rak'ah.
So, in summary, a rak'ah in salat starts with the Takbiratul Ihram, which is the opening takbir that signifies the beginning of the prayer and our transition into the state of worship.

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Lawhul-Mahfudh is a Quranic term that refers to the Preserved Tablet in Islam. According to Islamic beliefs, the Quran is considered to be the literal word of God, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over the course of 23 years.
The Lawhul-Mahfudh is seen as a sacred tablet where the entirety of the Quran has been recorded since the beginning of time. It is believed to be an eternal and unchangeable copy of the Quran that exists in the heavenly realm.
The Lawhul-Mahfudh is associated with the Quran in terms of preservation. It signifies that the Quran has been meticulously protected and safeguarded from any alterations or distortions throughout history. The belief is that every word and letter of the Quran has remained unchanged since it was first revealed. This is considered a miraculous aspect of the Quran and demonstrates its authenticity and divinity.
While the options provided also touch on other aspects related to the Quran, such as memorization, compilation, and recitation, the term Lawhul-Mahfudh specifically emphasizes the concept of preservation. It reflects the belief that the Quran is not only a book that was compiled and memorized by early Muslims, but also a divine scripture that has been safeguarded by God Himself.

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The type of Ghusl performed by a new convert to Islam is Dhukil-al-Islam.
Ghusl is a ritual purification in Islam, which involves washing the entire body in a specific manner. There are multiple types of Ghusl, each performed for different reasons.
Janabah is the type of Ghusl performed after sexual intercourse or ejaculation. Nifas is the type of Ghusl performed by women after childbirth or the termination of pregnancy. Haydah is the type of Ghusl performed by women during menstruation.
However, when a person converts to Islam, they need to perform a special type of Ghusl known as Dhukil-al-Islam. This Ghusl is performed to mark their transition into the Islamic faith. It symbolizes purification from their previous beliefs and practices, and their acceptance and commitment to follow the teachings of Islam.
During Dhukil-al-Islam Ghusl, the convert should wash their entire body with the intention of purifying themselves and embracing their new faith. They should ensure that water reaches every part of their body, from head to toe. It is important to perform this Ghusl with sincerity and reverence, understanding the significance of the journey they are embarking upon.
In summary, when a new convert enters Islam, they should perform the Dhukil-al-Islam Ghusl to purify themselves and signify their commitment to the Islamic faith.

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According to Hadith 34 of an-Nawawi, the weakest form of faith is changing an evil with the heart, which means hating it and feeling that it is wrong. This is considered the least that can be done when encountering evil.

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"Lam yalid wa lam yulad"(Q 112:3) is preceded by "Qul Huwal Lahu Ahad". In the Quran, "Qul Huwal Lahu Ahad" is the 112th chapter, also known as Surah Al-Ikhlas. It is a short but powerful chapter that emphasizes the oneness of Allah. Before the verse "Lam yalid wa lam yulad"(Q 112:3), which translates to "He neither begets nor is born," Allah asks Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to proclaim that He is One and has no partners or children. This affirmation of Allah's oneness sets the context for the following verse which emphasizes that Allah does not have any children or offspring. By stating "Lam yalid wa lam yulad," Allah clarifies that He does not have the need to have children or to be born Himself. This is a fundamental aspect of Islamic belief, as it highlights the uniqueness and incomparability of Allah. It reinforces the concept that Allah is eternal, self-sufficient, and does not share any attributes or characteristics with His creation. Overall, the verse "Lam yalid wa lam yulad" serves as a reminder for believers to understand and accept the concept of divine oneness, and to recognize that Allah is beyond any human understanding or resemblance.

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A'ishah played a major role in the transmission of Hadiths. A'ishah was one of the wives of the Prophet Muhammad, and she possessed a remarkable memory and knowledge. She had a close relationship with the Prophet, which allowed her to witness and learn directly from him. As a result, she became a prominent source for the collection and transmission of Hadiths, which are the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. A'ishah narrated numerous Hadiths, and her knowledge and expertise in Islamic matters made her a renowned scholar among the companions of the Prophet. Her contributions in preserving and conveying the teachings and traditions of the Prophet have played a crucial role in shaping Islamic scholarship.

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The word al-Qadr occurs 3 times in the Qur'an chapter 97. Al-Qadr is an Arabic word that means 'The Night of Decree' or 'The Night of Power'. It is a special night in the month of Ramadan when the first verses of the Quran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.

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According to the Quran, monotheism is not a form of shirk. Shirk refers to the act of associating partners or idols with Allah, which is considered a grave sin in Islamic belief.
Monotheism, on the other hand, is the belief in and worship of only one God. It is the fundamental concept in Islam, and Muslims are taught to believe in the oneness of God, known as "Tawheed."
The Quran repeatedly emphasizes the importance of monotheism and condemns the act of associating partners with Allah. This concept is summarized in the declaration of faith in Islam, the Shahada, which states, "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger."
In contrast to monotheism, atheism is the belief that there is no God or higher power. While atheism does not involve associating partners with Allah, it goes against the central pillar of Islamic belief in the existence of a single God.
Therefore, the correct answer is atheism as it stands in opposition to the belief in the oneness of God and does not involve associating partners with Allah.

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Khadijah married Muhammad (S.A.W.) at the age of 40. This is a well-known fact in Islamic history. Khadijah was a wealthy and successful businesswoman in Makkah, and she was 15 years older than Muhammad (S.A.W.). She proposed to him for marriage, recognizing his noble character and honesty. They had a long and loving marriage, which lasted for about 25 years until Khadijah's passing. Muhammad (S.A.W.) often spoke highly of Khadijah's support and companionship, and she is considered to be one of the most honored and respected women in Islamic history.

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The idol that was not a part of Jahilliyyah was al-Jibl.
Jahilliyyah refers to the pre-Islamic Arabian period of ignorance and idol worship. During this time, the Arabian Peninsula was inhabited by various tribes who venerated idols and practiced polytheism. They believed that these idols were intermediaries between them and the gods.
Out of the four options given, al-Jibl is the only idol that does not have a direct connection to the pre-Islamic period of Jahilliyyah. The other three idols, namely al-Manat, al-Uzzah, and al-Lat, were revered and worshipped by the Arabian tribes during that time.
One important thing to note is that when Islam emerged, the Prophet Muhammad preached against idol worship and encouraged monotheism. He declared that these idols, including al-Manat, al-Uzzah, and al-Lat, were false deities and had no power or influence.
By rejecting idol worship and promoting monotheism, Islam brought an end to the era of Jahilliyyah and established a new era of faith in one God, Allah.

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The migration referred to in an-Nawawi's Hadith is the Hijrah, which took place in 622 C.E. This was when Prophet Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina. The Hijrah marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, hence it is often referred to in Islamic literature.

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The Tahajjud prayer is observed between the night prayer of Isha and the dawn prayer of Fajr. It is a voluntary prayer that is performed during the late hours of the night. After offering the Isha prayer, which is performed after sunset, there is a window of time during the night when Tahajjud can be performed. This time varies depending on the region and the time of year. During this blessed time, Muslims wake up from their sleep in the middle of the night to engage in additional prayers and to seek closeness to Allah. The Tahajjud prayer is highly recommended as it allows individuals to have a personal and intimate connection with their Creator. In conclusion, the Tahajjud prayer is observed between the night prayer of Isha and the dawn prayer of Fajr. It is a time when Muslims wake up during the night to engage in additional prayers and seek closeness to Allah.

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The reign of Caliph Uthman b. Affan is known for several key contributions during his time as the Caliph of the Islamic state. One of the notable achievements was **standardization of the Qur'an**. During this time, the Islamic community was expanding rapidly, and there were multiple versions of the Qur'an in different dialects. This led to confusion and inconsistencies in the recitation and interpretation of the holy book. Caliph Uthman took the initiative to establish a standardized version of the Qur'an to ensure uniformity and accuracy in its recitation. To accomplish this, Caliph Uthman appointed a committee of scholars, including prominent companions of the Prophet Muhammad, to compile an official version of the Qur'an. They used the original written materials and the oral traditions passed down from the Prophet. The compiled version, known as the Uthmanic codex, formed the basis for the standardization of the Qur'an that we have today. This standardization had significant implications. It allowed for **consistency in the teachings of Islam** across different regions, ensuring that everyone was reciting and understanding the same message. It also helped in preserving the integrity of the Qur'an, protecting it from any alterations or variations. The standardization of the Qur'an during the reign of Caliph Uthman played a crucial role in the preservation and dissemination of the Islamic faith. It helped establish a solid foundation for the community and ensured the Quranic teachings were accurately conveyed from one generation to another.

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In the context of Islamic beliefs, Al-Akhirah refers to the concept of the hereafter or the life after death. It encompasses the belief that there is a continuation of life after we die and that our actions in this world will be judged and rewarded or punished accordingly.
Similarly, Al-Qiyammah is a term used in Islam to refer to the concept of Resurrection. It signifies the belief that after death, there will be a day when all human beings will be resurrected and brought back to life in order to face judgment for their deeds.
So, the correct answer to the relationship between Al-Qiyammah and Al-Akhirah would be Resurrection. Al-Qiyammah is the event of resurrection, which is a part of the overall concept of Al-Akhirah or the hereafter in Islam.

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The last verse of Suratut-Tin describes Allah as the 'Judge'. The verse is 'Is not Allah the most just of judges?' (Surah At-Tin, 95:8). Therefore, the correct answer is 'Judge'.

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Ijma' as a secondary source of Islamic law refers to the consensus opinion of scholars. It means that when scholars unanimously agree on a particular ruling or interpretation of Islamic law, it becomes a reliable source for deriving legal rulings. This consensus is based on the collective wisdom and knowledge of the scholars who specialize in Islamic jurisprudence. Ijma' provides stability and continuity in interpreting and applying Islamic law as it ensures that the understanding of the religion remains consistent over time. It is considered an essential source because it represents the agreement of experts who have extensively studied and analyzed the Islamic texts and principles. It is important to note that ijma' is not based on the number of scholars who agree, but rather on the agreement of the qualified scholars who possess deep knowledge and expertise in Islamic law. This ensures that the consensus is reliable and reflective of the true spirit and teachings of Islam. Ijma' serves as an established basis for justice because it helps prevent individual interpretations from being imposed on the general Muslim community. It promotes unity and harmony among Muslims by providing a common understanding of the law. Overall, ijma' is a significant secondary source of Islamic law that relies on the consensus opinion of qualified scholars. It helps ensure the stability, consistency, and justice in the interpretation and application of Islamic law. Therefore, it holds a crucial role in shaping the legal framework of Islamic societies.

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The phrase "Subhana rabbiyal -A'la faghfir li" is recited when the worshipper is in the state of sujud. Sujud is a position in the Muslim prayer where the worshipper lowers their forehead and nose to the ground. During sujud, the worshipper shows their complete submission and humility to Allah. By placing their forehead on the ground, they demonstrate their recognition of Allah's greatness and their need for His forgiveness and mercy. The phrase "Subhana rabbiyal -A'la faghfir li" translates to "Glory be to my Lord, the Most High, forgive me." By reciting this phrase, the worshipper acknowledges the greatness of Allah and seeks His forgiveness for any mistakes or sins they have committed. It is important to note that this phrase should be recited silently during sujud, as it is a moment of intimate connection between the worshipper and Allah. It is a personal moment of reflection, seeking forgiveness and seeking closeness to Allah. In summary, the phrase "Subhana rabbiyal -A'la faghfir li" is recited during the position of sujud in the Muslim prayer. It is a humble supplication asking for Allah's forgiveness and acknowledging His greatness.

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Hadith 16 of an-Nawawi is about controlling anger. The Hadith says: 'I asked the Messenger of Allah: Who is the best among the people? He replied, 'The one who, when you look at him, you remember Allah.' Then I asked: Then who? He replied, 'The one who does not harm the Muslims with his tongue and hands.' Then I asked: Then who? He replied, 'The one who controls his anger.'

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The classifications of Hadith are used to categorize the authenticity and reliability of the narrations. The given options are:

Daif: This classification refers to weak Hadiths. These narrations have a weakness in either their chain of narrators or in the content of the Hadith itself. They are not considered strong or reliable enough to form a basis for beliefs or practices.

Mawdu: Mawdu Hadiths are fabricated or forged narrations that have been falsely attributed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). These Hadiths were intentionally created by individuals for various reasons and are not considered authentic or reliable.

Sahih: Sahih refers to authentic Hadiths. These are narrations that have a strong and reliable chain of narrators and are in accordance with Islamic teachings. Sahih Hadiths are considered a reliable source of guidance and can be used to derive Islamic rulings and understand the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Hasan: Hasan Hadiths are those that have a good, but not as strong, chain of narrators. While they are not as strong as Sahih Hadiths, they are still considered reliable and can be used as a source of guidance in matters of Islamic practice.

Therefore, from the given options, the classification of Hasam does not exist. It is not a recognized classification of Hadith.

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In Hadith 16, "La Taghdab" means "do not get angry". It is an Arabic phrase that carries a simple and important message in Islam. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) advised his followers to control their anger and not let it overcome them. Anger is a natural human emotion, but it can often lead to negative consequences and harm both to oneself and others. Getting angry can cloud our judgment, lead us to say hurtful words, and may even result in physical aggression. Therefore, Islam encourages individuals to restrain their anger and respond to difficult situations with patience and understanding. This teaching of "La Taghdab" reminds us to be mindful of our emotions, to avoid reacting impulsively when we feel angry. Instead, we should take a step back, reflect on the situation, and respond in a calm and respectful manner. By doing so, we can maintain harmony in our relationships, contribute to a peaceful society, and earn the pleasure of Allah. It is important to note that anger itself is not condemned in Islam. There are times when anger can be justified, such as when witnessing injustice or oppression. However, even in such cases, Islam advises individuals to channel their anger in a constructive and productive way, seeking to rectify the situation without causing harm. In summary, "La Taghdab" means "do not get angry" in the context of Hadith 16. It serves as a reminder to Muslims to control their anger, respond to challenging situations with patience, and strive for peace and harmony in their interactions with others.

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The Surah which begins with four oaths is Surah at-Tin. In this Surah, Allah takes four solemn oaths to emphasize the importance of the message that is to follow. The use of oath is a rhetorical device to grab the attention of the listener and highlight the significance of what is being said. The Surah begins with the oath by the fig, then the oath by the olive, followed by the oath by Mount Sinai, and finally, the oath by this city (Makkah). These oaths serve as a way to capture the attention of the listeners and make them reflect upon the greatness of Allah's creation. Each oath corresponds to a specific lesson or message. The fig represents God's perfect creation and its sweetness can be seen as a symbol of the sweetness and goodness found in obedience to Allah. The olive is another tree that is mentioned in the Quran, and it symbolizes peace and blessings. Mount Sinai is the place where Prophet Musa (Moses) received the revelation from Allah, highlighting the importance of divine guidance. And the city, Makkah, holds great significance as the birthplace of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the center of Islam. The Surah continues to deliver a powerful message of gratitude, warning, and a reminder of human responsibilities. It emphasizes that those who do righteous deeds, believe in Allah, and follow His guidance will be rewarded with a blissful life, while those who reject the truth and engage in wrongdoing will face consequences. In summary, Surah at-Tin begins with four oaths to grab the attention of the listeners and highlight the importance of the message that follows. Each oath symbolizes a specific lesson and serves to remind us of Allah's greatness and the importance of following His guidance. The Surah emphasizes the importance of righteousness, gratitude, and warns against the consequences of rejecting the truth.

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The goddesses of the Jahiliyyah Arabs include al-Lat, al-Manat, and al-Uzzah. However, as-samad is not a goddess of the Jahiliyyah Arabs. As-Samad is one of the names of Allah, mentioned in Surah Al-Ikhlas.

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The following nullifies an Islamic marriage if it is not fulfilled except marriage feast. In Islamic law, the marriage feast (Walima) is a Sunnah (practice of the Prophet) and not a requirement for the validity of the marriage.

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In the Quran chapter 95 verse 3, Makkah is referred to as the city of *security*. This means that Makkah is a place of safety and protection. It is a city where people can feel secure and have peace of mind. This verse highlights the importance of security in Makkah and emphasizes the sacredness and tranquility of the city. Makkah is considered to be a holy city in Islam, and millions of Muslims visit it every year for the pilgrimage known as Hajj. During this time, the city is filled with worshippers from around the world, and it is essential for them to feel safe and protected during their journey. The mention of Makkah as the city of security in the Quran highlights the significance of this aspect and emphasizes the importance of creating a peaceful and secure environment for the people who visit and reside in Makkah.

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The Prophet Muhammad lost his wife Khadijah in the year 619 C.E.

Khadijah was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad and she played a significant role in supporting him in the early years of his prophethood. She was a successful businesswoman and a strong source of emotional and financial support for the Prophet.

In the year 619, which is known as the "Year of Sorrow," both Khadijah and the Prophet's uncle, Abu Talib, passed away. Their deaths were a great loss for the Prophet Muhammad, as they were his main sources of support and protection during that time.

Therefore, the correct answer is 619 C.E.

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Tayammum is a dry ablution in Islamic ritual purification for prayer, which involves the use of clean soil or dust when water is not available or cannot be used for reasons such as illness. Therefore, the correct answer is 'access to water is very difficult'.